Section I Use of English
Directions：
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A]， [B]， [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The Treasury could pocket 20 million a year in extra fines once the country‘s speed camera network is expanded. Motoring organizations warned that the __1__could become a poll tax on wheels’，__2__huge number of drivers. There could be many more incidents of vandalism __3__cameras.The warnings came__4__a Daily Mail survey found almost all the 23 police forces in England and Wales were either__5__to expansion plans or considering __6__.
Nationwide，the number of speeding tickets is expected to treble，__7__ 90 million a year.__8__the scheme，police keep some of the cash from fines to __9__the costs of fitting and maintaining extra cameras and__10__that existing ones always have film in them. The rest will go to the Treasury. Both Ministers and police insist the scheme is aimed__11__at making roads safer. They point to trials in eight areas which cut collisions by a quarter and deaths and serious injuries by __12__a half.
But motoring organizations fear cameras will be sited on relatively safe__13__fast stretches to catch as many drivers as possible. Some forces are also expected to__14__the“threshold”speeds at which cameras are__15__to the absolute legal minimum-15 mph in a 10 mph limit，and 26 mph in a 20 mph zone. This could encourage drivers to stare at their speedometers instead of concentrating on the road，and __16__to more accidents. Sue Nicholson，head of campaigns at the RAC，said，“We don‘t have a problem with speed cameras __17__. But we do have concerns about__18__they are sited. Police risk losing credibility __19__motorists if cameras are seen as revenue-raising __20__safety devices.”
1. [A] promotions [B] punishments [C] penalties [D] payments
2. [A] isolating [B] separating [C] alienating [D] detaching
3. [A] towards [B] against [C] before [D] over
4. [A] so [B] once [C] as [D] where
5. [A] subjected [B] engaged [C] intended [D] committed
6. [A] taking part [B] keeping silence [C] making exception [D] paying respect
7. [A] financing [B] profiting [C] funding [D] netting
8. [A] From [B] Under [C] On [D] With
9. [A] hide [B] cover [C] conceal [D] veil
10. [A] pledging [B] assuring [C] confirming [D] ensuring
11. [A] essentially [B] strongly [C] wholeheartedly [D] purely
12. [A] in all [B] fewer than [C] at most [D] up to
13. [A] but [B] whereas [C] though [D] while
14. [A] fit [B] put [C] set [D] fix
15. [A] levered [B] geared [C] handled [D] triggered
16. [A] lead [B] add [C] contribute [D] resort
17. [A] any less [B] by itself [C] after all [D] as such
18. [A] who [B] when [C] where [D] which
19. [A] in [B] with [C] against [D] for
20. [A] in spite of [B] far from [C] rather than [D] by means of
Section II Reading Comprehension Part A
Directions：
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A]， [B]， [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text1
When you think of the tremendous technological progress we have made, it’s amazing how little we have developed in other respects. We may speak contemptuously of the poor old Romans because they relished the orgies of slaughter that went on in their arenas. We may despise them because they mistook these goings on for entertainment. We may forgive them condescendingly because they lived 2000 years ago and obviously knew no better. But are our feelings of superiority really justified? Are we any less blood-thirsty? Why do boxing matches, for instance, attract such universal interest? Don’t the spectators who attend them hope they will see some violence? Human beings remains as bloodthirsty as ever they were. The only difference between ourselves and the Romans is that while they were honest enough to admit that they enjoyed watching hungey lions tearing people apart and eating them alive, we find all sorts of sophisticated arguments to defend sports which should have been banned long age; sports which are quite as barbarous as, say, public hangings or bearbaiting.
It really is incredible that in this day and age we should still allow hunting or bull-fighting, that we should be prepared to sit back and watch two men batter each other to pulp in a boxing ring, that we should be relatively unmoved by the sight of one or a number of racing cars crashing and bursting into flames. Let us not deceive ourselves. Any talk of ‘the sporting spirit’ is sheer hypocrisy. People take part in violent sports because of the high rewards they bring. Spectators are willing to pay vast sums of money to see violence. A world heavyweight championship match, for instance, is front page news. Millions of people are disappointed if a big fight is over in two rounds instead of fifteen. They feel disappointment because they have been deprived of the exquisite pleasure of witnessing prolonged torture and violence.
Why should we ban violent sports if people enjoy them so much? You may well ask. The answer is simple: they are uncivilized. For centuries man has been trying to improve himself spiritually and emotionally - admittedly with little success. But at least we no longer tolerate the sight madmen cooped up in cages, or public floggings of any of the countless other barbaric practices which were common in the past. Prisons are no longer the grim forbidding places they used to be. Social welfare systems are in operation in many parts of the world. Big efforts are being made to distribute wealth fairly. These changes have come about not because human beings have suddenly and unaccountably improved, but because positive steps were taken to change the law. The law is the biggest instrument of social change that we have and it may exert great civilizing influence. If we banned dangerous and violent sports, we would be moving one step further to improving mankind. We would recognize that violence is degrading and unworthy of human beings.
21. It can be inferred from the passage that the author’s opinion of nowadays’ human beings is
A. not very high. B. high.
C. contemptuous. D. critical.
22. The main idea of this passage is
A. vicious and dangerous sports should be banned by law.
B. people are willing to pay vast sums money to see violence.
C. to compare two different attitudes towards dangerous sports.
D. people are bloodthirsty in sports.
23. That the author mentions the old Romans is
A. To compare the old Romans with today’s people.
B. to give an example.
C. to show human beings in the past know nothing better.
D. to indicate human beings are used to bloodthirsty.
24. How many dangerous sports does the author mention in this passage?
A. Three. B. Five.
C. Six. D. Seven.
25. The purpose of the author in writing this passage is
A. that, by banning the violent sports, we human beings can improve our selves.
B. that, by banning the dangerous sports, we can improve the law.
C. that we must take positive steps to improve social welfare system.
D. to show law is the main instrument of social change. Text 2
Scientists have known since 1952 that DNA is the basic stuff of heredity. They've known its chemical structure since 1953. They know that human DNA acts like a biological computer program some 3 billion bits long that spells out the instructions for making proteins， the basic building blocks of life.
But everything the genetic engineers have accomplished during the past half-century is just a preamble to the work that Collins and Anderson and legions of colleagues are doing now. Collins leads the Human Genome Project， a 15-year effort to draw the first detailed map of every nook and cranny and gene in human DNA. Anderson， who pioneered the first successful human gene-therapy operations， is leading the campaign to put information about DNA to use as quickly as possible in the treatment and prevention of human diseases.
What they and other researchers are plotting is nothing less than a biomedical revolution. Like Silicon Valley pirates reverse-engineering a computer chip to steal a competitor's secrets， genetic engineers are decoding life's molecular secrets and trying to use that knowledge to reverse the natural course of disease. DNA in their hands has become both a blueprint and a drug， a pharmacological substance of extraordinary potency that can treat not just symptoms or the diseases that cause them but also the imperfections in DNA that make people susceptible to a disease.
And that's just the beginning. For all the fevered work being done， however， science is still far away from the Brave New World vision of engineering a perfect human—or even a perfect tomato. Much more research is needed before gene therapy becomes commonplace， and many diseases will take decades to conquer， if they can be conquered at all.
In the short run， the most practical way to use the new technology will be in genetic screening. Doctors will be able to detect all sorts of flaws in DNA long before they can be fixed. In some cases the knowledge may lead to treatments that delay the onset of the disease or soften its effects. Someone with a genetic predisposition to heart disease， for example， could follow a low-fat diet. And if scientists determine that a vital protein is missing because the gene that was supposed to make it is defective， they might be able to give the patient an artificial version of the protein. But in other instances， almost nothing can be done to stop the ravages brought on by genetic mutations. (409 words)
26. It can be inferred from the text that Collins and Anderson and legions of colleagues _____.
[A] know that human DNA acts like a biological computer program
[B] have found the basic building blocks of life
[C] have accomplished some genetic discovery during the past half-century
[D] are making a breakthrough in DNA
27. Collins and Anderson are cited in the text to indicate all the following EXCEPT that ______.
[A] time-consuming effort is needed to accomplish the detailed map of in human DNA
[B] human gene-therapy operations may be applied to the patients
[C] gene-therapy now is already generally used to the treatment and prevention of human diseases
[D] information about DNA may be used in the treatment and prevention of human diseases
28. The word “pirate” (line 2， paragraph 3) means______.
[A] one who robs at sea or plunders the land from the sea
[B] one who makes use of or reproduces the work of another without authorization
[C] to take (something) by piracy
[D] to make use of or reproduce (another's work) without authorization
29. We can draw a conclusion from the text that_____.
[A] engineering a perfect human is not feasible for the time being
[B] it‘s impossible for scientists to engineer a perfect tomato
[C] many diseases will never be conquered by human beings
[D] doctors will be able to cure all sorts of flaws in DNA in the long run
30. The best title for the text may be ______.
[A] DNA and Heredity
[B] The Genetic Revolution
[C] A Biomedical Revolution
[D] How to Apply Genetic Technology Text 3
The purpose of an interview is to find out if your goals and the goals of an organization are compatible.Other goals of the interview are：to answer questions successfully，obtain any additional information needed to make a decision，accent your special strengths，establish a positive relationship，show confidence，and to sell yourself.Based on these goals，place yourself in the role of the interviewer and develop anticipated questions and answers to three categories：company data，personal data，and specific job data.You also develop questions which you will ask to determine how well your career goals match the needs of the organization.These questions include both those you would ask before a job offer and those you would ask after a job offer.
Prior to the interview，acquaint yourself with the laws pertaining to job discrimination.This knowledge will enhance your chances of being considered on an equal standing with other applicants.
To develop confidence，adequately prepare for the interview.Focus on how you can best serve the organization to which you are applying.Then rehearse until the rough edges are smoothed and you sound convincing to those with whom you have practiced.
Since the interview will center on you，proper self-management process is divided into four stages：the before stage，the greeting stage，the consultation stage，and the departure stage.The before stage includes writing a confirmation letter，concentrating on appearance and nonverbal communication，developing your portfolio，anticipating questions with positive responses，and arriving early.The greeting stage includes greeting everyone courteously，using waiting-room smarts，using your time wisely，and applying proper protocol when meeting the interviewer.The consultation stage includes responsiveness and enthusiasm，knowing when to interject key points，showing sincerity，highlighting your strengths，and listening intently.The departure stage includes leaving on a positive note，expressing appreciation，expressing interest，leaving promptly，and making notes immediately after departure.
To save time and money and offer convenience to prospective employees and employers，video taping and satellite videophones may become a common method of interviewing.Being at ease in front of a camera would be important for these types of interviews.
Following the interview，write thank-you letters to each person who interviewed you and to those who helped you get the interview.When invited for a second interview，go prepared by using your notes and feedback from the interview to zero in on what the company wants.If the company doesn‘t respond in two weeks，call back or write a follow-up letter.You may get turned down.If so，try to find out why as a means of self-improvement.
Following a job offer，take a few days to consider all elements and then call or write a letter either accepting or declining the offer-—whichever is appropriate.If you accept and you are presently employed，write an effective letter of resignation，departing on a positive note.
31.The word“compatible”in the first sentence probably means____.
[A] in agreement [B] in conflict
[C] complementary [D] practicable
32.The writer advises you to familiarize yourself with the laws concerning job discrimination so that ____.
[A] you can show your prospective employer you have a wide range of knowledge
[B] you stand on equal chance of being hired with other applicants to the job
[C] you will refuse to give answers to any questions against the current laws
[D] you know how to behave within the limit of laws at the interview
33.At which stage should you emphasize your qualifications for the job?
[A] The before stage.
[B] The greeting stage.
[C] The consultation stage.
[D] The departure stage.
34.If you are given a second interview，it is most important for you to____.
[A] write a thank-you letter to each person who interviewed you last time
[B] find out exactly what the company wants of you
[C] learn from the last interview and improve yourself
[D] consider all the elements that are important for the job
35.The passage is mainly concerned with____.
[A] how to manage an interview
[B] how to apply for a job vacancy
[C] how an applicant should behave during an interview
[D] how to make your private goal compatible with those of an organization Text 4
The Wall Street Journal has continued as the world’s most credible news source and one that refused to conform to the passing prejudice and error of the journalistic herd. Naturally the Journal receives ongoing abuse from the herd for its distressing independence. Yet, rarely is the criticism straightforward but rather an assault on the conservatism of the Journal’s editorial page, which strikes conformist journalists as an insult and is the real cause of the herd’s distress. Rather the criticism focuses on the Journal’s bottom line, its sluggish share price, and rumors that the family controlling the paper, the Bancroft family, is unhappy and about to sell it.
The rumors of the Bancrofts’ unhappiness are all highly exaggerated and quickly refuted. For this proud family whose ancestor, Clarence W. Barron, purchased the Journal and with it the Dow Jones news service in 1902 conceives of its ownership as a “public trust.” That is how Roy A. Hammer, a lawyer and trustee for the entities through which the Bancrofts control the paper, described their sense of ownership. This is not so unusual. Great newspapers have always played a major role in American civic life. I said “great newspapers,” serious newspapers, the kind that put gathering news ahead of sensationalism.
Most of the truly profitable newspapers in the country today are essentially shopping circulars with some cheap journalism printed on those pages not devoted to shopping mall sales. The great newspaper chains take over local papers, fire journalists, and set out to fill their pages with still more advertisements. Well, they supply a service. They let readers know about the price, say, of chicken at the Giant or snow tires at the CVS. But fewer and fewer local newspapers supply much news and analysis. Great newspapers do, and not one that I know of makes a vast amount of money.
Great newspapers do help to set the agenda for the nation. They break stories of corruption or on other vital matters. One of the few things I find admirable about the New York Times is that its controlling family, the Sulzberger family, is not intent on squeezing every penny of profit out of its flagship paper. Thus last week when I read a long critique in the Times of the Wall Street Journal’s management for its sluggish financial performance, I discovered hypocrisy.
The hypocrisy is all the greater coming from liberals who are criticizing conservatives for their alleged devotion the “Almighty Dollar.” Profits are essential to all businesses. For one thing they are a very accurate poll of the populace’s tastes, but there are other services some corporations supply to society. Both the Journal and the Times supply—at too high a cost—information that enlightens the citizenry.
36. The journalistic herd’s distress is caused by the Wall Street Journal’s _____.
[A] credibility [B] prejudice [C] conformism [D] professionalism
37. The Bancroft family purchased the Wall Street Journal to _____.
[A] sell it for a higher price [B] promote the Dow Jones news service
[C] dominate the great newspapers chains [D] influence American civic life
38. It can be inferred from the passage that great newspapers _____ .
[A] have to engage in a form of sensationalism [B] make a bigger profit than local papers
[C] supply much news and analysis [D] refuse to accept the error of the journalistic herd
39. The author says “I discovered hypocrisy” (Last line, Paragraph 4), because _____ .
[A] the Times was involved in corruption [B] the Times was becoming profit-driven
[C] the Times was attacking the Journal [D] the Journal was in financial difficulty
40. The author seems to believe that all the newspapers should _____.
[A] maxmize the profit [B] satisfy the public’s tastes [C] provide social services [D] inform the readers at a high cost Part B
Directions：
The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45， you are required to reorganize these paragraphs int0 a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them int0 the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
In 1959 the average American family paid $ 989 for a year’s supply of food. In 1972 the family paid $1,311. That was a price increase of nearly one –third. Every family has had this sort of experience. Everyone agrees that the cost of feeding a family has risen sharply. But there is less agreement when reasons for the rise are being discussed. Who is really responsible?
Many blame the farmers who produce the vegetables, fruit, meat, eggs, and cheese that stores offer for sale. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the farmer’s share of the $1,311 spent by the family in 1972 was $521. This was 31 percent more than the farmer had received in 1959.
But farmers claim that this increase was very small compared to the increase in their cost of living. Farmers tend to blame others for the sharp rise in food prices. They particularly blame those who process the farm products after the products leave the farm. These include truck drivers, meat packers, manufacturers of packages and other food containers, and the owners of stores where food is sold. 41) __________.
Of the $1,311 family food bill in 1972, middlement received $ 790, which was 33 percent more than they had received in 1959. It appears that the middlemen’s profit has increased more than farmer’s. But some economists claim that the middleman’s actual profit was very law. According to economists at the First National City Bank, the profit for meat packers and food stores amounted to less than one per cent. During the same period all other manufacturers were making a profit of more than 5 per cent.42) __________ .
43) __________ .
Vegetables and chicken cost more when they have been cut into pieces by someone other than the one who buys it. A family should expect to pay more when several “TV dinners” are taken home from the store. These are fully cooked meals, consisting of meat, vegetables, and sometimes desert, all arranged on a metal dish. The dish is put into the over and heated while the housewife is doing something else. Such a convenience costs money. 44) __________.
Economists remind us many modern housewives have jobs outside the home. They earn money that helps to pay the family food bills. The housewife naturally has less time and energy for cooking after a day’s work. She wants to buy many kinds of food that can be put on her family’s table easily and quickly. 45) __________ .
It appears that the answer to the question for rising prices is not a simple one. Producers, consumers, and middlemen all share the responsibility for the sharp rise in food costs.
A) Thus, as economists point out:” Some of the basic reasons for widening food price spreads are easily traceable to the increasing use of convenience foods, which transfer much of the time and work of meal preparation from the kitchen to the food processor’s plant.”
B) They are among the “middlemen” who stand between the farmer and the people who buy and eat the food. Are middlemen the ones to blame for rising food prices?
C) “If the housewife wants all of these.” The economists say, “that is her privilege, but she must be prepared to pay for the services of the those who make her work easier.”
D) Who then is actually responsible for the size of the bill a housewife must pay before she carries the food home from the store? The economists at First National City Bank have an answer to give housewives, but many people will not like it. These economists blame the housewife herself for the jump in food prices. They say that food costs more now because women don’t want to spend much time in the kitchen. Women prefer to buy food which has already been prepared before it reaches the market.
E) However, some economists believe that controls can have negative effects over a long period of time. In cities with rent control, the city government sets the maximum rent that a landlord can charge for an apartment.
F) Economists do not agree on some of the predictions. They also do not agree on the value of different decisions. Some economists support a particular decision while others criticize it.
G) By comparison with other members of the economic system both farmers and middlemen have profited surprisingly little from the rise in food prices. Part C
Directions：
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments int0 Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Gandhi’s pacifism can be separated to some extent from his other teachings. (1)Its motive was religious, but he claimed also for it that it was a definitive technique, a method, capable of producing desired political results. Gandhi’s attitude was not that of most Western pacifists. Satyagraha, (2)the method Gandhi proposed and practiced, first evolved in South Africa, was a sort of non-violent warfare, a way of defeating the enemy without hurting him and without feeling or arousing hatred. It entailed such things as civil disobedience, strikes, lying down in front of railway trains, enduring police charges without running away and without hitting back, and the like. Gandhi objected to “passive resistance” as a translation of Satyagraha: in Gujarati, it seems, the word means “firmness in the truth”. (3)In his early days Gandhi served as a stretcher-bearer on the British side in the Boer War, and he was prepared to do the same again in the war of 1914-1918. Even after he had completely abjured violence he was honest enough to see that in war it is usually necessary to take sides. Since his whole political life centred round a struggle for national independence, he could not and,(4)indeed, he did not take the sterile and dishonest line of pretending that in every war both sides are exactly the same and it makes no difference who wins. Nor did he, like most Western pacifists, specialize in avoiding awkward questions. In relation to the late war, one question that every pacifist had a clear obligation to answer was: “What about the Jews? Are you prepared to see them exterminated? If not, how do you propose to save them without resorting to war?” (5)I must say that I have never heard, from any Western pacifist, an honest answer to this question, though I have heard plenty of evasions, usually of the “you’re another” type. But it so happens that Gandhi was asked a somewhat similar question in 1938 and that his answer is on record in Mr. Louis Fischer’s Gandhi and Stalin. According to Mr. Fischer, Gandhi’s view was that the German Jews ought to commit collective suicide, which “would have aroused the world and the people of Germany to Hitler’s violence.”
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51.Directions
One of your students, Li Ming, wants to study for the Master's Degree under the supervision of Professor Smith in an oversea university, you are asked to write a letter of recommendation for him in about 100 words.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.
You do not need to write the address.
Part B
52. Directions：
Write an essay of 160——200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay， you should
1) describe the drawing briefly，
2) explain it‘s intended meaning， and
3) give your comments.
Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) 完形填空
答案
1. C 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. D 6. A 7. D 8. B 9.B 10. D
11. D 12.D 13. A 14. C 15. B 16. A 17. D 18. C 19.B 20.C
總體分析
本文講述了英國(guó)車(chē)速監(jiān)控?cái)z像體系擴(kuò)張計(jì)劃的內(nèi)容及影響，著重闡述了這一計(jì)劃的支持者(警察和財(cái)政部門(mén))和反對(duì)者(機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)管理機(jī)構(gòu))的觀點(diǎn)。
全文翻譯
一旦擴(kuò)大車(chē)速監(jiān)控?cái)z像體系，這個(gè)國(guó)家財(cái)政部每年就能從罰款中額外增加2000萬(wàn)收入。機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)管理機(jī)構(gòu)警告說(shuō)這種罰款可能變成對(duì)汽車(chē)征收的人頭稅，從而疏遠(yuǎn)很多駕駛者。也可能出現(xiàn)更多破壞攝像機(jī)的事件。警告出現(xiàn)的同時(shí)，《每日郵報(bào)》的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)英格蘭和威爾士的23支警力幾乎都有所行動(dòng)，不是致力于部署監(jiān)控體系的擴(kuò)張計(jì)劃，就是在考慮加入其中。
預(yù)計(jì)(在實(shí)施監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)后)全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)違章超速行駛的罰單數(shù)量會(huì)增加兩倍，罰金數(shù)目一年達(dá)9000萬(wàn)。按照計(jì)劃，警察保留一部分罰金用以支付安裝和維修新攝像機(jī)的費(fèi)用，并且保證現(xiàn)有的攝像機(jī)中總是裝有膠卷。其余的罰金將上繳財(cái)政部。財(cái)政部長(zhǎng)們和警察都堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為該計(jì)劃的目的是提高公路的安全性。他們指出八個(gè)試點(diǎn)地區(qū)撞車(chē)事故減少了四分之一，嚴(yán)重傷亡事故減少至一半。
但是機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)管理機(jī)構(gòu)擔(dān)心警察為了多開(kāi)罰單會(huì)把攝像機(jī)裝在相對(duì)安全但行車(chē)速度較快的直行道上，還會(huì)為車(chē)速監(jiān)控?cái)z像機(jī)設(shè)置最低合法車(chē)速標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，如把正常的每小時(shí)10英里限速提高到每小時(shí)15英里，每小時(shí)20英里限速提高到每小時(shí)26英里。這樣做會(huì)使司機(jī)盯著自己的里程計(jì)而不把精力集中到路面上，從而引發(fā)更多的交通事故。英國(guó)皇家汽車(chē)俱樂(lè)部(RAC)活動(dòng)負(fù)責(zé)人休。尼科爾森說(shuō)，“嚴(yán)格上說(shuō)，我們對(duì)車(chē)速監(jiān)控?cái)z像機(jī)并無(wú)意見(jiàn)，我們擔(dān)憂的是它們被安放的地點(diǎn)。如果把監(jiān)控?cái)z像機(jī)視為(政府)聚斂財(cái)政收入的手段而不是安全設(shè)施，那么警察就可能喪失他們?cè)隈{駛者心目中的威信”。
Text 1
Vocabulary
1.relish 從……獲得樂(lè)處，享受
2.orgy 狂歡，放縱
3.arena 競(jìng)技場(chǎng)，活動(dòng)或斗爭(zhēng)的場(chǎng)所
4.blood-thirsty 殘忍的，嗜血的
5.bear-baiting 逗熊游戲
6.bull-fight 斗牛
7.batter 猛擊，連續(xù)地猛打/捶，亂打
8.pulp 成紙漿，成軟塊
9.burst into flames 突然燃燒起來(lái)/著火
10.grim 令人窒息的，簡(jiǎn)陋的
11.coop up 把……關(guān)起來(lái)
寫(xiě)作方法與文章大意
作者采取先對(duì)比、后分析的寫(xiě)作手法。先是今人和古羅馬人對(duì)暴虐體育上對(duì)此兩者都欣賞。后者坦率成人“欣賞暴力體育”，前者施以各種接口、實(shí)際都是嗜血成性者。第二段進(jìn)一步剖析今人欣賞暴虐體育的種種實(shí)例，最后指出改善“暴虐”的根本嗜為改善法律采取積極的步驟，法律才能施以巨大的文明影響，否則人類(lèi)很難改變。
參考答案：AADBA Text2
答案：DCBAB
詞匯注釋
stuff 物質(zhì)
preamble 開(kāi)端
nook and cranny 排列
potency 力量
susceptible 易受感染的
predisposition 易患病的體質(zhì)
難句講解
1. They know that human DNA acts like a biological computer program some 3 billion bits long that spells out the instructions for making proteins， the basic building blocks of life.
[簡(jiǎn)析] 本句話的主干是“They know that…”。they 指的是前面句子中提到的scientists;第一個(gè)引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句，some 3 billion bits long修飾computer program，第二個(gè)that也修飾computer program;the basic building blocks of life是在解釋proteins.
2. Anderson， who pioneered the first successful human gene-therapy operations， is leading the campaign to put information about DNA to use as quickly as possible in the treatment and prevention of human diseases.
[簡(jiǎn)析] 本句話的主干是“Anderson is leading the campaign…”。Who引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾Anderson;to put information…短語(yǔ)修飾campaign，其中的to use…作目的狀語(yǔ)。
3. DNA in their hands has become both a blueprint and a drug， a pharmacological substance of extraordinary potency that can treat not just symptoms or the diseases that cause them but also the imperfections in DNA that make people susceptible to a disease.
[簡(jiǎn)析] 本句話的主干是“DNA has become both a blueprint and a drug”。in their hands修飾DNA;a pharmacological substance…是在解釋前面的drug，其中的第一個(gè)that 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾pharmacological substance;第二個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾imperfections.
4. And if scientists determine that a vital protein is missing because the gene that was supposed to make it is defective， they might be able to give the patient an artificial version of the protein.
[簡(jiǎn)析] 本句話的主干是“…they might be able to give the patient an artificial version of the protein”。If引導(dǎo)的是條件狀語(yǔ)從句，其中的第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句，because引導(dǎo)的時(shí)原因狀語(yǔ)從句;第二個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾gene.
Text 3
1.[A]
該詞意為：相容的，相一致的。
2.[B] 意為：你與其他申請(qǐng)者具有同等被雇傭的機(jī)會(huì)。
參閱第二段。
3.[C]
根據(jù)第四段第四句，商洽階段包括反應(yīng)能力、熱情，知道什么時(shí)候陳述關(guān)鍵信息，要表現(xiàn)得誠(chéng)懇，強(qiáng)調(diào)自己的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，注意傾聽(tīng)。
4.[B]
根據(jù)第六段，如果獲得第二次面試的機(jī)會(huì)，你應(yīng)該利用第一次面試時(shí)的筆記和反饋信息，集中找出公司需要什么(即：需要什么樣的人)。
5.[A] 意為：如何安排好一次面試。
文章的前三段提到了如何準(zhǔn)備面試，第四、五段提到了面試期間應(yīng)該如何做，最后幾段提到了面試后 (以及被錄用后)應(yīng)該怎么辦。全文主要是對(duì)參加面試的人提出建議。
Text 4
答案：1.C 2.D 3.C 4.B 5.C
核心詞匯與超綱詞匯
(1)passing(a.)暫時(shí)的，瞬間的，一時(shí)之興的;經(jīng)過(guò)的，過(guò)往的
(2)herd(n.)獸群;人群，蕓蕓眾生，the common ~普通百姓，follow the ~隨大流
(3)journalistic(a.)新聞業(yè)的，新聞工作(者)的;journalist新聞工作者
(4)ongoing(a.)持續(xù)存在的，仍在進(jìn)行的;不斷發(fā)展的
(5)distressing(a.)悲傷的，使痛苦的，使煩惱的
(6)strike sb as sth.給(某人以……)印象，讓(某人)覺(jué)得，如His reaction struck me as odd(他的反應(yīng)令我詫異)。
(7)conformist(n.)墨守成規(guī)的人
(8)bottom line要旨，基本論點(diǎn);最重要的原則，最后的底線
(9)conceive(v.)(of sth. As sth.)(主義、計(jì)劃等)構(gòu)想，想象，設(shè)想
(10)ownership(n.)所有權(quán)，產(chǎn)權(quán);物主身份，東家
(11)entity(n.)實(shí)體
(12)circular(n.)傳單，廣告，文件，公告
(13)break(v.)透露，傳開(kāi)，如There was a public outcry when the scandal broke(丑聞一傳開(kāi)，輿論一片嘩然)。
(14)enlighten (v.)啟發(fā)，啟蒙，教導(dǎo)，授予...知識(shí)，開(kāi)導(dǎo) 全文翻譯
《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》一直以來(lái)作為世界上非?？煽康男侣勑畔?lái)源而存在，它拒絕順從新聞群體中出現(xiàn)的暫時(shí)的偏見(jiàn)和錯(cuò)誤。自然，該日?qǐng)?bào)因?yàn)樗钊丝鄲赖莫?dú)立性不斷受到新聞群體的攻擊。但是這種批評(píng)很少是直截針對(duì)日?qǐng)?bào)的，而是對(duì)社論版因循守舊的立場(chǎng)的攻擊，這種攻擊被墨守陳規(guī)者視為侮辱同時(shí)也是引起新聞群體煩惱的真正原因。更確切的說(shuō)，批評(píng)的矛頭指向了日?qǐng)?bào)的基本原則，它疲軟的股價(jià)以及控制日?qǐng)?bào)的班克羅夫特家族不悅并即將出售它的傳聞。
有關(guān)班克羅夫特家族不悅的傳聞被極大的渲染并很快遭到了駁斥。因?yàn)槠渥嫦瓤巳R倫斯•巴倫于1902年收購(gòu)了該日?qǐng)?bào)和道瓊斯新聞服務(wù)而驕傲的班克羅夫特家族，設(shè)想自己成為“公共信任”的所有者。班克羅夫特家族控制報(bào)界的這些實(shí)體的律師兼托管人羅伊•哈默也這樣描述它們的所有權(quán)意識(shí)。這并不是什么特別罕見(jiàn)的事。大報(bào)紙?jiān)诿绹?guó)市民生活中總是發(fā)揮重要的作用。我說(shuō)的是“大報(bào)紙”，是嚴(yán)肅的報(bào)紙，那一類(lèi)把收集新聞看做比報(bào)道聳人聽(tīng)聞的消息更大報(bào)紙。
目前，這個(gè)國(guó)家里大多數(shù)真正有利可圖的報(bào)紙基本是購(gòu)物廣告，在不專(zhuān)門(mén)用于商業(yè)街銷(xiāo)售的頁(yè)面上印有一些廉價(jià)的新聞。大的報(bào)業(yè)集團(tuán)接管地方報(bào)業(yè)，解雇新聞?dòng)浾撸缓蟊M力用更多的廣告填充版面。它們也提供服務(wù)：讓讀者了解“巨人”牌雞肉或者CVS的雪地防滑輪胎的價(jià)格。但是越來(lái)越少的地方報(bào)紙?zhí)峁┹^多的新聞和分析，大報(bào)紙則提供，而且在我所了解的范圍內(nèi)，沒(méi)有一家賺到大筆的錢(qián)。
大報(bào)紙確實(shí)幫助國(guó)家安排議程。它們揭露受賄或其他重大事件。我發(fā)現(xiàn)《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》令人欽佩的一點(diǎn)是：控制該報(bào)紙的蘇茲貝格家族沒(méi)有致力于從它的旗艦報(bào)紙中榨取每一美分的利潤(rùn)。因此，上周當(dāng)我在《時(shí)報(bào)》上讀到一篇對(duì)《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》疲軟的財(cái)政表現(xiàn)的管理的批評(píng)時(shí)，我發(fā)現(xiàn)了偽善。
這種偽善更多地來(lái)自自由派批評(píng)保守派，因?yàn)樗麄兟暦Q(chēng)熱愛(ài)“萬(wàn)能的美金”。對(duì)于所有企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)，利潤(rùn)都是最本質(zhì)的。首先它非常準(zhǔn)確地反映了大眾的品味，但是也有一些其他的服務(wù)是需要新聞機(jī)構(gòu)提供給社會(huì)的?！度?qǐng)?bào)》和《時(shí)報(bào)》都以過(guò)高的代價(jià)提供啟迪公民的信息。
part B
BGDAC
part C
總體分析
本文是一篇介紹甘地的和平主義的文章。文章先介紹了甘地的和平主義的性質(zhì)、來(lái)源、具體形式等。接著指出了甘地作為和平主義者的獨(dú)特之處：首先，他雖然反對(duì)暴力，但并不否認(rèn)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的立場(chǎng);其次，他不躲避回答棘手的問(wèn)題。
本文考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)：后置定語(yǔ)、插入語(yǔ)、it做形式主語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)從句，等。
試題精解
1.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)：后置定語(yǔ)的翻譯。
該句是由but連接的兩個(gè)并列分句：前一分句是簡(jiǎn)單句，后一分句是主從復(fù)合句。后一分句的主干是he claimed that...，其中that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。從句中形容詞短語(yǔ)capable of...做后置定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞a technique, a method。該定語(yǔ)可以按照漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣譯為前置定語(yǔ)，即，“一種可以產(chǎn)生預(yù)期的政治效果的明顯的技巧和方法”;也可以采用拆譯法，譯為一個(gè)句子，增譯代詞“它”做主語(yǔ)。
詞匯：claim意為“宣稱(chēng)，聲稱(chēng)，說(shuō)”;definite意為“肯定的，確定的;清楚的，明顯的”，它和technique搭配時(shí)取“明顯的”含義;desired意為“渴望的，期望的”，當(dāng)它和results/effect等詞搭配時(shí)常常譯為“預(yù)期的”。
翻譯：其動(dòng)機(jī)是宗教性質(zhì)的，但他也說(shuō)這是一種明顯的技巧，一種方法，它可以產(chǎn)生預(yù)期的政治效果。
2.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)：后置定語(yǔ)的翻譯和詞義的選擇。
該句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：the method... was a sort of warfare。主語(yǔ)the method后有兩個(gè)后置定語(yǔ)：一個(gè)是省略關(guān)系代詞的定語(yǔ)從句Gandhi proposed and practiced;另一個(gè)是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)first evolved in...。如果把它們都譯為漢語(yǔ)的前置定語(yǔ)會(huì)很冗長(zhǎng)，不符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣。因此可把第一個(gè)定語(yǔ)前置，第二個(gè)定語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯為謂語(yǔ)。而真正的謂語(yǔ)前可加上“這”或“它”指代真正的主語(yǔ)。表語(yǔ)a sort of warfare后是一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的同位語(yǔ)a way of defeating...。其中介詞短語(yǔ)of...做后置定語(yǔ)修飾名詞a way，翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)前置。
詞匯：practice意為“練習(xí)，訓(xùn)練;經(jīng)常做;從事”等，在本句中與propose(提出)對(duì)應(yīng)譯為“付諸實(shí)踐”。evolve意為“逐漸形成;進(jìn)化”，但它在本句中不能將基本含義照搬，而應(yīng)意譯為“起源于(南非)”。warfare意為“作戰(zhàn)，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng);斗爭(zhēng)，沖突”等，根據(jù)上下文，該詞應(yīng)增譯為“斗爭(zhēng)的方式(方法)”。
翻譯：這個(gè)由甘地提出并付諸實(shí)踐的方法，最早起源于南非，是一種非暴力的斗爭(zhēng)方式，用既不傷害對(duì)方又不會(huì)引發(fā)仇恨的手段打敗敵人。
3.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)：定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)的翻譯
該句是and連接的并列句，其主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：Gandhi served as a... and he was prepared...。前一分句中“in his early days”和“in the Boer War”都作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，修飾謂語(yǔ)served，翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)放在句首?！皁n the British side”做后置定語(yǔ)，修飾stretcher-bearer，應(yīng)譯為前置定語(yǔ)，即，“英方的擔(dān)架員”。
詞匯：serve as sth.意為“(為……)工作，服務(wù)，履行義務(wù)，盡職責(zé)”;stretcher-bearer指“抬擔(dān)架者”;on sb.’s side意為“站在某人一邊，和某人觀點(diǎn)一致”。
翻譯：早年間，在布爾戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間甘地曾經(jīng)為英方抬過(guò)擔(dān)架，而且在1914-1918年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間他又準(zhǔn)備這么做。
4.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)：后置定語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)從句的翻譯。
該句的主干是he did not take the... line，介詞短語(yǔ)of...做后置定語(yǔ)修飾賓語(yǔ)the line。由于定語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng)，應(yīng)采取拆譯法，另起一句。動(dòng)名詞pretending后接有that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。該從句由兩個(gè)并列的分句組成：both sides are... and it makes...，后一分句中it為形式主語(yǔ)，從句who wins為真正的主語(yǔ)，漢語(yǔ)中不存在這種語(yǔ)法形式，因此可以直接將從句內(nèi)容譯為主語(yǔ)。
詞匯：line一詞的含義較多，但在本句中的含義是“態(tài)度，看法”;fruitless意為“沒(méi)有成果的，無(wú)成效的，徒然的”;pretend意為“假裝”，本句中它后面跟有從句，應(yīng)增譯為“假裝說(shuō)”。
翻譯：而且也確實(shí)沒(méi)有采取毫無(wú)意義的、不誠(chéng)實(shí)的態(tài)度，假裝說(shuō)在所有戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中參戰(zhàn)雙方完全一樣，因而誰(shuí)獲得勝利都無(wú)所謂。
5.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)：插入語(yǔ)、后置定語(yǔ)的翻譯
該句的主干是I must say，后面是that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。賓語(yǔ)從句是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。主句是I have never heard an honest answer，其謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)之間插入了一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)成分，翻譯時(shí)可放在句首或謂語(yǔ)之前，譯為“從任何一個(gè)西方和平主義者那里我從未聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)”或“我從未從任何一個(gè)西方和平主義者那里聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)”。though引導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)折狀語(yǔ)從句，其中介詞短語(yǔ)of...做后置定語(yǔ)，修飾賓語(yǔ)evasions，可譯為前置定語(yǔ)，也可另起一句。
詞匯：evasion意為“躲避，逃避;借口，托詞”，根據(jù)上下文可活譯為“躲閃之詞”、“逃避的說(shuō)法”等。
翻譯：我必須說(shuō)，我從未從任何一個(gè)西方和平主義者那里聽(tīng)到過(guò)對(duì)該問(wèn)題的誠(chéng)實(shí)的答復(fù)，但是卻聽(tīng)大了大量的躲閃之詞，通常都是“你是另外一回事”之類(lèi)的回答。
Directions：
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A]， [B]， [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The Treasury could pocket 20 million a year in extra fines once the country‘s speed camera network is expanded. Motoring organizations warned that the __1__could become a poll tax on wheels’，__2__huge number of drivers. There could be many more incidents of vandalism __3__cameras.The warnings came__4__a Daily Mail survey found almost all the 23 police forces in England and Wales were either__5__to expansion plans or considering __6__.
Nationwide，the number of speeding tickets is expected to treble，__7__ 90 million a year.__8__the scheme，police keep some of the cash from fines to __9__the costs of fitting and maintaining extra cameras and__10__that existing ones always have film in them. The rest will go to the Treasury. Both Ministers and police insist the scheme is aimed__11__at making roads safer. They point to trials in eight areas which cut collisions by a quarter and deaths and serious injuries by __12__a half.
But motoring organizations fear cameras will be sited on relatively safe__13__fast stretches to catch as many drivers as possible. Some forces are also expected to__14__the“threshold”speeds at which cameras are__15__to the absolute legal minimum-15 mph in a 10 mph limit，and 26 mph in a 20 mph zone. This could encourage drivers to stare at their speedometers instead of concentrating on the road，and __16__to more accidents. Sue Nicholson，head of campaigns at the RAC，said，“We don‘t have a problem with speed cameras __17__. But we do have concerns about__18__they are sited. Police risk losing credibility __19__motorists if cameras are seen as revenue-raising __20__safety devices.”
1. [A] promotions [B] punishments [C] penalties [D] payments
2. [A] isolating [B] separating [C] alienating [D] detaching
3. [A] towards [B] against [C] before [D] over
4. [A] so [B] once [C] as [D] where
5. [A] subjected [B] engaged [C] intended [D] committed
6. [A] taking part [B] keeping silence [C] making exception [D] paying respect
7. [A] financing [B] profiting [C] funding [D] netting
8. [A] From [B] Under [C] On [D] With
9. [A] hide [B] cover [C] conceal [D] veil
10. [A] pledging [B] assuring [C] confirming [D] ensuring
11. [A] essentially [B] strongly [C] wholeheartedly [D] purely
12. [A] in all [B] fewer than [C] at most [D] up to
13. [A] but [B] whereas [C] though [D] while
14. [A] fit [B] put [C] set [D] fix
15. [A] levered [B] geared [C] handled [D] triggered
16. [A] lead [B] add [C] contribute [D] resort
17. [A] any less [B] by itself [C] after all [D] as such
18. [A] who [B] when [C] where [D] which
19. [A] in [B] with [C] against [D] for
20. [A] in spite of [B] far from [C] rather than [D] by means of
Section II Reading Comprehension Part A
Directions：
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A]， [B]， [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text1
When you think of the tremendous technological progress we have made, it’s amazing how little we have developed in other respects. We may speak contemptuously of the poor old Romans because they relished the orgies of slaughter that went on in their arenas. We may despise them because they mistook these goings on for entertainment. We may forgive them condescendingly because they lived 2000 years ago and obviously knew no better. But are our feelings of superiority really justified? Are we any less blood-thirsty? Why do boxing matches, for instance, attract such universal interest? Don’t the spectators who attend them hope they will see some violence? Human beings remains as bloodthirsty as ever they were. The only difference between ourselves and the Romans is that while they were honest enough to admit that they enjoyed watching hungey lions tearing people apart and eating them alive, we find all sorts of sophisticated arguments to defend sports which should have been banned long age; sports which are quite as barbarous as, say, public hangings or bearbaiting.
It really is incredible that in this day and age we should still allow hunting or bull-fighting, that we should be prepared to sit back and watch two men batter each other to pulp in a boxing ring, that we should be relatively unmoved by the sight of one or a number of racing cars crashing and bursting into flames. Let us not deceive ourselves. Any talk of ‘the sporting spirit’ is sheer hypocrisy. People take part in violent sports because of the high rewards they bring. Spectators are willing to pay vast sums of money to see violence. A world heavyweight championship match, for instance, is front page news. Millions of people are disappointed if a big fight is over in two rounds instead of fifteen. They feel disappointment because they have been deprived of the exquisite pleasure of witnessing prolonged torture and violence.
Why should we ban violent sports if people enjoy them so much? You may well ask. The answer is simple: they are uncivilized. For centuries man has been trying to improve himself spiritually and emotionally - admittedly with little success. But at least we no longer tolerate the sight madmen cooped up in cages, or public floggings of any of the countless other barbaric practices which were common in the past. Prisons are no longer the grim forbidding places they used to be. Social welfare systems are in operation in many parts of the world. Big efforts are being made to distribute wealth fairly. These changes have come about not because human beings have suddenly and unaccountably improved, but because positive steps were taken to change the law. The law is the biggest instrument of social change that we have and it may exert great civilizing influence. If we banned dangerous and violent sports, we would be moving one step further to improving mankind. We would recognize that violence is degrading and unworthy of human beings.
21. It can be inferred from the passage that the author’s opinion of nowadays’ human beings is
A. not very high. B. high.
C. contemptuous. D. critical.
22. The main idea of this passage is
A. vicious and dangerous sports should be banned by law.
B. people are willing to pay vast sums money to see violence.
C. to compare two different attitudes towards dangerous sports.
D. people are bloodthirsty in sports.
23. That the author mentions the old Romans is
A. To compare the old Romans with today’s people.
B. to give an example.
C. to show human beings in the past know nothing better.
D. to indicate human beings are used to bloodthirsty.
24. How many dangerous sports does the author mention in this passage?
A. Three. B. Five.
C. Six. D. Seven.
25. The purpose of the author in writing this passage is
A. that, by banning the violent sports, we human beings can improve our selves.
B. that, by banning the dangerous sports, we can improve the law.
C. that we must take positive steps to improve social welfare system.
D. to show law is the main instrument of social change. Text 2
Scientists have known since 1952 that DNA is the basic stuff of heredity. They've known its chemical structure since 1953. They know that human DNA acts like a biological computer program some 3 billion bits long that spells out the instructions for making proteins， the basic building blocks of life.
But everything the genetic engineers have accomplished during the past half-century is just a preamble to the work that Collins and Anderson and legions of colleagues are doing now. Collins leads the Human Genome Project， a 15-year effort to draw the first detailed map of every nook and cranny and gene in human DNA. Anderson， who pioneered the first successful human gene-therapy operations， is leading the campaign to put information about DNA to use as quickly as possible in the treatment and prevention of human diseases.
What they and other researchers are plotting is nothing less than a biomedical revolution. Like Silicon Valley pirates reverse-engineering a computer chip to steal a competitor's secrets， genetic engineers are decoding life's molecular secrets and trying to use that knowledge to reverse the natural course of disease. DNA in their hands has become both a blueprint and a drug， a pharmacological substance of extraordinary potency that can treat not just symptoms or the diseases that cause them but also the imperfections in DNA that make people susceptible to a disease.
And that's just the beginning. For all the fevered work being done， however， science is still far away from the Brave New World vision of engineering a perfect human—or even a perfect tomato. Much more research is needed before gene therapy becomes commonplace， and many diseases will take decades to conquer， if they can be conquered at all.
In the short run， the most practical way to use the new technology will be in genetic screening. Doctors will be able to detect all sorts of flaws in DNA long before they can be fixed. In some cases the knowledge may lead to treatments that delay the onset of the disease or soften its effects. Someone with a genetic predisposition to heart disease， for example， could follow a low-fat diet. And if scientists determine that a vital protein is missing because the gene that was supposed to make it is defective， they might be able to give the patient an artificial version of the protein. But in other instances， almost nothing can be done to stop the ravages brought on by genetic mutations. (409 words)
26. It can be inferred from the text that Collins and Anderson and legions of colleagues _____.
[A] know that human DNA acts like a biological computer program
[B] have found the basic building blocks of life
[C] have accomplished some genetic discovery during the past half-century
[D] are making a breakthrough in DNA
27. Collins and Anderson are cited in the text to indicate all the following EXCEPT that ______.
[A] time-consuming effort is needed to accomplish the detailed map of in human DNA
[B] human gene-therapy operations may be applied to the patients
[C] gene-therapy now is already generally used to the treatment and prevention of human diseases
[D] information about DNA may be used in the treatment and prevention of human diseases
28. The word “pirate” (line 2， paragraph 3) means______.
[A] one who robs at sea or plunders the land from the sea
[B] one who makes use of or reproduces the work of another without authorization
[C] to take (something) by piracy
[D] to make use of or reproduce (another's work) without authorization
29. We can draw a conclusion from the text that_____.
[A] engineering a perfect human is not feasible for the time being
[B] it‘s impossible for scientists to engineer a perfect tomato
[C] many diseases will never be conquered by human beings
[D] doctors will be able to cure all sorts of flaws in DNA in the long run
30. The best title for the text may be ______.
[A] DNA and Heredity
[B] The Genetic Revolution
[C] A Biomedical Revolution
[D] How to Apply Genetic Technology Text 3
The purpose of an interview is to find out if your goals and the goals of an organization are compatible.Other goals of the interview are：to answer questions successfully，obtain any additional information needed to make a decision，accent your special strengths，establish a positive relationship，show confidence，and to sell yourself.Based on these goals，place yourself in the role of the interviewer and develop anticipated questions and answers to three categories：company data，personal data，and specific job data.You also develop questions which you will ask to determine how well your career goals match the needs of the organization.These questions include both those you would ask before a job offer and those you would ask after a job offer.
Prior to the interview，acquaint yourself with the laws pertaining to job discrimination.This knowledge will enhance your chances of being considered on an equal standing with other applicants.
To develop confidence，adequately prepare for the interview.Focus on how you can best serve the organization to which you are applying.Then rehearse until the rough edges are smoothed and you sound convincing to those with whom you have practiced.
Since the interview will center on you，proper self-management process is divided into four stages：the before stage，the greeting stage，the consultation stage，and the departure stage.The before stage includes writing a confirmation letter，concentrating on appearance and nonverbal communication，developing your portfolio，anticipating questions with positive responses，and arriving early.The greeting stage includes greeting everyone courteously，using waiting-room smarts，using your time wisely，and applying proper protocol when meeting the interviewer.The consultation stage includes responsiveness and enthusiasm，knowing when to interject key points，showing sincerity，highlighting your strengths，and listening intently.The departure stage includes leaving on a positive note，expressing appreciation，expressing interest，leaving promptly，and making notes immediately after departure.
To save time and money and offer convenience to prospective employees and employers，video taping and satellite videophones may become a common method of interviewing.Being at ease in front of a camera would be important for these types of interviews.
Following the interview，write thank-you letters to each person who interviewed you and to those who helped you get the interview.When invited for a second interview，go prepared by using your notes and feedback from the interview to zero in on what the company wants.If the company doesn‘t respond in two weeks，call back or write a follow-up letter.You may get turned down.If so，try to find out why as a means of self-improvement.
Following a job offer，take a few days to consider all elements and then call or write a letter either accepting or declining the offer-—whichever is appropriate.If you accept and you are presently employed，write an effective letter of resignation，departing on a positive note.
31.The word“compatible”in the first sentence probably means____.
[A] in agreement [B] in conflict
[C] complementary [D] practicable
32.The writer advises you to familiarize yourself with the laws concerning job discrimination so that ____.
[A] you can show your prospective employer you have a wide range of knowledge
[B] you stand on equal chance of being hired with other applicants to the job
[C] you will refuse to give answers to any questions against the current laws
[D] you know how to behave within the limit of laws at the interview
33.At which stage should you emphasize your qualifications for the job?
[A] The before stage.
[B] The greeting stage.
[C] The consultation stage.
[D] The departure stage.
34.If you are given a second interview，it is most important for you to____.
[A] write a thank-you letter to each person who interviewed you last time
[B] find out exactly what the company wants of you
[C] learn from the last interview and improve yourself
[D] consider all the elements that are important for the job
35.The passage is mainly concerned with____.
[A] how to manage an interview
[B] how to apply for a job vacancy
[C] how an applicant should behave during an interview
[D] how to make your private goal compatible with those of an organization Text 4
The Wall Street Journal has continued as the world’s most credible news source and one that refused to conform to the passing prejudice and error of the journalistic herd. Naturally the Journal receives ongoing abuse from the herd for its distressing independence. Yet, rarely is the criticism straightforward but rather an assault on the conservatism of the Journal’s editorial page, which strikes conformist journalists as an insult and is the real cause of the herd’s distress. Rather the criticism focuses on the Journal’s bottom line, its sluggish share price, and rumors that the family controlling the paper, the Bancroft family, is unhappy and about to sell it.
The rumors of the Bancrofts’ unhappiness are all highly exaggerated and quickly refuted. For this proud family whose ancestor, Clarence W. Barron, purchased the Journal and with it the Dow Jones news service in 1902 conceives of its ownership as a “public trust.” That is how Roy A. Hammer, a lawyer and trustee for the entities through which the Bancrofts control the paper, described their sense of ownership. This is not so unusual. Great newspapers have always played a major role in American civic life. I said “great newspapers,” serious newspapers, the kind that put gathering news ahead of sensationalism.
Most of the truly profitable newspapers in the country today are essentially shopping circulars with some cheap journalism printed on those pages not devoted to shopping mall sales. The great newspaper chains take over local papers, fire journalists, and set out to fill their pages with still more advertisements. Well, they supply a service. They let readers know about the price, say, of chicken at the Giant or snow tires at the CVS. But fewer and fewer local newspapers supply much news and analysis. Great newspapers do, and not one that I know of makes a vast amount of money.
Great newspapers do help to set the agenda for the nation. They break stories of corruption or on other vital matters. One of the few things I find admirable about the New York Times is that its controlling family, the Sulzberger family, is not intent on squeezing every penny of profit out of its flagship paper. Thus last week when I read a long critique in the Times of the Wall Street Journal’s management for its sluggish financial performance, I discovered hypocrisy.
The hypocrisy is all the greater coming from liberals who are criticizing conservatives for their alleged devotion the “Almighty Dollar.” Profits are essential to all businesses. For one thing they are a very accurate poll of the populace’s tastes, but there are other services some corporations supply to society. Both the Journal and the Times supply—at too high a cost—information that enlightens the citizenry.
36. The journalistic herd’s distress is caused by the Wall Street Journal’s _____.
[A] credibility [B] prejudice [C] conformism [D] professionalism
37. The Bancroft family purchased the Wall Street Journal to _____.
[A] sell it for a higher price [B] promote the Dow Jones news service
[C] dominate the great newspapers chains [D] influence American civic life
38. It can be inferred from the passage that great newspapers _____ .
[A] have to engage in a form of sensationalism [B] make a bigger profit than local papers
[C] supply much news and analysis [D] refuse to accept the error of the journalistic herd
39. The author says “I discovered hypocrisy” (Last line, Paragraph 4), because _____ .
[A] the Times was involved in corruption [B] the Times was becoming profit-driven
[C] the Times was attacking the Journal [D] the Journal was in financial difficulty
40. The author seems to believe that all the newspapers should _____.
[A] maxmize the profit [B] satisfy the public’s tastes [C] provide social services [D] inform the readers at a high cost Part B
Directions：
The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45， you are required to reorganize these paragraphs int0 a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them int0 the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
In 1959 the average American family paid $ 989 for a year’s supply of food. In 1972 the family paid $1,311. That was a price increase of nearly one –third. Every family has had this sort of experience. Everyone agrees that the cost of feeding a family has risen sharply. But there is less agreement when reasons for the rise are being discussed. Who is really responsible?
Many blame the farmers who produce the vegetables, fruit, meat, eggs, and cheese that stores offer for sale. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the farmer’s share of the $1,311 spent by the family in 1972 was $521. This was 31 percent more than the farmer had received in 1959.
But farmers claim that this increase was very small compared to the increase in their cost of living. Farmers tend to blame others for the sharp rise in food prices. They particularly blame those who process the farm products after the products leave the farm. These include truck drivers, meat packers, manufacturers of packages and other food containers, and the owners of stores where food is sold. 41) __________.
Of the $1,311 family food bill in 1972, middlement received $ 790, which was 33 percent more than they had received in 1959. It appears that the middlemen’s profit has increased more than farmer’s. But some economists claim that the middleman’s actual profit was very law. According to economists at the First National City Bank, the profit for meat packers and food stores amounted to less than one per cent. During the same period all other manufacturers were making a profit of more than 5 per cent.42) __________ .
43) __________ .
Vegetables and chicken cost more when they have been cut into pieces by someone other than the one who buys it. A family should expect to pay more when several “TV dinners” are taken home from the store. These are fully cooked meals, consisting of meat, vegetables, and sometimes desert, all arranged on a metal dish. The dish is put into the over and heated while the housewife is doing something else. Such a convenience costs money. 44) __________.
Economists remind us many modern housewives have jobs outside the home. They earn money that helps to pay the family food bills. The housewife naturally has less time and energy for cooking after a day’s work. She wants to buy many kinds of food that can be put on her family’s table easily and quickly. 45) __________ .
It appears that the answer to the question for rising prices is not a simple one. Producers, consumers, and middlemen all share the responsibility for the sharp rise in food costs.
A) Thus, as economists point out:” Some of the basic reasons for widening food price spreads are easily traceable to the increasing use of convenience foods, which transfer much of the time and work of meal preparation from the kitchen to the food processor’s plant.”
B) They are among the “middlemen” who stand between the farmer and the people who buy and eat the food. Are middlemen the ones to blame for rising food prices?
C) “If the housewife wants all of these.” The economists say, “that is her privilege, but she must be prepared to pay for the services of the those who make her work easier.”
D) Who then is actually responsible for the size of the bill a housewife must pay before she carries the food home from the store? The economists at First National City Bank have an answer to give housewives, but many people will not like it. These economists blame the housewife herself for the jump in food prices. They say that food costs more now because women don’t want to spend much time in the kitchen. Women prefer to buy food which has already been prepared before it reaches the market.
E) However, some economists believe that controls can have negative effects over a long period of time. In cities with rent control, the city government sets the maximum rent that a landlord can charge for an apartment.
F) Economists do not agree on some of the predictions. They also do not agree on the value of different decisions. Some economists support a particular decision while others criticize it.
G) By comparison with other members of the economic system both farmers and middlemen have profited surprisingly little from the rise in food prices. Part C
Directions：
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments int0 Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Gandhi’s pacifism can be separated to some extent from his other teachings. (1)Its motive was religious, but he claimed also for it that it was a definitive technique, a method, capable of producing desired political results. Gandhi’s attitude was not that of most Western pacifists. Satyagraha, (2)the method Gandhi proposed and practiced, first evolved in South Africa, was a sort of non-violent warfare, a way of defeating the enemy without hurting him and without feeling or arousing hatred. It entailed such things as civil disobedience, strikes, lying down in front of railway trains, enduring police charges without running away and without hitting back, and the like. Gandhi objected to “passive resistance” as a translation of Satyagraha: in Gujarati, it seems, the word means “firmness in the truth”. (3)In his early days Gandhi served as a stretcher-bearer on the British side in the Boer War, and he was prepared to do the same again in the war of 1914-1918. Even after he had completely abjured violence he was honest enough to see that in war it is usually necessary to take sides. Since his whole political life centred round a struggle for national independence, he could not and,(4)indeed, he did not take the sterile and dishonest line of pretending that in every war both sides are exactly the same and it makes no difference who wins. Nor did he, like most Western pacifists, specialize in avoiding awkward questions. In relation to the late war, one question that every pacifist had a clear obligation to answer was: “What about the Jews? Are you prepared to see them exterminated? If not, how do you propose to save them without resorting to war?” (5)I must say that I have never heard, from any Western pacifist, an honest answer to this question, though I have heard plenty of evasions, usually of the “you’re another” type. But it so happens that Gandhi was asked a somewhat similar question in 1938 and that his answer is on record in Mr. Louis Fischer’s Gandhi and Stalin. According to Mr. Fischer, Gandhi’s view was that the German Jews ought to commit collective suicide, which “would have aroused the world and the people of Germany to Hitler’s violence.”
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51.Directions
One of your students, Li Ming, wants to study for the Master's Degree under the supervision of Professor Smith in an oversea university, you are asked to write a letter of recommendation for him in about 100 words.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.
You do not need to write the address.
Part B
52. Directions：
Write an essay of 160——200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay， you should
1) describe the drawing briefly，
2) explain it‘s intended meaning， and
3) give your comments.
Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) 完形填空
答案
1. C 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. D 6. A 7. D 8. B 9.B 10. D
11. D 12.D 13. A 14. C 15. B 16. A 17. D 18. C 19.B 20.C
總體分析
本文講述了英國(guó)車(chē)速監(jiān)控?cái)z像體系擴(kuò)張計(jì)劃的內(nèi)容及影響，著重闡述了這一計(jì)劃的支持者(警察和財(cái)政部門(mén))和反對(duì)者(機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)管理機(jī)構(gòu))的觀點(diǎn)。
全文翻譯
一旦擴(kuò)大車(chē)速監(jiān)控?cái)z像體系，這個(gè)國(guó)家財(cái)政部每年就能從罰款中額外增加2000萬(wàn)收入。機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)管理機(jī)構(gòu)警告說(shuō)這種罰款可能變成對(duì)汽車(chē)征收的人頭稅，從而疏遠(yuǎn)很多駕駛者。也可能出現(xiàn)更多破壞攝像機(jī)的事件。警告出現(xiàn)的同時(shí)，《每日郵報(bào)》的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)英格蘭和威爾士的23支警力幾乎都有所行動(dòng)，不是致力于部署監(jiān)控體系的擴(kuò)張計(jì)劃，就是在考慮加入其中。
預(yù)計(jì)(在實(shí)施監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)后)全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)違章超速行駛的罰單數(shù)量會(huì)增加兩倍，罰金數(shù)目一年達(dá)9000萬(wàn)。按照計(jì)劃，警察保留一部分罰金用以支付安裝和維修新攝像機(jī)的費(fèi)用，并且保證現(xiàn)有的攝像機(jī)中總是裝有膠卷。其余的罰金將上繳財(cái)政部。財(cái)政部長(zhǎng)們和警察都堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為該計(jì)劃的目的是提高公路的安全性。他們指出八個(gè)試點(diǎn)地區(qū)撞車(chē)事故減少了四分之一，嚴(yán)重傷亡事故減少至一半。
但是機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)管理機(jī)構(gòu)擔(dān)心警察為了多開(kāi)罰單會(huì)把攝像機(jī)裝在相對(duì)安全但行車(chē)速度較快的直行道上，還會(huì)為車(chē)速監(jiān)控?cái)z像機(jī)設(shè)置最低合法車(chē)速標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，如把正常的每小時(shí)10英里限速提高到每小時(shí)15英里，每小時(shí)20英里限速提高到每小時(shí)26英里。這樣做會(huì)使司機(jī)盯著自己的里程計(jì)而不把精力集中到路面上，從而引發(fā)更多的交通事故。英國(guó)皇家汽車(chē)俱樂(lè)部(RAC)活動(dòng)負(fù)責(zé)人休。尼科爾森說(shuō)，“嚴(yán)格上說(shuō)，我們對(duì)車(chē)速監(jiān)控?cái)z像機(jī)并無(wú)意見(jiàn)，我們擔(dān)憂的是它們被安放的地點(diǎn)。如果把監(jiān)控?cái)z像機(jī)視為(政府)聚斂財(cái)政收入的手段而不是安全設(shè)施，那么警察就可能喪失他們?cè)隈{駛者心目中的威信”。
Text 1
Vocabulary
1.relish 從……獲得樂(lè)處，享受
2.orgy 狂歡，放縱
3.arena 競(jìng)技場(chǎng)，活動(dòng)或斗爭(zhēng)的場(chǎng)所
4.blood-thirsty 殘忍的，嗜血的
5.bear-baiting 逗熊游戲
6.bull-fight 斗牛
7.batter 猛擊，連續(xù)地猛打/捶，亂打
8.pulp 成紙漿，成軟塊
9.burst into flames 突然燃燒起來(lái)/著火
10.grim 令人窒息的，簡(jiǎn)陋的
11.coop up 把……關(guān)起來(lái)
寫(xiě)作方法與文章大意
作者采取先對(duì)比、后分析的寫(xiě)作手法。先是今人和古羅馬人對(duì)暴虐體育上對(duì)此兩者都欣賞。后者坦率成人“欣賞暴力體育”，前者施以各種接口、實(shí)際都是嗜血成性者。第二段進(jìn)一步剖析今人欣賞暴虐體育的種種實(shí)例，最后指出改善“暴虐”的根本嗜為改善法律采取積極的步驟，法律才能施以巨大的文明影響，否則人類(lèi)很難改變。
參考答案：AADBA Text2
答案：DCBAB
詞匯注釋
stuff 物質(zhì)
preamble 開(kāi)端
nook and cranny 排列
potency 力量
susceptible 易受感染的
predisposition 易患病的體質(zhì)
難句講解
1. They know that human DNA acts like a biological computer program some 3 billion bits long that spells out the instructions for making proteins， the basic building blocks of life.
[簡(jiǎn)析] 本句話的主干是“They know that…”。they 指的是前面句子中提到的scientists;第一個(gè)引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句，some 3 billion bits long修飾computer program，第二個(gè)that也修飾computer program;the basic building blocks of life是在解釋proteins.
2. Anderson， who pioneered the first successful human gene-therapy operations， is leading the campaign to put information about DNA to use as quickly as possible in the treatment and prevention of human diseases.
[簡(jiǎn)析] 本句話的主干是“Anderson is leading the campaign…”。Who引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾Anderson;to put information…短語(yǔ)修飾campaign，其中的to use…作目的狀語(yǔ)。
3. DNA in their hands has become both a blueprint and a drug， a pharmacological substance of extraordinary potency that can treat not just symptoms or the diseases that cause them but also the imperfections in DNA that make people susceptible to a disease.
[簡(jiǎn)析] 本句話的主干是“DNA has become both a blueprint and a drug”。in their hands修飾DNA;a pharmacological substance…是在解釋前面的drug，其中的第一個(gè)that 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾pharmacological substance;第二個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾imperfections.
4. And if scientists determine that a vital protein is missing because the gene that was supposed to make it is defective， they might be able to give the patient an artificial version of the protein.
[簡(jiǎn)析] 本句話的主干是“…they might be able to give the patient an artificial version of the protein”。If引導(dǎo)的是條件狀語(yǔ)從句，其中的第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句，because引導(dǎo)的時(shí)原因狀語(yǔ)從句;第二個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾gene.
Text 3
1.[A]
該詞意為：相容的，相一致的。
2.[B] 意為：你與其他申請(qǐng)者具有同等被雇傭的機(jī)會(huì)。
參閱第二段。
3.[C]
根據(jù)第四段第四句，商洽階段包括反應(yīng)能力、熱情，知道什么時(shí)候陳述關(guān)鍵信息，要表現(xiàn)得誠(chéng)懇，強(qiáng)調(diào)自己的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，注意傾聽(tīng)。
4.[B]
根據(jù)第六段，如果獲得第二次面試的機(jī)會(huì)，你應(yīng)該利用第一次面試時(shí)的筆記和反饋信息，集中找出公司需要什么(即：需要什么樣的人)。
5.[A] 意為：如何安排好一次面試。
文章的前三段提到了如何準(zhǔn)備面試，第四、五段提到了面試期間應(yīng)該如何做，最后幾段提到了面試后 (以及被錄用后)應(yīng)該怎么辦。全文主要是對(duì)參加面試的人提出建議。
Text 4
答案：1.C 2.D 3.C 4.B 5.C
核心詞匯與超綱詞匯
(1)passing(a.)暫時(shí)的，瞬間的，一時(shí)之興的;經(jīng)過(guò)的，過(guò)往的
(2)herd(n.)獸群;人群，蕓蕓眾生，the common ~普通百姓，follow the ~隨大流
(3)journalistic(a.)新聞業(yè)的，新聞工作(者)的;journalist新聞工作者
(4)ongoing(a.)持續(xù)存在的，仍在進(jìn)行的;不斷發(fā)展的
(5)distressing(a.)悲傷的，使痛苦的，使煩惱的
(6)strike sb as sth.給(某人以……)印象，讓(某人)覺(jué)得，如His reaction struck me as odd(他的反應(yīng)令我詫異)。
(7)conformist(n.)墨守成規(guī)的人
(8)bottom line要旨，基本論點(diǎn);最重要的原則，最后的底線
(9)conceive(v.)(of sth. As sth.)(主義、計(jì)劃等)構(gòu)想，想象，設(shè)想
(10)ownership(n.)所有權(quán)，產(chǎn)權(quán);物主身份，東家
(11)entity(n.)實(shí)體
(12)circular(n.)傳單，廣告，文件，公告
(13)break(v.)透露，傳開(kāi)，如There was a public outcry when the scandal broke(丑聞一傳開(kāi)，輿論一片嘩然)。
(14)enlighten (v.)啟發(fā)，啟蒙，教導(dǎo)，授予...知識(shí)，開(kāi)導(dǎo) 全文翻譯
《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》一直以來(lái)作為世界上非?？煽康男侣勑畔?lái)源而存在，它拒絕順從新聞群體中出現(xiàn)的暫時(shí)的偏見(jiàn)和錯(cuò)誤。自然，該日?qǐng)?bào)因?yàn)樗钊丝鄲赖莫?dú)立性不斷受到新聞群體的攻擊。但是這種批評(píng)很少是直截針對(duì)日?qǐng)?bào)的，而是對(duì)社論版因循守舊的立場(chǎng)的攻擊，這種攻擊被墨守陳規(guī)者視為侮辱同時(shí)也是引起新聞群體煩惱的真正原因。更確切的說(shuō)，批評(píng)的矛頭指向了日?qǐng)?bào)的基本原則，它疲軟的股價(jià)以及控制日?qǐng)?bào)的班克羅夫特家族不悅并即將出售它的傳聞。
有關(guān)班克羅夫特家族不悅的傳聞被極大的渲染并很快遭到了駁斥。因?yàn)槠渥嫦瓤巳R倫斯•巴倫于1902年收購(gòu)了該日?qǐng)?bào)和道瓊斯新聞服務(wù)而驕傲的班克羅夫特家族，設(shè)想自己成為“公共信任”的所有者。班克羅夫特家族控制報(bào)界的這些實(shí)體的律師兼托管人羅伊•哈默也這樣描述它們的所有權(quán)意識(shí)。這并不是什么特別罕見(jiàn)的事。大報(bào)紙?jiān)诿绹?guó)市民生活中總是發(fā)揮重要的作用。我說(shuō)的是“大報(bào)紙”，是嚴(yán)肅的報(bào)紙，那一類(lèi)把收集新聞看做比報(bào)道聳人聽(tīng)聞的消息更大報(bào)紙。
目前，這個(gè)國(guó)家里大多數(shù)真正有利可圖的報(bào)紙基本是購(gòu)物廣告，在不專(zhuān)門(mén)用于商業(yè)街銷(xiāo)售的頁(yè)面上印有一些廉價(jià)的新聞。大的報(bào)業(yè)集團(tuán)接管地方報(bào)業(yè)，解雇新聞?dòng)浾撸缓蟊M力用更多的廣告填充版面。它們也提供服務(wù)：讓讀者了解“巨人”牌雞肉或者CVS的雪地防滑輪胎的價(jià)格。但是越來(lái)越少的地方報(bào)紙?zhí)峁┹^多的新聞和分析，大報(bào)紙則提供，而且在我所了解的范圍內(nèi)，沒(méi)有一家賺到大筆的錢(qián)。
大報(bào)紙確實(shí)幫助國(guó)家安排議程。它們揭露受賄或其他重大事件。我發(fā)現(xiàn)《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》令人欽佩的一點(diǎn)是：控制該報(bào)紙的蘇茲貝格家族沒(méi)有致力于從它的旗艦報(bào)紙中榨取每一美分的利潤(rùn)。因此，上周當(dāng)我在《時(shí)報(bào)》上讀到一篇對(duì)《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》疲軟的財(cái)政表現(xiàn)的管理的批評(píng)時(shí)，我發(fā)現(xiàn)了偽善。
這種偽善更多地來(lái)自自由派批評(píng)保守派，因?yàn)樗麄兟暦Q(chēng)熱愛(ài)“萬(wàn)能的美金”。對(duì)于所有企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)，利潤(rùn)都是最本質(zhì)的。首先它非常準(zhǔn)確地反映了大眾的品味，但是也有一些其他的服務(wù)是需要新聞機(jī)構(gòu)提供給社會(huì)的?！度?qǐng)?bào)》和《時(shí)報(bào)》都以過(guò)高的代價(jià)提供啟迪公民的信息。
part B
BGDAC
part C
總體分析
本文是一篇介紹甘地的和平主義的文章。文章先介紹了甘地的和平主義的性質(zhì)、來(lái)源、具體形式等。接著指出了甘地作為和平主義者的獨(dú)特之處：首先，他雖然反對(duì)暴力，但并不否認(rèn)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的立場(chǎng);其次，他不躲避回答棘手的問(wèn)題。
本文考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)：后置定語(yǔ)、插入語(yǔ)、it做形式主語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)從句，等。
試題精解
1.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)：后置定語(yǔ)的翻譯。
該句是由but連接的兩個(gè)并列分句：前一分句是簡(jiǎn)單句，后一分句是主從復(fù)合句。后一分句的主干是he claimed that...，其中that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。從句中形容詞短語(yǔ)capable of...做后置定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞a technique, a method。該定語(yǔ)可以按照漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣譯為前置定語(yǔ)，即，“一種可以產(chǎn)生預(yù)期的政治效果的明顯的技巧和方法”;也可以采用拆譯法，譯為一個(gè)句子，增譯代詞“它”做主語(yǔ)。
詞匯：claim意為“宣稱(chēng)，聲稱(chēng)，說(shuō)”;definite意為“肯定的，確定的;清楚的，明顯的”，它和technique搭配時(shí)取“明顯的”含義;desired意為“渴望的，期望的”，當(dāng)它和results/effect等詞搭配時(shí)常常譯為“預(yù)期的”。
翻譯：其動(dòng)機(jī)是宗教性質(zhì)的，但他也說(shuō)這是一種明顯的技巧，一種方法，它可以產(chǎn)生預(yù)期的政治效果。
2.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)：后置定語(yǔ)的翻譯和詞義的選擇。
該句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：the method... was a sort of warfare。主語(yǔ)the method后有兩個(gè)后置定語(yǔ)：一個(gè)是省略關(guān)系代詞的定語(yǔ)從句Gandhi proposed and practiced;另一個(gè)是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)first evolved in...。如果把它們都譯為漢語(yǔ)的前置定語(yǔ)會(huì)很冗長(zhǎng)，不符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣。因此可把第一個(gè)定語(yǔ)前置，第二個(gè)定語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯為謂語(yǔ)。而真正的謂語(yǔ)前可加上“這”或“它”指代真正的主語(yǔ)。表語(yǔ)a sort of warfare后是一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的同位語(yǔ)a way of defeating...。其中介詞短語(yǔ)of...做后置定語(yǔ)修飾名詞a way，翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)前置。
詞匯：practice意為“練習(xí)，訓(xùn)練;經(jīng)常做;從事”等，在本句中與propose(提出)對(duì)應(yīng)譯為“付諸實(shí)踐”。evolve意為“逐漸形成;進(jìn)化”，但它在本句中不能將基本含義照搬，而應(yīng)意譯為“起源于(南非)”。warfare意為“作戰(zhàn)，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng);斗爭(zhēng)，沖突”等，根據(jù)上下文，該詞應(yīng)增譯為“斗爭(zhēng)的方式(方法)”。
翻譯：這個(gè)由甘地提出并付諸實(shí)踐的方法，最早起源于南非，是一種非暴力的斗爭(zhēng)方式，用既不傷害對(duì)方又不會(huì)引發(fā)仇恨的手段打敗敵人。
3.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)：定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)的翻譯
該句是and連接的并列句，其主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：Gandhi served as a... and he was prepared...。前一分句中“in his early days”和“in the Boer War”都作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，修飾謂語(yǔ)served，翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)放在句首?！皁n the British side”做后置定語(yǔ)，修飾stretcher-bearer，應(yīng)譯為前置定語(yǔ)，即，“英方的擔(dān)架員”。
詞匯：serve as sth.意為“(為……)工作，服務(wù)，履行義務(wù)，盡職責(zé)”;stretcher-bearer指“抬擔(dān)架者”;on sb.’s side意為“站在某人一邊，和某人觀點(diǎn)一致”。
翻譯：早年間，在布爾戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間甘地曾經(jīng)為英方抬過(guò)擔(dān)架，而且在1914-1918年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間他又準(zhǔn)備這么做。
4.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)：后置定語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)從句的翻譯。
該句的主干是he did not take the... line，介詞短語(yǔ)of...做后置定語(yǔ)修飾賓語(yǔ)the line。由于定語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng)，應(yīng)采取拆譯法，另起一句。動(dòng)名詞pretending后接有that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。該從句由兩個(gè)并列的分句組成：both sides are... and it makes...，后一分句中it為形式主語(yǔ)，從句who wins為真正的主語(yǔ)，漢語(yǔ)中不存在這種語(yǔ)法形式，因此可以直接將從句內(nèi)容譯為主語(yǔ)。
詞匯：line一詞的含義較多，但在本句中的含義是“態(tài)度，看法”;fruitless意為“沒(méi)有成果的，無(wú)成效的，徒然的”;pretend意為“假裝”，本句中它后面跟有從句，應(yīng)增譯為“假裝說(shuō)”。
翻譯：而且也確實(shí)沒(méi)有采取毫無(wú)意義的、不誠(chéng)實(shí)的態(tài)度，假裝說(shuō)在所有戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中參戰(zhàn)雙方完全一樣，因而誰(shuí)獲得勝利都無(wú)所謂。
5.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)：插入語(yǔ)、后置定語(yǔ)的翻譯
該句的主干是I must say，后面是that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。賓語(yǔ)從句是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。主句是I have never heard an honest answer，其謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)之間插入了一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)成分，翻譯時(shí)可放在句首或謂語(yǔ)之前，譯為“從任何一個(gè)西方和平主義者那里我從未聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)”或“我從未從任何一個(gè)西方和平主義者那里聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)”。though引導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)折狀語(yǔ)從句，其中介詞短語(yǔ)of...做后置定語(yǔ)，修飾賓語(yǔ)evasions，可譯為前置定語(yǔ)，也可另起一句。
詞匯：evasion意為“躲避，逃避;借口，托詞”，根據(jù)上下文可活譯為“躲閃之詞”、“逃避的說(shuō)法”等。
翻譯：我必須說(shuō)，我從未從任何一個(gè)西方和平主義者那里聽(tīng)到過(guò)對(duì)該問(wèn)題的誠(chéng)實(shí)的答復(fù)，但是卻聽(tīng)大了大量的躲閃之詞，通常都是“你是另外一回事”之類(lèi)的回答。