如何在規(guī)定的一小時內(nèi)高效率完成托福閱讀每一道題，考取閱讀高分，是很多同學(xué)常遇到的問題。雖然每一位同學(xué)都希望成為和時間賽跑并取得勝利的人，但贏家總是少數(shù)。平時缺乏學(xué)術(shù)性文章的閱讀訓(xùn)練，語法應(yīng)用能力薄弱，對專業(yè)詞匯掌握不扎實等等原因都造成了同學(xué)們在考試時間上捉襟見肘。在這個處處都在提速的年代，對于馬上要考試卻又來不及補足以上三種能力的同學(xué)，如何在短時間內(nèi)提升你的閱讀速度，新東方在線托福網(wǎng)將在今天為大家講解三種方法。
既然是考試，我們自然是希望拿到高分，因此我們一切的方法都是從托福閱讀題目的角度出發(fā)。
第一,文章結(jié)構(gòu)法
托福閱讀中有一類題目，專門考查段落的主要信息。對于此類題目，我們無需把段落中的每句話都讀透，我們只需要把握該自然段的結(jié)構(gòu)，即可輕松得分。
托福閱讀的段落基本是由一到兩個中心句(論點)加上詳細論述的內(nèi)容組成。中心句的位置雖然可前可后，但90%是在每段的第一或者第二句話，同時段落的內(nèi)容一定是圍繞中心句展開的。雖然很多同學(xué)知道這一點，但真正在解題的時候卻鮮有人去應(yīng)用。因此，只要在第一時間把握住段落主旨，就會大大提高解題效率。我們一起看下面這道題目：
Moreover, getting petroleum out of the ground and from under the sea and to the consumer can create environmental problems anywhere along the line. Pipelines carrying oil can be broken by faults or landslides, causing serious oil spills. Spillage from huge oil carrying cargo ships, called tankers, involved in collisions or accidental groundings (such as the one off Alaska in 1989) can create oil slicks at sea. Offshore platforms may also lose oil, creating oil slicks that drift ashore and foul the beaches, harming the environment. Sometimes, the ground at an oil field may subside as oil is removed. The Wilmington field near Long Beach, California, has subsided nine meters in 50 years; protective barriers have had to be built to prevent seawater from flooding the area. Finally, the refining and burning of petroleum and its products can cause air pollution. Advancing technology and strict laws, however, are helping control some of these adverse environmental effects.
In this paragraph , the author’s primary purpose is to
A. provide examples of how oil explorationcan endanger the environment
B.describe accidents that have occurredwhen oil activities were in progress
C.give an analysis of the effects of oilspills on the environment
D. explain how technology and legislation help reduce oil spills
根據(jù)我剛才的說明，很明顯論點在第一句。因為從第二句話開始，后面的內(nèi)容都是針對第一句話的論述，我們?nèi)绻軌蚺袛喑鲞@一點，就沒有必要往下讀了。很多學(xué)生都聽過老師講速讀，略讀。但是什么部分速讀，什么部分略讀，面對什么樣的題目應(yīng)該速讀和略讀，我相信大部分同學(xué)都沒有一個明確的認知。對此，新東方在線托福網(wǎng)要說明的是，對于此類題目，但凡是文章的舉例內(nèi)容都可以略讀和速讀。通過這一點，同學(xué)們就能在考試中提高閱讀速度。
第二 ,細節(jié)定位法
托福閱讀除了考主旨的題目，剩下的題目基本都是在問文章的細節(jié)信息。對于這樣的題目，我們根本沒有必要去讀文章其他部分的內(nèi)容。就題論題，直接解決，速度往往要快得多。大家跟我一起來看下面這道題目：
Paragraph 1: Paleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterations associated with slow changes in the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate tectonics. Off and on throughout the Cretaceous (the last period of the Mesozoic era, during which dinosaurs flourished), large shallow seas covered extensive areas of the continents. Data from diverse sources, including geochemical evidence preserved in seafloor sediments, indicate that the Late Cretaceous climate was milder than today’s. The days were not too hot, nor the nights too cold. The summers were not too warm, nor the winters too frigid. The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature of the nearby air, keeping it relatively constant.
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the Late Cretaceous climate?
A. Summers were very warm and winters were very cold.
B. Shallow seas on the continents caused frequent temperature changes.
C. The climate was very similar to today’s climate.
D. The climate did not change dramatically from season to season.
這一段的文章內(nèi)容較長，但是我們審題后發(fā)現(xiàn)，這道題明顯只問Late Cretaceous climate的內(nèi)容，因此，文中Late Cretaceous climate以外的內(nèi)容我們無需閱讀。這樣我們就可以輕松地從文章的后半段得到答案D。所以解題時，我們一定要看清楚題目到底在問什么，從這個角度出發(fā)，結(jié)合剛教的方法，就能夠事半功倍，提速得分。
第三,主干抓取法
通過前面的方法，我們已經(jīng)學(xué)會了如何通過題目本身確定閱讀內(nèi)容，進行針對性閱讀。但就算如此，很多同學(xué)在讀到一句話時還是會出現(xiàn)理解偏差，導(dǎo)致明明讀對了地方卻做錯的了題目的情況發(fā)生。對此，新東方在線托福網(wǎng)要告訴大家，在讀不懂一個句子的時候，我們首先應(yīng)該抓取該句子的主干。如何判斷我讀不懂一個句子呢，很簡單的方法就是你讀完一遍以后不能理解，還需要再讀一遍或者兩遍。在這種情況下，我們對于句子信息的理解往往出現(xiàn)很大的偏差。同學(xué)們會誤以為自己讀懂了一句話，但是題目卻做錯了。我們一起來看下面的這句話：
According to conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy and serves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallow breathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom.
很多同學(xué)在理解這句話的時候出現(xiàn)了偏差，因為這句話的語法結(jié)構(gòu)確實有些復(fù)雜，比如后半句的by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallow breathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom 中出現(xiàn)了從句嵌套，因果疊加，插入成分等語法現(xiàn)象，會極大的干擾學(xué)生的理解。但是新東方在線托福網(wǎng)告訴各位同學(xué)，大家遇到這樣的句子時，千萬不要被它的表像和長度所嚇倒，大家一定要牢牢把握住該句子的主干部分。也就是yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy and serves the function of increasing alertness，其實這句話只是告訴大家一個信息，打哈欠發(fā)生的條件和它的作用。而起，至于其他的部分均為修飾成分，在解題時請大家忽略。
如果我們能夠第一時間把握一段的主旨，并且確定本道題目所考查的核心內(nèi)容，讀句子時還能排出干擾，那么你的閱讀速度已經(jīng)提升了一大截。希望新東方在線托福網(wǎng)今天的方法能夠幫助大家在考試時全程高能， 一路開掛，考取理想成績。