2017考研英語閱讀理解試題及解析(14)

    The Supreme Court'sdecisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for howmedicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering。
    Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right tophysician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principleof "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that anaction having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissibleif the actor intends only the good effect。
    Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify usinghigh doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even thoughincreasing dosages will eventually kill the patient。
    Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends thatthe principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very stronglyinsisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to controltheir pain if that might hasten death."
    George Annas, chair of the health law department at BostonUniversity, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for alegitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if thepatient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like surgery, "he says."We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend tokill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician,you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend theirsuicide."
    On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge thatthe assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patientsfor whom modem medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying。
    Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assistedsuicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report,Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies theundertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medicalprocedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as thetwin problems of end-of-life care。
    The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train inhospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to developa Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standardsfor assessing and treating pain at the end of life。
    Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that thesewell-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Largenumbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients areneedlessly and predictably suffering, ”to the extent thatit constitutes “systematic patient abuse?！?He says medicallicensing boards “must make it clear ... that painful deaths are presumptively onesthat are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension。”
    36. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that
    [A]doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients'pain。
    [B]it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end theirlives。
    [C]the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide。
    [D]patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide。
    37. Which of the following statements its true according to thetext?
    [A]Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death。
    [B]Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painlessrecovery。
    [C]The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication canbe prescribed。
    [D]A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions。
    38. According to the NAS's report, one of the problems inend-of-life care is
    [A]prolonged medical procedures。
    [B]inadequate treatment of pain。
    [C]systematic drug abuse。
    [D]insufficient hospital care。
    39. Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive"(line 3, paragraph 7)?
    [A]Bold.
    [B]Harmful.
    [C]Careless.
    [D]Desperate。
    40. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should bepunished if they
    [A]manage their patients incompetently。
    [B]give patients more medicine than needed。
    [C]reduce drug dosages for their patients。
    [D]prolong the needless suffering of the patients。
    解析
    36. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that 從前三段我們得知
    [A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’ pain。
    醫(yī)生過去常常增加藥物劑量來控制病人的病痛。
    [B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end theirlives。
    醫(yī)生幫助病危者結(jié)束生命仍然是違法的。
    [C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide。
    高法院強(qiáng)烈反對醫(yī)助自殺。
    [D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide。
    病人沒有憲法賦予的自殺權(quán)利。
    【答案】 B
    【考點】 事實細(xì)節(jié)題。
    【分析】 本題針對第一到第三段的所有內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了測試，選項[A]的相關(guān)信息可以定位到第三段，但是文中說“近幾年醫(yī)生才用這個原則為自己的行為辯護(hù)”。文中無法得出“過去常?！钡恼f法。選項[B]可以定位到第二段，文中提到“憲法沒有賦予這樣的權(quán)利”。所以可以說，本答案是正確的。選項[C]可以定位到第二段，但是法院是支持這樣的做法的。至于[D]，顯然是錯的。
    37. Which of the following statements is true according to thetext?
    根據(jù)文章，下面哪一個說法是正確的?
    [A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’ death。
    如果醫(yī)生冒病人生命的危險，他們將被判有罪。
    [B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients inpainless recovery。
    現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)已經(jīng)幫助晚期病人進(jìn)行無痛康復(fù)。
    [C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication canbe prescribed。
    法院判決，醫(yī)生可以開大劑量的鎮(zhèn)疼藥。
    [D] A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions。
    醫(yī)生用藥是否合法不再取決于他的意圖。
    【答案】 C
    【考點】 事實細(xì)節(jié)題。
    【分析】 由于本題屬于事實細(xì)節(jié)判斷題，所以只有對每一個選項都進(jìn)行辨析。選項[A]可以定位到第五段“Annas”的話。話中提到“只要醫(yī)生不是想殺死病人，那么他們的死亡就不能被稱為謀殺”。因此可以判定[A]不正確。[B]說病危者的無痛康復(fù)，在文中沒有提到康復(fù)問題。[C]可以從第二段中找到，高等法院認(rèn)為只要醫(yī)生是出于好意，則可以去做。因此可以得出[C]是正確的。[D]錯誤是因為事實上，醫(yī)生的意圖在對于行為是否合法上面是非常重要的。
    38. According to the NAS’s report, one of theproblems in end-of-life care is
    根據(jù)國家科學(xué)院(NAS)的報告，臨終護(hù)理存在的一個問題是
    [A]prolonged medical procedures. 延長了的醫(yī)療過程。
    [B]inadequate treatment of pain. 對病痛處理不力。
    [C]systematic drug abuse. 一貫的藥物濫用。
    [D]insufficient hospital care. 醫(yī)院護(hù)理不力。
    【答案】 B
    【考點】 事實細(xì)節(jié)題。
    【分析】 本題可以定位到第七段的第二句話中的“the undertreatment of pain”以及“the aggressiveuse of‘ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and evendishonor the period of dying’”。一個是“對病人的疼痛治療不力”。另外一個是“強(qiáng)行使用無效的治療方法延長生命，使得病人的晚期失去尊嚴(yán)”。因此，這里的答案應(yīng)該是[C]。
    39. Which of the following best defines the word“aggressive”(Line 3, Paragraph7)?
    以下哪一個單詞好的解釋了單詞“aggressive”(第七段第三行)的意思?
    [A]Bold. 大膽的。
    [B]Harmful. 有害的。
    [C]Careless. 粗心的。
    [D]Desperate. 絕望的。
    【答案】 A
    【考點】 詞義題。
    【分析】 這個單詞的所在句“Itidentifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of‘ineffectualand forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period ofdying’as the twin problems of end-of-life care?！敝?，說的是對病痛處理不力和大膽使用“無效而強(qiáng)制性的醫(yī)療程序，這些程序可能會延長死亡期，甚至?xí)屗劳銎陔y堪”。對這種醫(yī)療程序的使用必須是“aggressive”的，是一般的方法不會用的。所以這個單詞的意思就是“bold”。
    40. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should bepunished if they
    喬治·安納斯可能認(rèn)為醫(yī)生應(yīng)該受到懲罰，如果他們
    [A]manage their patients incompetently. 不勝任地治療病人。
    [B]give patients more medicine than needed. 給病人的藥物超量。
    [C]reduce drug dosages for their patients. 為病人減藥。
    [D]prolong the needless suffering of the patients。延長病人不必要的痛苦。
    【答案】 D
    【考點】 事實細(xì)節(jié)題。
    【分析】 本題的答題依據(jù)是文章的后一段。在這一段中，“Annas”對大量的醫(yī)生置病人的痛苦于不顧，無端地延長病人不必要的痛苦這種行為提出了批評，認(rèn)為這種行為構(gòu)成了“虐待病人”，并認(rèn)為這樣的醫(yī)生應(yīng)該予以吊銷行醫(yī)執(zhí)照。因此可以判斷[D]選項是正確的。