非謂語動(dòng)詞指的是在句中起名詞、形容詞或副詞作用的動(dòng)詞形式,而不是作謂語的動(dòng)詞形式。動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式分為動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞(包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)。
非謂語動(dòng)詞的特征:
?如果非謂語動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞,后面須跟賓語。
Studying English is my favorite.學(xué)習(xí)英語是我的愛好。(studying后跟賓語)
To help him is my duty.幫助他是我的責(zé)任。(help后跟賓語)
?非謂語動(dòng)詞可以帶有自己的狀語或者邏輯主語。
Working under such a condition is terrible.
在這樣的環(huán)境下工作太可怕了。(under such a condition作working的狀語)
It’s too difficult for him to master English in such a short time.
他在這么短的時(shí)間內(nèi)掌握英語太難了。(him作不定式的邏輯主語)
?非謂語動(dòng)詞仍有語態(tài)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。
I ain sorry to have kept you waiting so long.
對(duì)不起讓你久等了。(to have kept…是不定式的完成形式)
Seen from the mountain,the city looks much more beautiful.
從山上看,這座城市美麗多了。(seen from…是分詞的被動(dòng)形式)
?非謂語動(dòng)詞在句中可以當(dāng)成名詞或者形容詞來使用。
Our coming made him happy.我們的到來使他很高興。(comin9用作名詞)
There are two big swimming pools here.這兒有兩個(gè)大型游泳池。(swimming用作形容詞)
(一)動(dòng)詞不定式
不定式通常由to+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成,有時(shí)也可不帶to,它可以和助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成謂語。
1.動(dòng)詞不定式在句子中的作用
動(dòng)詞不定式在句中起名詞、形容詞和副詞的作用,可以擔(dān)任除渭語以外的其他任何成分。
(1)動(dòng)詞不定式作主語:
To master a language is not an easy thing.掌握一門語言不是一件容易的事情。
To teach English is my favorite.教英語是我的愛好。
動(dòng)詞不定式作主語時(shí)可以放在句子的后面,而用it放在原主語的位置上作形式主語。
It’s necessary to find the witness.有必要找到目擊者。
注意:要區(qū)分for+名詞/代詞+不定式作主語與of+名詞/代詞+不定式作主語所表達(dá)的意思。
It is important for you to use your time wisely.=It is important that you use your time wisely.明智地利用你的時(shí)間很重要。(說明不定式表示的動(dòng)作是誰做的)
It was brave of him to dive from the cliff.=He was brave to dive from the cliff.
從懸崖上跳下去,他真勇敢。(說明不定式的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者的性質(zhì)或品質(zhì))
(2)動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語:
某些及物動(dòng)詞可以用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語,這些動(dòng)詞有decide,begin,help,want,wish,
like,forget,learn,ask等。
We finally began to have dinner after the heated discussion.
經(jīng)過一番激烈的爭論之后,我們終于開始吃飯了。
She forgot to bring the textbook.她忘了帶教材了。
(3)動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語:
We expect you to be with us.我們希望你和我們?cè)谝黄稹?BR> Please ask him to come here quickly.請(qǐng)叫他快點(diǎn)過來。
(4)動(dòng)詞不定式作表語:
What I should do is to finish the task soon.我應(yīng)該做的是趕快完成任務(wù)。
The most urgent thing is to find the boy immediately.當(dāng)務(wù)之急是立即找到孩子。
(5)動(dòng)詞不定式作定語:
There are many ways to solve the problem.有許多方法能解決這個(gè)問題。
I have something important to tell you.我有重要的事情要告訴你。
(6)動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語:
①用來表示目的、結(jié)果、原因:
We went to the hospital to see our teacher.我們?nèi)メt(yī)院看了我們的老師。(表目的)
What have I said to make you so happy?我說了什么話讓你如此高興?(表結(jié)果)
To hear him talk in that manner,you would think him a native.
聽他這樣說話,你會(huì)以為他是本地人。(表原因)
真題分析
__________a teacher,one must fn'st be a pupil.
A.Being
B.Having been
C.To be
D.To have been
【答案精解】
C。本題考查非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法。其中,不定式在句中作目的狀語。
【參考譯文】要做老師,就必須首先做學(xué)生。
②不定式與only,never連用,表示強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果或者表示未預(yù)料的結(jié)果。
1 went to see him only to find him out.我去看望他,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)他不在。
We rush back to classroom,only to find there is no one.
我們沖回教室,結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)教室沒有人。
③不定式也常與enough連用,作程度狀語。
I don’t know him well enough to ask him for help.我跟他不熟,不能叫他幫忙。
The boy is old enough to go to school.這個(gè)男孩到了上學(xué)的年齡了。
④不定式可以作獨(dú)立成分,相當(dāng)于句子狀語,常見的有:
to begin with首先to conclude后
to tell you the truth老實(shí)對(duì)你說to be frank坦率地說
to be fair說句公道話so to speak可以說
2.動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式:
not+to+動(dòng)詞原形
The teacher told US not to swim in that river.老師告訴我們不要在那條河里游泳。
It’S unfair not to tell US.沒告訴我們真是不公平。
3.帶疑問詞的不定式:
疑問詞who,what,which,when,where,how,why+不定式,構(gòu)成不定式短語。
Can you tell me where to get the book?你能告訴我哪兒能買到那本書嗎?
Do you know how to get to the station?你知道怎么去車站嗎?
4.帶邏輯主語的不定式:
動(dòng)詞不定式可以帶有自己的邏輯主語,構(gòu)成方法是:for+邏輯主語(sb.)+不定式。邏
輯主語要用賓格形式,for本身無實(shí)際意義。
It’s necessary for US to help each other.我們互相幫忙是必要的。
There are much work for me to d0.我有許多工作要做。
5.動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài):
(1)動(dòng)詞不定式一般時(shí):表示動(dòng)作和句中謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或之后發(fā)生。
I helped him put the things into the room.我?guī)椭褨|西放進(jìn)了房間。
Would you like to have a cup of tea?你愿意喝杯茶嗎?
(2)動(dòng)詞不定式完成時(shí):表示動(dòng)作在句中謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。
1’m sorry to have kept you waiting SO lon9.對(duì)不起,讓你久等了。
They seem to have known the answers.他們似乎已經(jīng)知道了答案。
(3)動(dòng)詞不定式進(jìn)行時(shí):表示動(dòng)作和句中謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。
They seem to be working hard.他們好像正在努力工作。
The little girl appears to be reading cartoon books.這個(gè)小女孩好像正在讀卡通書。
6.動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式:
表示不定式的動(dòng)詞與所修飾的名詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
He is the man to be examined.他是個(gè)將要接受檢查的人。
There is much work to be done.有好多工作要做。
真題分析
1.To succeed in a scientific experiment,__________.
A.one needs being patient person
B.patience is to need
C.one needs to be patient
D.patience is what needed
【答案精解】C。題干中是動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語,因此填空處應(yīng)由“人”作主語,因此
C為正確答案。
【參考譯文】為了科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)的成功,人需要有耐心。
2.n is not easy the answer to the difficult math problem.
A.to figure out
B.figuring out
C.figure out
D.being figured out
【答案精解】A。本題考查非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法,屬于“it+be+形容詞+不定式”的結(jié)構(gòu),其中it作形式主語,真正的主語是后面的不定式。因此A為正確答案。
【參考譯文】要想做出這道數(shù)學(xué)難題很不容易。