【課文】
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽(tīng)錄音，然后回答以下問(wèn)題。
Why is secrecy particularly important in the chemical industries?
Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker.In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably. Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have their names entered as having taken out such and such a book, for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.
J.D. BERNAL The Social Function of Science
【New words and expressions 生詞和短語(yǔ)】
secrecy n. 秘密
effectiveness n. 成效，效力
inquiry n. 調(diào)查研究
positive adj. 確實(shí)的
process n. 過(guò)程
patent n. 專利;v. 得到專利權(quán)
agent n. 情報(bào)人員
【課文注釋】
1.weigh against，不利于……。
①例句：His criminal record weighed heavily against him.
他的前科關(guān)系重大，對(duì)他很不利。
②weigh against也有權(quán)衡、斟酌的意思。
If you weigh against sth, you consider carefully the relative value or importance of sth.
例句：He needs no longer weigh reasons for and against his emigration.
他不必再去考慮要不要離開(kāi)故鄉(xiāng)的問(wèn)題了。
③weigh sb down: make sb feel anxious or depressed使某人感到憂慮或沮喪。
例句：The responsibilities of the job are weighing her down.
她工作責(zé)任很重，把她壓得無(wú)精打采。
2.the lack of...缺乏……
①I(mǎi)f there is a lack of something, there is not enough of it or it does not exist at all.
例句：Despite his lack of experience, he got the job.
盡管他缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)，他還是得到了那份工作。
②lack也可以單獨(dú)作動(dòng)詞使用。
例句：They lacked the money to send him to university.
他們沒(méi)錢(qián)送他上大學(xué)。
③lack作名詞，表示對(duì)某物的缺乏。
例句：The project had to be abandoned for lack of funds.
工程因資金匱乏只得放棄。
3.in so far as...，就……而言。
4.engage in，從事，參與。
①I(mǎi)f you engage in an activity, you do it or are actively involved with it.
例句：I have no time to engage in gossip.
我無(wú)暇閑聊。
②engage to sb，與某人訂婚。
例句：She's engaged to Peter. 她與彼得訂了婚。
5.or even, often enough，這里是個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，把often enough拿掉句子仍然成立，只是意思稍有變化。
6.which are of such general and fundamental nature，其中to be of有“具有”的意思。
例句：My advice may be of use for you.
我的意見(jiàn)也許對(duì)你有用。
7.are sought for with complete secrecy，極端秘密地探索。
8.such and such a book。某一本書(shū)。
9.for fear (of doing sth/that...)，唯恐，以免。
例句：The nurse walked on tiptoe for fear of waking the patient.
護(hù)士踮著腳走惟恐會(huì)吵醒病人。
例句：He told us to keep quiet for fear that we might disturb others.
他讓我們保持安靜，以免打擾別人。
【參考譯文】
有兩個(gè)因素嚴(yán)重地妨礙工業(yè)中科學(xué)研究的效率：一是科研工作中普遍存在的保密氣氛;二是研究人員缺乏個(gè)人自由。任何一項(xiàng)研究都涉及到保密，那些從事科研的人員自然受到了限制。他們不能和其他國(guó)家、其他大學(xué)、甚至往往不能與本公司的其他部門(mén)的同行們進(jìn)行有效的接觸。保密程度自然差別很大。某些大公司進(jìn)行的研究屬于一般和基礎(chǔ)的研究，因此不保密對(duì)他們才有利。然而，依賴這種研究的很多工藝程序是在完全保密的情況下進(jìn)行的，直到可以取得專利權(quán)的階段為止。更多的工藝過(guò)程根本就不會(huì)取得專利權(quán)，而是作為秘方保存著。在這化學(xué)工業(yè)方面尤為突出。同物理和機(jī)械工業(yè)相比，化學(xué)工業(yè)中偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的機(jī)會(huì)要多得多。有時(shí)，保密竟達(dá)到了這樣的程度，即連研究工作的整個(gè)性質(zhì)都不準(zhǔn)提及。比如，很多公司向圖書(shū)館借閱科技書(shū)籍時(shí)感到困難，因?yàn)樗鼈儾辉缸屓思矣浵滤鼈児镜拿趾徒栝喌哪骋槐緯?shū)。他們生怕別的公司的情報(bào)人員據(jù)此摸到他們可能要從事的某項(xiàng)科研項(xiàng)目。
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽(tīng)錄音，然后回答以下問(wèn)題。
Why is secrecy particularly important in the chemical industries?
Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker.In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably. Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have their names entered as having taken out such and such a book, for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.
J.D. BERNAL The Social Function of Science
【New words and expressions 生詞和短語(yǔ)】
secrecy n. 秘密
effectiveness n. 成效，效力
inquiry n. 調(diào)查研究
positive adj. 確實(shí)的
process n. 過(guò)程
patent n. 專利;v. 得到專利權(quán)
agent n. 情報(bào)人員
【課文注釋】
1.weigh against，不利于……。
①例句：His criminal record weighed heavily against him.
他的前科關(guān)系重大，對(duì)他很不利。
②weigh against也有權(quán)衡、斟酌的意思。
If you weigh against sth, you consider carefully the relative value or importance of sth.
例句：He needs no longer weigh reasons for and against his emigration.
他不必再去考慮要不要離開(kāi)故鄉(xiāng)的問(wèn)題了。
③weigh sb down: make sb feel anxious or depressed使某人感到憂慮或沮喪。
例句：The responsibilities of the job are weighing her down.
她工作責(zé)任很重，把她壓得無(wú)精打采。
2.the lack of...缺乏……
①I(mǎi)f there is a lack of something, there is not enough of it or it does not exist at all.
例句：Despite his lack of experience, he got the job.
盡管他缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)，他還是得到了那份工作。
②lack也可以單獨(dú)作動(dòng)詞使用。
例句：They lacked the money to send him to university.
他們沒(méi)錢(qián)送他上大學(xué)。
③lack作名詞，表示對(duì)某物的缺乏。
例句：The project had to be abandoned for lack of funds.
工程因資金匱乏只得放棄。
3.in so far as...，就……而言。
4.engage in，從事，參與。
①I(mǎi)f you engage in an activity, you do it or are actively involved with it.
例句：I have no time to engage in gossip.
我無(wú)暇閑聊。
②engage to sb，與某人訂婚。
例句：She's engaged to Peter. 她與彼得訂了婚。
5.or even, often enough，這里是個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，把often enough拿掉句子仍然成立，只是意思稍有變化。
6.which are of such general and fundamental nature，其中to be of有“具有”的意思。
例句：My advice may be of use for you.
我的意見(jiàn)也許對(duì)你有用。
7.are sought for with complete secrecy，極端秘密地探索。
8.such and such a book。某一本書(shū)。
9.for fear (of doing sth/that...)，唯恐，以免。
例句：The nurse walked on tiptoe for fear of waking the patient.
護(hù)士踮著腳走惟恐會(huì)吵醒病人。
例句：He told us to keep quiet for fear that we might disturb others.
他讓我們保持安靜，以免打擾別人。
【參考譯文】
有兩個(gè)因素嚴(yán)重地妨礙工業(yè)中科學(xué)研究的效率：一是科研工作中普遍存在的保密氣氛;二是研究人員缺乏個(gè)人自由。任何一項(xiàng)研究都涉及到保密，那些從事科研的人員自然受到了限制。他們不能和其他國(guó)家、其他大學(xué)、甚至往往不能與本公司的其他部門(mén)的同行們進(jìn)行有效的接觸。保密程度自然差別很大。某些大公司進(jìn)行的研究屬于一般和基礎(chǔ)的研究，因此不保密對(duì)他們才有利。然而，依賴這種研究的很多工藝程序是在完全保密的情況下進(jìn)行的，直到可以取得專利權(quán)的階段為止。更多的工藝過(guò)程根本就不會(huì)取得專利權(quán)，而是作為秘方保存著。在這化學(xué)工業(yè)方面尤為突出。同物理和機(jī)械工業(yè)相比，化學(xué)工業(yè)中偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的機(jī)會(huì)要多得多。有時(shí)，保密竟達(dá)到了這樣的程度，即連研究工作的整個(gè)性質(zhì)都不準(zhǔn)提及。比如，很多公司向圖書(shū)館借閱科技書(shū)籍時(shí)感到困難，因?yàn)樗鼈儾辉缸屓思矣浵滤鼈児镜拿趾徒栝喌哪骋槐緯?shū)。他們生怕別的公司的情報(bào)人員據(jù)此摸到他們可能要從事的某項(xiàng)科研項(xiàng)目。