收入
收入可以是國民收入和個人收入。國民收入被規(guī)定為所有生產(chǎn)要素所得收入，即所獲利潤、利息、房租、工資和其他的勞動報酬的總和。個人收入可以被規(guī)定為在支付個人所得稅前的個人收入的總和。國民收入不等于國民生產(chǎn)總值，因為生產(chǎn)要素不能從資本消費限額支付或間接商業(yè)稅中得到補償，這兩方面都包括在國民生產(chǎn)總值中。為資本消費而儲蓄的那一部分錢用于自換設備，因此不能算作收入。間接稅包括營業(yè)稅、財產(chǎn)稅和消費稅，由商家直接支付給政府，因此減少了剩下來用于支付生產(chǎn)要素的款額。國民收入的3/4用于支付工資、薪金和其他各種形式的雇員補償。
國民收入反映了生產(chǎn)要素所得收入，個人收入衡量個人和家庭收入。公司所獲得的利潤包括在國民收入內(nèi)，因為他們是生產(chǎn)要素所得。無論怎樣，必須從這些利潤中拿出一部分向政府交納公司收益稅，剩余的一些錢必須用于擴大經(jīng)營。只有利潤中作為股息分紅的那部分才歸個人所有，所以，在公司獲利中只有股利算作個人收入。生產(chǎn)要素所得用于社會保障金和失業(yè)保險金，但這些錢歸政府(不是一種生產(chǎn)要素)而不是歸個人。所以說它是國民收入的一部分，而不是個人收入的一部分。
另一方面，個人領取社會保障金和失業(yè)保險時所得的錢，不是掙來的錢而是領取的錢。政府債券所得利息也屬于這種范疇，因為從證券的買賣中獲得的大部分錢用作支付軍事生產(chǎn)，而那些產(chǎn)品不再為經(jīng)濟提供服務。
個人收入所得的錢既可以消費也可以儲蓄，但無論如何花費不都是完全自愿的。我們收入中的相當一部分要用于支付個人所得稅，大多數(shù)人從來沒有收到他們交納的稅，因為它從他們的工資卡上被扣除了。個人在繳納所得稅后余留下來的錢是可自由支配的個人收入?？勺杂芍涞氖杖肟杀环譃閭€人消費支出和個人儲蓄，請記住個人儲蓄是消費后剩下的那部分收入，這一點很重要。
Income
Income may be national income and personal income. Whereas national income is defined as the total earned income of all the factors of production—namely, profits, interest, rent, wages, and other compensation for labor, personal income may be defined as total money income received by individuals before personal taxes are paid. National income does not equal GNP(Gross National Product)because the factors of production do not receive payment for either capital consumption allowances or indirect business taxes, both of which are included in GNP. The money put aside for capital consumption is for replacement and thus is not counted as income. Indirect taxes include sales taxes, property taxes, and excise taxes that are paid by businesses directly to the government and so reduce the income left to pay for the factors of production. Three-fourths of national income goes for wages, salaries, and other forms of compensation to employees.
Whereas national income shows the income that the factors of production earn, personal income measures the income that individuals or households receive. Corporation profits are included in national income because they are earned. Out of these profits, however, corporation profit taxes must be paid to government, and some money must be put into the business for expansion. Only that part of profits distributed as dividends goes to the individual; therefore, out of corporation profits only dividends count as personal income. The factors of production earn money for social security and unemployment insurance contributions, but this money goes to government(which is not a factor of production), not to individuals. It is therefore part of national income but not part of personal income.
On the other hand, money received by individuals when they collect social security or unemployment compensation is not money earned but money received. Interest received on government bonds is also in this category, because much of the money received from the sale of bonds went to pay for war production and that production no longer furnishes a service to the economy.
The money people receive as personal income may be either spent or saved. However, not all spending is completely voluntary. A significant portion of our income goes to pay personal taxes. Most workers never receive the money they pay in personal taxes, because it is withheld from their paychecks. The money that individuals are left with after they have met their tax obligations is disposable personal income. Disposable income can be divided between personal consumption expenditures and personal savings. It is important to remember that personal saving is what is left after spending.
收入可以是國民收入和個人收入。國民收入被規(guī)定為所有生產(chǎn)要素所得收入，即所獲利潤、利息、房租、工資和其他的勞動報酬的總和。個人收入可以被規(guī)定為在支付個人所得稅前的個人收入的總和。國民收入不等于國民生產(chǎn)總值，因為生產(chǎn)要素不能從資本消費限額支付或間接商業(yè)稅中得到補償，這兩方面都包括在國民生產(chǎn)總值中。為資本消費而儲蓄的那一部分錢用于自換設備，因此不能算作收入。間接稅包括營業(yè)稅、財產(chǎn)稅和消費稅，由商家直接支付給政府，因此減少了剩下來用于支付生產(chǎn)要素的款額。國民收入的3/4用于支付工資、薪金和其他各種形式的雇員補償。
國民收入反映了生產(chǎn)要素所得收入，個人收入衡量個人和家庭收入。公司所獲得的利潤包括在國民收入內(nèi)，因為他們是生產(chǎn)要素所得。無論怎樣，必須從這些利潤中拿出一部分向政府交納公司收益稅，剩余的一些錢必須用于擴大經(jīng)營。只有利潤中作為股息分紅的那部分才歸個人所有，所以，在公司獲利中只有股利算作個人收入。生產(chǎn)要素所得用于社會保障金和失業(yè)保險金，但這些錢歸政府(不是一種生產(chǎn)要素)而不是歸個人。所以說它是國民收入的一部分，而不是個人收入的一部分。
另一方面，個人領取社會保障金和失業(yè)保險時所得的錢，不是掙來的錢而是領取的錢。政府債券所得利息也屬于這種范疇，因為從證券的買賣中獲得的大部分錢用作支付軍事生產(chǎn)，而那些產(chǎn)品不再為經(jīng)濟提供服務。
個人收入所得的錢既可以消費也可以儲蓄，但無論如何花費不都是完全自愿的。我們收入中的相當一部分要用于支付個人所得稅，大多數(shù)人從來沒有收到他們交納的稅，因為它從他們的工資卡上被扣除了。個人在繳納所得稅后余留下來的錢是可自由支配的個人收入?？勺杂芍涞氖杖肟杀环譃閭€人消費支出和個人儲蓄，請記住個人儲蓄是消費后剩下的那部分收入，這一點很重要。
Income
Income may be national income and personal income. Whereas national income is defined as the total earned income of all the factors of production—namely, profits, interest, rent, wages, and other compensation for labor, personal income may be defined as total money income received by individuals before personal taxes are paid. National income does not equal GNP(Gross National Product)because the factors of production do not receive payment for either capital consumption allowances or indirect business taxes, both of which are included in GNP. The money put aside for capital consumption is for replacement and thus is not counted as income. Indirect taxes include sales taxes, property taxes, and excise taxes that are paid by businesses directly to the government and so reduce the income left to pay for the factors of production. Three-fourths of national income goes for wages, salaries, and other forms of compensation to employees.
Whereas national income shows the income that the factors of production earn, personal income measures the income that individuals or households receive. Corporation profits are included in national income because they are earned. Out of these profits, however, corporation profit taxes must be paid to government, and some money must be put into the business for expansion. Only that part of profits distributed as dividends goes to the individual; therefore, out of corporation profits only dividends count as personal income. The factors of production earn money for social security and unemployment insurance contributions, but this money goes to government(which is not a factor of production), not to individuals. It is therefore part of national income but not part of personal income.
On the other hand, money received by individuals when they collect social security or unemployment compensation is not money earned but money received. Interest received on government bonds is also in this category, because much of the money received from the sale of bonds went to pay for war production and that production no longer furnishes a service to the economy.
The money people receive as personal income may be either spent or saved. However, not all spending is completely voluntary. A significant portion of our income goes to pay personal taxes. Most workers never receive the money they pay in personal taxes, because it is withheld from their paychecks. The money that individuals are left with after they have met their tax obligations is disposable personal income. Disposable income can be divided between personal consumption expenditures and personal savings. It is important to remember that personal saving is what is left after spending.