2018考研英語語法小講:動詞

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動詞是表示動作或狀態(tài)的詞,根據(jù)其意義和作用,動詞可分為實義動詞、系動詞、情態(tài)動詞和助動詞。動詞涉及的內(nèi)容很多,本書僅就研究生考試中常涉及的動詞時態(tài)、時態(tài)一致以及部分情態(tài)動詞作深入講解。
    一、時態(tài)(Tense)
    時態(tài)是表示動作發(fā)生的時間和表現(xiàn)方式的一種動詞形式,英語動詞的時態(tài)有16種,但在研究生考試以及其他考試中??嫉臅r態(tài)只有幾種。不管何種時態(tài),所包含的主要內(nèi)容都是相同的,即時態(tài)的構成以及用法。本書著重講解重要時態(tài)的用法。
    (一)一般現(xiàn)在時(Simple Present Tense)
    1. 表示客觀真理或科學事實。
    例句: The moon has a mass that is nearly one hundred times less than that of the earth;in consequence, the force of gravity at the moons surface is only onesixth of that at the earths surface.
    分析: 該句是復合句,定語從句that is nearly...less than that of the earth修飾a mass;in consequence后是另一個并列句。
    譯文: 月球的質量差不多是地球質量的1/100,因此月球表面的引力只有地球表面引力的1/6。
    例句: One difficulty in translation lies in obtaining a concept match. By this is meant that a concept in one language is lost or changed in meaning in translation. (2001年第8題)
    分析: 該句由兩個句子構成,前一個是簡單句,后一個句子是復合句;that后是一賓語從句。
    譯文: 翻譯中的一個難點在于找到一個相對應的概念。這就是說,在翻譯過程中一種語言的概念會丟失或發(fā)生意義上的改變。
    2. 表示現(xiàn)在反復發(fā)生或習慣性的動作以及存在的狀態(tài),常與always,often,usually, sometimes, once a week,seldom,never等時間狀語連用。
    例句: Its usually the case that people seldom behave in a rational way when in a furious state.
    分析: 該句是復合句,從句that people seldom behave in a rational way是the case的同位語;when后省略了people are。
    譯文: 人們在暴怒時通常會喪失理智。
    例句: Physicians frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified. (選自2003年Text 4)
    分析: 該句是復合句,其中主干部分為physicians too often offer aggressive treatment...。分詞短語frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient作physicians的后置定語;從句what is scientifically justified作介詞beyond 的賓語。
    譯文: 醫(yī)生由于不能夠治愈疾病,同時又擔心病人失去希望,因而常常采用極端大膽的治療方法,這些方法遠遠超過了科學所能認同的界限。
    3. 表示按計劃進行的將來動作,常用come,arrive,catch,fly,leave,go,start等詞。
    例句: When he comes, please inform him of all that I have just told you.
    分析: 該句是復合句。該復合句中包含when引導的時間狀語從句和that引導的定語從句。
    譯文: 他來時,請轉告他我告訴你的一切。
    4. 用在時間或條件狀語從句中表示將來的動作。
    例句: He will come the moment he finishes his work.
    分析: 該句中的the moment為連詞,意為“一……就”,相當于as soon as。
    譯文:他一結束工作就會來。
    例句: If it is fine tomorrow, well go shopping.
    譯文: 如果明天天氣好的話,我們將去逛商場。
    5. 表示主語的能力、性格、個性等。
    例句: As an industry, biotechnology stands to rival electronics in dollar volume and perhaps surpass it in social impact by 2020. (2001年第25題)
    分析: 該句是簡單句,surpass前省略了不定式to。
    譯文: 作為一門產(chǎn)業(yè),生物技術在營業(yè)額上可以與電子業(yè)相媲美,并且到了2020年還有可能在社會影響上超過它。
    例句: The director treats his staff as equals.
    譯文: 主任對其下屬一視同仁。
    6. 表示格言或警句。
    例句: A fence needs the support of three stakes; an able fellow needs the help of three other people.
    譯文: 一個籬笆三個樁,一個好漢三個幫。
    例句: Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.
    譯文: 讀史使人明智,讀詩使人靈秀,數(shù)學使人周密,科學使人深刻,倫理使人莊重,邏輯修辭之學使人善辯。   (二)現(xiàn)在完成時(Present Perfect Tense)
    1. 已完成用法: 表示動作在過去某一不明確的時間已完成,強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響,這一用法常不帶時間狀語或可與不明確的時間狀語連用,如: already,yet,ever,just,never。
    例句: I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. (2006年第48題)
    分析: 該句是復合句。在because引導的原因狀語從句中又加入了由while引導的讓步狀語從句。
    譯文: 我之所以將他(普通科學家)排除在外,是因為盡管他的成果可能有助于解決道德問題,但他承擔的任務只不過是研究這些問題的事實方面。
    例句:The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. (選自2011年Text 3)
    分析:該句是復合句。主句的主干部分是The same dramatic technological changes have also increased the risk。that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices是一個定語從句,修飾changes;that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker,more visible, and much more damaging ways是risk的同位語從句,介詞短語in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways在該同位語從句中作狀語,表示方式,修飾謂語動詞voice。
    譯文:同樣是這些重大的技術變革,在給營銷商帶來更多的(以及更多樣化的)傳播渠道選擇的同時,也增加了風險,那就是熱情洋溢的消費者將會以更快、更明顯和更具破壞性的方式表達他們的觀點。
    2. 未完成用法: 表示動作從過去某時開始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,還有可能持續(xù)下去,強調(diào)持續(xù)性,這一用法要帶表示一段時間的狀語,如: recently, these days, for 3 years, since 2000, over the past等。
    例句: For example, it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal.
    分析: 該句是復合句。
    譯文: 比如,人們早已知道,完全剝奪其睡眠對老鼠而言絕對是致命的。然而,在檢驗動物尸體時,那些動物看起來是完全正常的。
    例句: Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. (選自2002年Text 2)
    分析: 該句是復合句。句中定語從句that is dangerous,boring,burdensome...修飾work, since...在句中作狀語。
    譯文: 自從人類具有了獨創(chuàng)性以來,人們就發(fā)明了愈加精巧的工具來處理那些危險、無聊、麻煩或者僅僅是令人討厭的工作。
    3. 現(xiàn)在完成時用于時間或條件狀語從句中表示將來完成的動作。
    例句: Ill help you when I have finished my work. I will return the book if I have finished it.
    4. 下列表達方式后要用現(xiàn)在完成時。
    This (That/It) is the first (second...)...
    This (That/It) is the best (finest/worst/most interesting...)...
    例句: This is the first time that China has had such negotiations with a G7 member, the official said.
    譯文: 該官員說,這是中國與七國集團成員首次進行這樣的談判。
    例句: This is the first time that he has felt really relaxed for months.
    譯文: 幾個月來他第一次真正感到放松。
    注意: 如果主句動詞表示過去時間,從句常用過去完成時;如果主句動詞表示將來時間,從句仍使用現(xiàn)在完成時。
    例句: It was the best picture that she had seen.
    It will be the best picture that she has seen.
    5. 有些時間狀語常用于現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)。
    如:
    up till nowso farat (for) the past (last) years
    in recent yearsup to present
    例句: For the past several years, the Sunday Newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called“Ask Marilyn”. (選自2007年Text 2)
    分析: 該句是簡單句,其中called“Ask Marilyn”作后置定語,修飾a column。
    譯文: 在過去的幾年里,《展示雜志》周日增刊上出現(xiàn)了一個叫做“向瑪瑞林提問”的特色專欄。   (三)過去完成時(Past Perfect Tense)
    1. 表示過去某時刻以前發(fā)生和完成的動作,即過去的過去,常用于主從復合句中。
    例句: She felt suitably humble just as she had when he had first taken a good look at her city self,hair waved and golden,nails red and pointed. (2001年第4題)
    分析: 該句是復合句。when引導的時間狀語從句用的是過去完成時,所以主句只能用過去的時態(tài);由于主句用的是一般過去時felt,那么其時間狀語應用過去完成時,即 as后的完整形式應是as she had felt。
    譯文: 她舉止謙遜、得體,就像他當初見到她時她所表現(xiàn)的那樣: 金黃色的卷發(fā),尖尖的紅指甲。
    例句: Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had promised in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. (選自2007年Use of English)
    分析: 該句是復合句。he liberated是修飾the areas的定語,在從句前省略了作賓語的關系 代詞which或that。
    譯文: 玻利瓦爾接受過海地的援助,作為同報,他承諾在解放的地區(qū)廢除奴隸制。
    2. 用于hardly...when, scarcely...when(before), no sooner...than(剛一……就)句型中。當hardly,scarcely,no sooner置于句首時,句子結構要倒裝。
    例句: No sooner had we reached the top of the hill than we all sat down to rest.
    Hardly had the teacher entered the classroom when the pupils were in absolute silence. (be in absolute silence可譯為“鴉雀無聲”)
    3. 用于虛擬語氣條件句中,表示與過去事實相反的假設。
    例句: I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week. (1997年第4題)
    分析: 該句是并列復合句。had it been at all possible是省略了if的倒裝句,完整形式應為 if it had been...;本句but前是一個非真實條件句,表示與過去事實相反的假設。
    譯文: 如果有一點可能的話,我都會到醫(yī)院去看望他,但我上個禮拜整個一周都沒有空。
    4.動詞hope,expect,think,intend,want,mean,suppose,plan,believe等用于過去完成 時,表示未實現(xiàn)的希望、意圖、計劃等。
    例句: Mr. Pelkmans is not among those who had believed that the ECs single market is threatened by the doubt building over Europes continued integration.
    分析: 該句是復合句。定語從句who had believed...修飾those;that the ECs single market is threatened...作believed的賓語;分詞短語building over...作定語修飾the doubt。
    譯文: 有些人原以為對促進歐洲持續(xù)整合懷有的疑慮會威脅到歐共體的統(tǒng)一市場,佩爾克斯曼先生并不這么認為。
    注意: 當連詞after指明兩個過去動作的時間先后順序時,after從句中可用過去完成時,也可用一般過去時;在連詞when引導的從句中,有時過去完成時與一般過去時可以互換使用;當before用作連詞引導從句時,主句中過去完成時與一般過去時也可互換使用。
    例句: Julia left the room after she had turned off (turned off) the light.
    When the teacher had left (left) the room, the pupils started talking.
    Before he entered college, he had served (served) in the army.   (四)一般將來時(Simple Future Tense)
    一般將來時表示將來的動作或狀態(tài),其形式和用法如下所述。
    1. will/shall+動詞,表示單純的將來含義。
    例句: Some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second language could decline. (2001年第23題)
    分析: 該句是復合句。written and spoken作定語修飾language;that后是一結果狀語從句。
    譯文: 有朝一日,軟件既能用來做文字翻譯又能做口頭翻譯,而且能翻譯得很好,以至于對任何通用的第二語言的需求都會下降。
    例句: Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth and will be very expensive. (選自2006年Text 2)
    分析: 該句是復合句。which引導的定語從句修飾its own hotel;從句中you may be sure是插入語,從句的主干部分為which will be decorated with...and will be very expensive。
    譯文: 希爾頓正在那兒建立自己的酒店,你或許可以肯定它將配有(以莎士比亞劇中人物的名字命名的)哈姆雷特漢堡包店、李爾王休息室、班柯宴會包間等,而且價格非常昂貴。
    2. be going to+動詞,表示按計劃或打算在最近的將來做某事,也可表示對未來的預測。
    例句: As long as poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with richer people who in general are lighter skinned, there is going to be a constant racial conflict in the world. (1999年第18題)
    分析: 該句是復合句。定語從句who in general are colored和who in general are lighter skinned分別修飾poor people以及richer people;從句的主干部分為poor people are in conflict with richer people。
    譯文: 一般來說,只要窮人與富人(也就是一般的有色人種和白色人種)之間有沖突,那么這個世界上的種族沖突就不會停止。
    例句: Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotlycontested market. (選自2005年Part C)
    分析: 該句是簡單句。
    譯文: 顯然,只有規(guī)模、應變能力的電視傳媒集團才能夠在這個精彩紛呈而又競爭 激烈的市場中生存。
    3. be to+動詞,表示按計劃或安排將要發(fā)生的動作或要求別人去做的事,常用來表示官方的命令、決定、禁止、許可等。
    例句:If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed,they must first change the relationship between Americas oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract. (選自2011年Text 4)
    分析:該句是復合句。其中,在主句中,定語從句it hopes to attract修飾audience。
    譯文:如果吉爾伯特和紐約愛樂樂團想獲得成功,他們首先必須改變美國最古老的交響樂團和其想要吸引的新一批觀眾間的關系。
    例句: But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. (2006年第49題)
    分析: 該句是復合句,本句主干為his primary task is not to think about...any more than...。定語從句which governs his activity修飾the moral code;其中not...any more than意為“不……也不……”。
    譯文: 但是,他的首要任務并不是考慮支配自己行動的道德規(guī)范,就如同不能指望商人專注于探討行業(yè)規(guī)范一樣。
    4.be about to+動詞,表示最近即將發(fā)生的動作,不接時間狀語。
    例句: Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political leaders. (1999年第9題)
    分析: 該句是復合句。定語從句who is not about to pay compliments to...修飾a young man。
    譯文: 馬林是個有獨立思考能力的年輕人,他不會恭維他的政治領導人。
    例句: His brother, who was a school teacher, was broke, his stomach ulcers were troubling him, one of his children had to have a serious operation, and his wife was about to have twins.
    分析: 該句是并列復合句,其中定語從句who was a school teacher修飾his brother。主干部分為His brother was...,his stomach ulcers were...,one of his children had to..., and his wife was about to...。
    譯文: 他的哥哥是一位老師,已身無分文,并患上了胃潰瘍,他的一個孩子要接受一次大手術,他的愛人將要生一對雙胞胎。
    5. 位置移動動詞,如: come,arrive,go,fly,catch,start,leave,travel的用法是be+現(xiàn)在分詞,表示按計劃即將發(fā)生的一個動作,常跟較近將來時間狀語連用。
    例句: The Spring Festival is coming, and all the urban people are busy engaging in all kinds of preparations.
    分析: 該句是由and連接的并列句。
    譯文: 春節(jié)就要到了,城里人都在忙著做各種各樣的準備。
    6. 動詞come,go,start,leave,arrive,return,begin常用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來,表示已經(jīng)預先計劃安排好的或肯定發(fā)生的動作,主語常為事物名詞。
    例句: By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks. (1994年第1題)
    分析: 該句是復合句。arrive用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。
    譯文: 你到達倫敦時,我們將已經(jīng)在歐洲待了兩周了。   (五)現(xiàn)在進行時(Present Continuous Tense)
    1. 表示此刻正在進行或在目前限定時間內(nèi)不斷進行的動作。
    例句: That may change fast: lots of proposed datasecurity legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington D.C..(選自2007年Text 4)
    分析: 該句是并列句,冒號后的內(nèi)容是對前面所提內(nèi)容的進一步說明。
    譯文: 這一切很快就會改變: 很多提議的信息安全法規(guī)正在華盛頓逐一討論。
    例句:Its no surprise that Jennifer Seniors insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter—nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, lifeenriching experience. (選自2011年Text 4)
    分析:該句中,破折號前是一個復合句,其中,it是形式主語,真正的主語是Jennifer Seniors insightful, provocative magazine cover story is arousing much chatter,引號中的內(nèi)容與其前cover story為同位語關系;破折號后的內(nèi)容是對前面陳述內(nèi)容的解釋,suggestion后是一個同位語從句。
    譯文:詹妮佛·森尼爾見解深刻、頗具煽動性的雜志封面文章《我愛我的孩子,我討厭我的生活》引發(fā)了熱烈的議論,這不足為奇——沒有什么比“育兒絕非完全是實現(xiàn)自我、豐富生活的體驗”這樣的暗示更能引發(fā)人們的討論了。
    2. 表示現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作,而此刻并不一定在進行。
    例句: The future of this company is at stake: many of its talented employees are following into more profitable netbased businesses. (2001年第30題)
    分析: 該句是并列句,冒號后的內(nèi)容是對前面內(nèi)容的進一步解釋。
    譯文: 這家公司的未來生死未卜,它的許多有才能的雇員正流失到賺錢更多的網(wǎng)絡行業(yè)中去。
    例句: “Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset, ” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford Universitys business school.
    分析: 該句是復合句,定語從句which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset修飾an asset。
    譯文: 斯坦福大學商學院的海姆·門德爾森說: “信息已成為一種資產(chǎn),需要像其他資產(chǎn)一樣加以保護?!?BR>    3. 表示最近按計劃或安排要進行的動作(這一用法見一般將來時用法5)。
    4. 在時間或條件狀語從句中,表示將來正在進行的動作。
    例句: Take care when you are taking an exam.
    Put him up if he is still finding a dwelling place.
    注意: 表示狀態(tài)、感覺或情感的動詞不用于現(xiàn)在進行時,如: forget, know, see, notice, love, like, hate, desire, believe, look, think, mind, have, seem, sound, remain等。
    (六)將來完成時(Future Perfect Tense)和將來完成進行時(Future Perfect Continuous Tense)
    1. 表示將來某一時間以前已經(jīng)完成的動作。
    例句: Its reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory will have risen by about 10.
    譯文:據(jù)報道,到本月底這家工廠的水泥產(chǎn)量將要提升10。
    例句: The conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends.
    譯文: 會議在結束前將持續(xù)整個星期。
    2. 將來完成進行時則表示一個一直持續(xù)到將來某一時間的動作,可能還要持續(xù)下去。
    例句: He pointed to the deserted house and said,“I will have been living there by the end of this year.”
    譯文:他指著那座被遺棄的房子說:“今年年底以前,我會一直住在那里?!?  (七)一般過去時(Simple Past Tense)
    1. 表示在確定的過去時間里發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài),常和表示過去的時間狀語連用,如yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 2005等。
    例句: It was within the computer age that the term“information society”began to be widely used to describe the context within which we now live. (選自2002年Use of English)
    分析: 該句是復合句。其中It was...that是強調(diào)句型;which引導的定語從句修飾the context;within是定語從句中l(wèi)ive后的介詞,即live within the context。
    譯文: 正是在這個計算機時代,“信息社會”一詞被廣泛用來形容我們所生活的環(huán)境。
    例句: The Greeks assumed that the language structure had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse the language could be. (2004年第61題)
    分析: 該句是復合句。that后是一賓語從句,作assumed的賓語;which引導的定語從句修飾前面賓語從句中提到的內(nèi)容,其中又套了一個由before引導的狀語從句,賓語從句how diverse the language could be作realized的賓語。
    譯文: 希臘人認為,語言結構與思維過程之間存在著某種聯(lián)系。這一觀點在人們尚未認識到語言的千差萬別以前就早已在歐洲扎下了根。
    2. 表示過去習慣性的動作或狀態(tài)用used to/would+動詞,前者表示今昔對比,即現(xiàn)在已不存在的過去的情況;而后者表示重復的行為,也可用來表示不規(guī)則的習慣。
    例句: The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score,even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. (選自2007年Text 2)
    分析: 該句是復合句。even though引導讓步狀語從句:as often as后是比較狀語從句。
    譯文: 雖然智商測試不再像以前那樣頻繁應用了,但是,界定人類智力的術語似乎仍然只是智商的得分。
    例句: When the engine would not start, the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at fault.
    分析: 該句是復合句,其中what was at fault在句中作find的賓語。
    譯文: 當發(fā)動機啟動不了時,機械師檢查了所有的部件以便找出毛病。
    注意: “be used to+名詞或動名詞”,表示“習慣于……,對……已感到習慣”,可以指現(xiàn)在, 也可指過去,不能與“used to+動詞原形”表示“過去常常做……(而現(xiàn)在不)”混淆。
    例句: During his year in the hospital, Dr.Joan was not used to treating patient this way.
    譯文: 在醫(yī)院那陣子,約翰醫(yī)生還不習慣那樣對待病人。
    例句:The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. (選自2011年Text 3)
    分析:該句是復合句。介詞短語to marketing success 在句中作后置定語,修飾guide;that you got what you paid for是一個表語從句,what you paid for作got的賓語。
    譯文:營銷成功的大致策略過去常常就是你花錢買到自己想要的東西。
    3. 用于日常對話中,可用來表示現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài),口氣上較為委婉。
    例句: I wondered whether youd attend to my sick daughter while Im away.
    分析: 該句是復合句。
    譯文: 我想知道在我外出時,你能否替我照顧生病的女兒。