2018考研英語語法小講:介詞

字號:

介詞是一種表示名詞和句中其他詞之間關系的詞,它不能單獨作句子成分,后接名詞、代詞等作其賓語。
    一、介詞搭配
    介詞常與名詞、動詞、形容詞等搭配。
    (一)與名詞搭配
    如:
    in deficit (赤字,逆差)
    approach to (……的方法)
    in the wake of (緊緊跟隨,隨著……而來)
    from scratch (從零開始)
    例句: China also signed a longterm trade agreement with the EEC in 1978 while trade with the USA has increased rapidly in the wake of the normalization of diplomatic relations at the beginning of 1979.
    分析: 該句是并列句。
    譯文: 1978年中國還與歐洲經(jīng)濟共同體簽署了長期貿(mào)易協(xié)議;隨著1979年初與美國外交關系正常化的到來,中國與美國的貿(mào)易也迅速增長。
    (二)與動詞搭配
    如:
    move along (沿著)
    bustle about (匆忙)
    buoy up (上升)
    rein in (抑制)
    pass down (使流傳)
    例句: The decline was partly caused by Indias reining in of its budget deficit and the shortterm effects of the implementation of strong emergency stabilization measures.
    分析: 該句是簡單句。
    譯文: 衰退的部分原因是印度抑制其預算赤字及推行強有力的緊急穩(wěn)定措施的短期效果。
    例句: Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a fathers line or mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down only from mothers. (選自2009年Text 2)
    分析: 該句是復合句,句子主干是most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either...or...引導的并列短語作a single lineage的同位語,which is passed down only from mothers是一個修飾mitochondrial DNA的非限制性定語從句。
    譯文: 然而,許多血統(tǒng)檢測僅僅考慮一個單一的血統(tǒng),要么是遺傳來自父親家庭里的Y染色體,要么是僅從母親那里遺傳下來的線粒體DNA。
    (三)與形容詞搭配
    如:
    amenable to (對……負責)
    conducive to (對……有益)
    awkward for (對……不便,對……不合適)
    例句: Korea traditionally has made things awkward for foreigners in terms of its financial systems, its real estate laws and so forth.
    分析: 該句是簡單句。
    譯文: 韓國傳統(tǒng)上一直在金融體制、不動產(chǎn)法等方面讓外國人感到極不方便。   二、介詞分類
    (一)簡單介詞
    介詞由一個單詞構成,常見的有:
    aboutaboveacross
    afteragainstalong
    among(a)roundas
    atbeforebehind
    belowbeneathbeside(s)
    betweenbeyond but
    byconsidering(考慮到) concerning(關于)
    despite(盡管,任憑) downduring
    except for from
    in insideinto
    including likenear
    of offon
    opposite outsideover
    past regarding(關于)since
    through tillthroughout
    to toward(s)under
    upwithwithin
    without
    例句: Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response: causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. (選自2008年Text 1)
    分析: 該句是復合句,主干部分為studies...have shown that...。分詞causing...作狀語表示伴隨,其邏輯主語是sex hormones。
    譯文: 對人和動物的研究已經(jīng)表明性激素荷爾蒙以某種方式會影響對壓力的反應;結果造 成在同等條件下,婦女處于壓力下會比男人產(chǎn)生更多的誘發(fā)性的化學物質(zhì)。
    例句: Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. (選自2011年Text 4)
    分析: 該句是復合句。that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present是一個定語從句,修飾image of parenthood,介詞短語like Us Weekly and People作后置定語,修飾celebrity magazines。
    譯文: 當然,《我們周刊》、《人物》等名人雜志中呈現(xiàn)出來的父母形象非常不切實際,尤其當母親是布洛克這樣的單親媽媽時更是如此。   (二)成語介詞
    成語介詞由兩個或兩個以上的單詞構成。
    如:
    according toahead ofalong with
    apart fromas foras to
    because ofdue toexcept for
    in view ofirrespective of(無論)out of
    previous toprior tothanks to
    together withup toby means of
    by way offor the sake ofin the event of
    in front ofinstead ofon the point of
    on account ofowing towith a view to(為了)
    with regard toas well asin addition to
    other thanapart from
    例句: He must store a large quantity of grain instead of consuming all his grain immediately. (選自2000年Cloze Test)
    分析: 該句是簡單句。
    譯文: 他必須儲存大量的糧食,而不是馬上將其全部消耗掉。
    例句: Corporations and labor unions have conferred great benefits upon their employees and members as well as upon the general public. (1999年第37題)
    分析: 該句是簡單句。
    譯文: 公司和工會為公司員工、工會成員和廣大公眾都帶來了極大的利益。   三、介詞短語的用法
    介詞在句中不能獨立使用,它后面必須接一個賓語構成介賓短語,又稱介詞詞組,在句中可作定語、表語、狀語和賓語補足語。
    (一)定語(后置修飾語)
    例句: Chinas powerful Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade will be monitoring trade signals from the new Clinton Administration.
    分析: 該句是簡單句。
    譯文: 強大的中國對外經(jīng)濟關系與貿(mào)易部將密切注視克林頓新政府的貿(mào)易動向。
    例句: At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of features and editorials.
    分析: 該句是復合句,在than后面省略了more care goes。
    譯文: 有時,報紙雜志的廣告創(chuàng)作比特寫和社論寫作更費心。
    (二)表語(用于系動詞be, look, remain后)
    例句: Many of the actors and actresses are on location now.
    譯文: 許多男女演員現(xiàn)在正在拍外景。
    例句: In speaking, the choice of words is of the utmost importance.
    譯文: 說話時,選詞是重要的。
    (三)狀語(修飾謂語動詞或整個句子,可置于句首、句中、句末)
    例句: In the long run, however, this hurry to shed fulltime staff may be as harmful to industry as it is to the workforce. (2000年第15題)
    分析: 該句是復合句。
    譯文: 但是從長遠來看,草率地解雇全職員工,既不利于職工,也有害于產(chǎn)業(yè)。
    例句: The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radically higher productivity and, as a result,radically higher standards of living. (選自2009年Text 3)
    分析: 該句是復合句,句子主干是The findings of a research institution have shown that...。that workers...of living是have shown的賓語,workers是賓語從句的主語,謂語部分是can be trained,radically higher standards of living和radically higher productivity是achieve的并列賓語。
    譯文: 一家研究機構的研究結果一致表明,所有國家的工人都可以在崗位上接受培訓以獲得極高的生產(chǎn)率,從而極大地提高生活水平。
    例句: But we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us. (2010年第47題)
    分析: 句子主干是we have drawn near the point。介詞短語of admitting that...作point的后置定語,that...從句作admit的賓語從句,regardless of...作讓步狀語。其中draw near意為“接近,靠近”;intrinsic right意為天生的(固有的)權利;economic advantage意為“經(jīng)濟利益,經(jīng)濟優(yōu)勢”。
    譯文: 但是,我們至少已經(jīng)承認了這樣一種觀點: 不管鳥類對我們是否有經(jīng)濟利益,生存都是它們固有的權利。
    (四)補足語
    例句: A really powerful speaker can work up the feelings of the audience to the fever of excitement.
    分析: 該句是簡單句,介詞短語to the fever of excitement作賓語the feelings的補足語。
    譯文: 一個真正有感召力的演講者能激起聽眾的激情。
    例句: Observations were made of the children at the beginning and at the end of preschool and first grade. (1996年第4題)
    分析: 該句是簡單句,本句的主動形式為people made observations of the children...。短語make observations of意為“觀察、記錄某人某事”。
    譯文: 觀察報告開頭是關于兒童的問題,結尾是關于學齡前兒童和小學一年級學生的問題。   四、考研常用介詞的基本用法
    (一)in
    1. 表示較長的一段時間,如年、季節(jié)、月、周等。
    in 2007
    in five months
    in the second year
    2. 表示在……內(nèi)或較大的地方。
    in the city
    in the classroom
    3. 表示再過若干時間,僅用于將來時態(tài)。
    in three days (三天后)
    4. 表示用……,以……。
    speak in Chinese (用漢語說)
    write in red (用紅墨水寫)
    5. 表示衣著特征。
    be in red (穿著紅衣服)
    be in ones sixties (在某人60多歲的時候)
    6. 在……方面。
    in ethics
    in spelling
    7. 表示具體的環(huán)境、情況等。
    to go out in the wind
    8. 表方向(朝)。
    in all directions
    (二)at
    1. (表時間、年齡等)在,當。
    at day break, at the age of eight
    2. (表地點、位置、場合)在,于。
    at the railway station
    at the opening ceremony
    at 89 Jitai Road
    3. (表示速度、價格、比率等)以。
    at the full speed
    at a lower price
    at the rate of 125 miles an hour
    4. (表示目標、方向等)對,向。
    rush at
    aim at
    5. 指離某事物的距離。
    a bus at fifty meters
    6. 表活動情況,狀態(tài)。
    at war
    (三)by
    1. 靠近某人(物)。
    by the lake
    sit by me
    2. 不遲于,到……為止。
    by next week
    3. 按照(某事物),根據(jù)。
    by ones watch
    4. 沿……,通過。
    by the rear door
    by the nearest road
    5. (用于被動式)被……,受……,因……。
    be seen to by the nurse
    6. 表運輸或取道的方式。
    by air/land/bus
    (四)on
    1. 在……日期(表示具體的某天或某天的上、下午)。
    on Monday
    on the first of October
    2. 在……上(與物體接觸)。
    on the desk
    3. 論述,關于。
    on friendship
    a lecture on CET4
    4. 一……就(表示前后緊接的時間關系)。
    on hearing the bad news...
    5. 通過,以……方式。
    on the radio
    broadcast on the TV
    6. 正在……,處于……狀態(tài)。
    on strike
    on business出差
    7. 朝,向。
    smile on sb. (對……贊許)
    marching on Beijing (向北京出發(fā))
    (五)above
    1. 在……上方,比……高(與below相反)。
    a slogan above the blackboard
    above the horizon
    2. 超過,……以上。
    above the average temperature
    above two tons
    3. ……的能力所不能及。
    above ones responsibility
    (六)over
    1. 在……上面(表示物體垂直上方,與under相反)。
    be hanging over the desk
    2. 超過,多于。
    over two meters tall
    have advantages over...
    3. 全面,遍及。
    all over the country
    4. 在……期間(表示時間流逝)。
    over lunch
    5. 因為,關于。
    a quarrel over money
    6. 跨越,越過。
    a plane flying over my school
    7. 在……對面。
    over the river
    over the sea
    8. 控制,支配著。
    to reign over the island
    to win the victory over the enemy
    (七)under
    1. 在……下方(表垂直下方與物體可接觸,也可不接觸,和over相反)。
    under the tree
    under her arm
    2. (數(shù)量、金額、年齡等)低于,少于,在……以下,未滿……的。
    under 35 years of age
    under $60
    3. 在……影響下,由……控制(或管理、經(jīng)營)。
    under all weather conditions
    under the leadership of Communist Party
    4. 在……中。
    under control
    under discussion
    5. 遭受(重擔、苦難等)。
    under tyranny
    under an operation
    6. 在(責任、義務等)范圍內(nèi),受……約束。
    under a vow
    be placed under restraint
    7. 根據(jù)、按照(協(xié)議、法律或制度)。
    under the law
    under the trade agreement
    (八) for
    1. 向,以……為目的地,開往,歸于。
    for Edinburgh
    for you
    2. 為了,為求。
    for fame
    for ones living
    for a walk
    3. 為……用,用于,適于。
    for boys
    for sale
    for nothing
    4. 贊成,有利于。
    for or against the plan
    for the health
    5. 因為,由于。
    be punished for drunken driving
    dance for joy
    6. 代替,代表。
    to act for a person
    B stands for “born”
    7. 在……期間,持續(xù)到。
    for weeks
    for three miles
    8. 作為……代價,與……交換。
    to pay $10 for the picture
    to give blow for blow挨了打而還手(以牙還牙)
    9. 至于,關于。
    for my part
    be hard up for money
    10.鑒于,就比較而言,就……而論;達到……數(shù)量。
    be cool for a summer day to draw him for$1,000   五、考研常見介詞辨析
    (一)as,like
    作介詞時as強調(diào)同類或完全相似,另有“作為,按照”之意,like強調(diào)比較,表示“像……一樣”。
    例句: In the early 1900s in North America, Germanborn American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. (選自2009年Part B)
    分析: 該句是簡單句,其中known as historical particularism是分詞作后置定語,相當于 which was known as...。
    譯文: 20世紀早期,在北美,德裔美國人類學家弗朗茨·博厄斯闡述了一種新的文化理論,被稱作“歷史特殊論”。
    例句: Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts churches in the decade after 1629, there were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. (選自2009年Text 4)
    分析: 該句是復合句,句子主干是there were political leaders like John Winthrop,besides the ninety...after 1629作狀語,表示伴隨情況,who came to...1629是修飾ministers的定語從句,an educated gentleman,lawyer,and official of the Crown是John Winthrop的同位語,before引導一個時間狀語從句。
    譯文: 除了在1629年之后的十年中來到馬薩諸塞教堂的90余位很有學問的牧師之外,還有像約翰·溫斯羅普這樣的政治領袖。在來到波士頓之前,他是一名受過教育的紳士、律師,他還是英國皇室的官員。
    例句: A large fish was slowly swimming through the water, its tail swinging back and forth like the pendulum of a clock.
    分析: 該句是簡單句,其中its tail swinging是一獨立主格結構,在句中作狀語,表示伴隨。
    譯文: 一條大魚在水中緩緩游動,尾巴像鐘擺一樣來回晃動。
    例句: Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture”, like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. (2003年第65題)
    分析: 該句是復合句,主干部分為the anthropological concept of “culture” is an abstract concept。定語從句which makes possible...understanding修飾an abstract concept。
    譯文: 因此,人類學關于“文化”的概念就像數(shù)學中“集合”的概念一樣,是一個使大量的具體研究和認識成為可能的抽象概念。
    (二)despite,in spite of
    兩者意義相似,可互換使用,表示“盡管”,但despite后不能接of。
    例句: Despite/In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or adapted for language learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic program for the reading skills.
    分析: 該句是簡單句。despite/in spite of...在句中作狀語表示讓步;written or adapted...purposes 作material的后置定語。
    譯文: 盡管有各種專門為語言學習撰寫或改編的閱讀材料,但在閱讀技巧方面還沒有系統(tǒng)的綜合課程。
    例句: Despite/In spite of much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood. (1996年第16題)
    分析: 該句是復合句,定語從句that are not fully understood修飾elements;介詞短語in the life cycle of the insect在句中作狀語。
    譯文: 盡管做了大量研究,但昆蟲的生活周期中仍有某些元素未被人們完全理解。
    (三)except,except for
    兩者都表示“除外”。如果排除之物與所述之物屬于同類時,兩者可通用,但如果排除之物與所述之物不屬于同類時,則只能用except for。
    例句: Hudson said he would not kill a living thing except for the motive of hunger. (1997年第37題)
    分析: 該句是復合句。
    譯文: 哈德遜說除非是餓極了,否則他不會殺生。
    例句: He saw little evidence of a strategy, except for willingness to listen to protectionist appeals from the automobile.
    分析: 該句是簡單句,介詞短語from the automobile在句中作定語修飾appeals。
    譯文: 他認為一項策略只有愿意傾聽來自汽車行業(yè)的貿(mào)易保護主義者的申訴才能有證據(jù)支持。
    (四)due to, owing to, because of
    它們都表示“由于……”之意。due to+名詞構成的介詞短語可作表語、定語或狀語;owing to+名詞構成的介詞短語只作表語或狀語,如果作狀語放在句首時,一般只用owing to引出的介詞短語;because of+名詞構成的介詞短語通常用作狀語,但當主語不是一個名詞而是一個事實時,because of短語也可以用作表語。
    例句: During an earthquake, the great part of damage and loss of life has been due to/ owing to collapse of buildings and effect of rockslides, floods, diseases, and other phenomena resulting from earthquakes, rather than from the quakes themselves.
    分析: 該句是簡單句。rather than后省略了resulting;而resulting from earthquakes作other phenomena的后置定語。
    譯文: 在地震中,大量的損失和人員傷亡都是由于地震引發(fā)的房屋倒塌、滑坡、洪水、疾病和其他一些現(xiàn)象造成的,而不是地震本身所造成的。
    例句: When the work is done, a climate of accidentfree operations is established where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. (選自1999年Cloze Test)
    分析: 該句是復合句,其中where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum為定語從句修飾a climate,過去分詞lost作time的后置定語。
    譯文: 當上述工作圓滿完成時,一個無事故的運作環(huán)境便建立起來了。在這里,因人員傷害而損失的時間被控制到低水平。
    例句: Because of its intimacy, radio is usually more than just a medium;it is company. (2001年第20題)
    分析: 該句是并列句,分號相當于轉折連詞but。
    譯文: 因為與人們的生活關系密切,收音機通常不僅僅是一種傳媒工具,還是一個伙伴。   (五)by,till,until
    三者都表示時間范圍。by表示到某時,某事或動作已完成,常與完成時態(tài)連用;till表示動作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到某時,口語中常用,通常不用于句首;until與till是同義詞,語氣莊重,多用于句首表示強調(diào)。until與till用作介詞時后接表示時間的名詞,不能接表示地點的名詞。
    例句: The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds, the larger of which could go penniless by next year. (1997年第1題)
    分析: 該句是復合句。the larger of which...是一非限制性定語從句,修飾two trust funds。
    譯文: 社會退休保障計劃由兩筆信托基金組成,其中較大的一筆到明年可能會分文不剩。
    例句: The school authorities did not announce the decision till yesterday afternoon.(或Until yesterday afternoon, the school authorities did not announce the decision. )
    分析: 該句是簡單句。
    譯文: 校方直到昨天下午才公布了該決定。
    (六)of,about, on
    三者都可譯為“關于”,但在用法上有區(qū)別。of 一般只表示“提及”某人、某事,不涉及詳情;about表示“論及”某人、某事,涉及詳情;on表示“論及”詳情,比about所涉及的事情更為詳細,多用于較正式的文件,尤其在演說或?qū)W術論文中。
    例句: The logic of scientific development is such that separate groups of men working on the same problem in farscattered laboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time. (1998年第16題)
    分析: 該句是復合句。that...at the same time是結果狀語從句;working on the same problem in farscattered laboratories作men的后置定語。
    譯文: 科學的發(fā)展如此富有邏輯性,以至于人們在極為分散的實驗室里研究同一課題,卻有可能在同一時間得出相同的答案。
    例句: On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. (2007年第47題)
    分析: 該句是復合句,主句為it links these concepts to everyday realities。which后的定語從句修飾a manner,as后的狀語從句表示時間。
    譯文: 另一方面,這一學科把這些概念結合到日常生活中,這與新聞記者每天報道和評論新聞時的做法是相同的。
    例句: Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that its ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. (選自2005年Text 2)
    分析: 該句是復合句,其中主句為voices now come from many quarters?,F(xiàn)在分詞insisting作主語voices的補足語,后接兩個賓語從句;until后是一時間狀語從句。
    譯文: 和吸煙的問題一樣,四面八方傳來的聲音堅持認為有關全球變暖的科學說法不全面,在不確定之前,向大氣中排放廢氣沒什么大不了的。
    (七)in,with,of
    在描述人時:in表示衣著;with表示攜帶某物或生理特征或某種品質(zhì);of表示性格特征或年齡。如:be in green/a man of wisdom(a lady of virtue) /a girl of 18/a child with a big head。
    例句: The mayor is a woman with great integrity and therefore deserves our political and financial support. (2000年第35題)
    分析: 該句是簡單句,is和deserves是兩個并列謂語動詞;介詞短語with great integrity修飾a woman。
    譯文: 這位市長是個非常正直的女性,因而值得我們在政治上和經(jīng)濟上給予幫助。
    注意: with和of表示屬性、特征時,of后通常接抽象名詞;with后常接具體名詞。   六、小品詞短語
    當一個介詞后無賓語時,它的詞性就轉化成副詞,稱為小品詞(particle)。試比較:
    We live in the same building.
    Come in,please!
    The soldiers sat around the table.
    He looked around, but to his surprise, he saw his father coming to this way.
    例句: Yet much had happened between. (選自2002年Use of English)
    分析: 該句是簡單句。between為小品詞,意為“(……時間)之間”。
    譯文: 在此(段時間)之間發(fā)生了很多事。
    例句: As Ill be away for at least a year, Id appreciate hearing from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along. (2000年第1題)
    分析: 該句是復合句。主句中謂語動詞appreciate后接動名詞hearing和telling作其賓語,介詞along后無賓語,所以稱為小品詞。從句how everyone is getting along作tell 的間接賓語。
    譯文: 由于我至少有一年的時間不在這里,如果你能時常來信告訴我每個人的生活情況,我將不勝感激。