芬芳襲人花枝俏，喜氣盈門捷報到。心花怒放看通知，夢想實現(xiàn)今日事。喜笑顏開憶往昔，勤學苦讀美麗。繼續(xù)揚鞭再向前，前途無量正燦爛。愿你前途無量,考入理想院校。以下是為大家整理的 《2018考博輔導：考博英語語法重點總結(jié)》供您查閱。
【文章一】
獨立主格、虛擬語氣、非謂語動詞、主謂一致、倒裝
獨立主格特征
1. 充當句子的狀語。
2. 有自己的主語，同句子的主語不一致。
3. 名詞（代詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞）+ 分詞
4. With + 名詞 （代詞） + 分詞 (形容詞）
例：a) It being raining, I decided to stay at home.
b) Speech having been delivered, discussion started.
c) he entered the room, with his hands open（holding a rifle).
真題剖析
(1995) 45 cliffs no longer crumbling, the beaches are 46 of the material which would 47 feed them.
45. A. For
B. As
C. With
D. Because
練習：
Do what you need to do to keep the wolf __7__ from the door, the world __8__ your thesis adviser, team leader, or laboratory director. Then use the rest of your time, perhaps at night or on the weekends, to do __9__ you really want to do.
8. A. is
B. having
C. being
D. be
虛擬語氣
虛擬語氣（2）
1. （should）+動詞原形
It +be動詞+形容詞(-able)(essential, odd, vital, absurd, regrettable, desirable…)+that從句
It +be動詞+名詞(pity,shame…)+that從句
It +be動詞+過去分詞(ordered, begged, voted, moved…)+that從句
部分名詞/動詞(表示建議，勸告，決定等) +that從句
2. It’s (high, about) time that +動詞過去式
would rather +動詞過去式
真題剖析
(1997) … I wouldn’t be truthful if I 47 say that teaching is hard work . …
47. A. do
B. did
C. don’t
D. didn’t
(1993)…The Cairo newspapers the next day carried banner headlines about the student demonstration 52 , and they 53 that the professor be sent home.
53. A. ordered
B. pleaded
C. decided
D. demanded
練習：Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time that we__15__ this message to heart.
15. A. took
B. would take
C. will take
D. should take
(2003.3) It is edifying, and it is a source of inner satisfaction even __54__ other facets of life prove disappointing.
(even if other facets of life should prove disappointing.)
54.A. shall
B.will
C.would
D.should
非謂語動詞
動名詞、分詞、不定式。
主動或被動。(doing/done, to do /to be done)
發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前還是之后。(doing/ having done /having been done, to do/to have done /to have been)
To在什么情況下作介詞，什么情況下作不定式引導詞。
真題剖析
(2000) … In the inner cities of America, newspapers regularly report on newborn babies 60 into garbage bins by drug-addicted mothers.
60. A. dropped
B. to drop
C. dropping
D.drops
(2001.3) A heroin addict, for instance, leads a 59 life: his increasing need for heroin in increasing doses prevents him from working, from maintaining relationships, from developing in human ways.
59. A. destructive
B. dissatisfied
C. damaged
D. derivative
主謂一致
1. 整體及抽象概念作主語，謂語通常用單數(shù)形式。
How you got there doesn’t concern me.
Growing vegetables needs constant watering.
2. 表示時間、距離、重量、容量、價值等概念作主語，謂語多用單數(shù)。
Eight hundred dollars is enough to live on.
3. 以-s結(jié)尾的專有名詞（linguistics, economics, measles, diabetes等），謂語通常用單數(shù)形式。
4. “分數(shù)或百分數(shù)+主語”，謂語跟主語保持一致。
Two thirds of the villages are flooded (the area is under water).
5. 不定代詞(one, each, everyone, everybody, everything, no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something等)作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。
Everyone knows that you’ve come here.
If anybody wants to see me, let them wait till I come back. (--thing 的情況例外)
6. 謂語同并列主語的第一部分保持一致（as well as, with, along with, together with, as much as, accompanied by, besides, but, except, in addition to, like, more than, no less than, rather than, including等）
He no less than John is interested in literature.
7. 謂語同貼近的主語保持一致。(or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, not…but, partly…partly等)
Either my father or my brothers are coming.
8. each,every,many a, no …+主語，謂語用單數(shù)。
Many a student and teacher has been to the Great Wall.
真題剖析
(2000) …Mexico City already 52 twenty million people and Calcutta twelve million. According to the World Bank, 53 of Africa’s cities are growing by 10% a year, 54 of urbanization ever recorded.
53. A. none
B. few
C. any
D. some
倒裝
全部倒裝
1. “There (Here) +be+主語”
There stand big buildings in this district.
Here on the desk lies a pile of books.
2. 單個副詞(in, out, now, up, down, away, off, then)位于句首(短語動詞不可拆，如it blew up.)
In came the boss. / Ahead sat an old man.
【文章二】
限定詞的用法
1. Both, each, either, neither (只指兩個)
2. All, every, each, some, any, no (指兩個以上)
3. Some, any, more, (the) most, all, a lot, lots, enough, none (復數(shù)可數(shù)或不可數(shù))
4. Much, (a) little, a good/great deal, less, (the) least (不可數(shù))
eg. “Got any money?” “None at all.”
eg. “Does either side of this street get more sun that the other?” “No, neither side is sunnier than the other.”
從句為考察重點
(1999) …The answers given by 200 women to those intimate open-ended questions made me realize that 51 was wrong could not be related to education in the way it was then believed to be. …
51. A. which
B. what
C. it
D. that
(1998) They learned to 51 their farming habits to the climate and soil. 52 they selected the fourth Thursday of November for their Thanksgiving 53 , they invited their neighbors, …
52. A. While
B. When
C. So
D. If
(1993) In the United States a commentator remarked that 45 Japan apparently still used some “primitive tools”, 46 a Japanese commentator expressed astonishment that the American pens wrote so poorly they could safely be used only once and then discarded.
46. A. though
B. when
C. while
D. and that
omitting the subject
Rather formal use
讓步狀語從句以 although, though, while, or whilst 開頭時通常與主句共享主語, 從句謂語用分詞形式。
Whilst he liked cats, he never let them come into his house.
Whilst liking cats, he never let them come into his house.
Both the journalists, though greeted as heroes on their return from prison, not long afterwards quietly disappeared from their newspapers. 這四個詞還可用在名詞、形容詞或副詞詞組前，如： It was an unequal marriage, although a stable and long-lasting one.
Though not very attractive physically, she possessed a sense of humour.
WHILE
1.He stayed with me while Dad talked with Dr. Smith.
2.I often knit while watching TV.
3.While I have some sympathy for these fellows, I think they went too far.
AND
1. often used to link clauses I came here in 1922 and I have live here ever since.
2. When you are giving advice or a warning, you can use “and” to say what will happen if something is done.
Go by train and you’ll get there quicker.
Do as you’re told and you’ll be all right.
WHERE
1. She was standing exactly where you are standing now.
2.In 1963 we moved to Boston, where my grandparents lived.
3.The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely.
4.You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is where I disagree.
5.Now, where were we? Oh yes, we were talking about John.
6.Where others might have been satisfied, Dawson had higher ambitions. (difference) WHICH
(本身無意義，必須接在名詞或代詞后面)
1.定語從句引導詞 Did you see the letter which came today?
Now they were driving by the houses which Andy had described.
2.分割句子，補充說明 The house, which was completed in 1856, was famous for its huge marble staircase.
He was educated at the local grammar school, after which he went on to Cambridge.
She may have missed the train, in which case she won’t arrive for another hour.
THAT 多用于同位語從句和－thing的定語從句中。
WHAT
(有實際意義，可用于賓語從句和主語從句)
1. No one knows exactly what happened.
2.It is not clear to what extent these views were shared.
3.I could get you a job here if that’s what you want.
4. What that kid needs is some love and affection.
5. What matters is the British people and British jobs.
AS
1.比較
His last album sold half a million copies and we hope this one will be just as popular./ They want peace as much as we do.
2.作為，正如… We’d better leave things as they are until the police arrive.
David, as you know, has not been well lately.
3.看作，看待
The result of last week’s election will be seen as a victory.
4.當…時候= while or when
I saw Peter as I was getting off the bus.
5.原因 As it was getting late, I turned around to start for home.
6.讓步= though Try as she might, Sue couldn’t get the door open.
The bag has narrow straps, so it may be worn over the shoulder or carried in the hand.
I’d be in trouble if I let on. So I kept mum.
When the meal was finished, Rachel washed up and made coffee.
I would have liked to have learnt French, but I was denied (=not given) the opportunity.
The opportunity was denied (to) me at school.
The prestige is denied (to) the classroom teacher.
The classroom teacher is denied the prestige.
【文章三】
過去分詞與形容詞的語義差：
1.Destructive:causing damage to people or things
the destructive power of modern weapons
Damaged: being in a bad state
emotionally damaged children
2.Respected:admired by many because of achievements
He’s one of the most respected managers in the game.
Respectful: feeling or showing respect
They listened in respectful silence.
3. Preferred : Her own preferred methods of exercise are hiking and long cycle rides.
Preferable: A big earthquake a long way off is preferable to a smaller one nearby.
Preferential: Bank officials denied giving the senator any preferential treatment.
4. Unimagined:Others see a new golden age of business and technology that will lift the market to unimagined heights.
Unimaginative:That means the traditional office layout of lined-up cubicles and work stations is seen as rigid and unimaginative.
5.Loving: She was a devoted wife and a very loving mother.
Lovable: a sweet lovable child
Lovely: We had a lovely holiday.
6. Tolerated: While Patches are generally well tolerated they are not always suitable for everyone.
Tolerant: trees that are tolerant of salt sea winds
Tolerable: All in all, it was better to have a tolerable tenement than the ideal which no one could afford.
虛擬語氣
非謂語動詞主要包括不定式、動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞。為了區(qū)分這三種不同的非謂語動詞的用法和含義，我們將分別從三種非謂語動詞在句子中做主語、賓語、賓語補足語、定語、狀語、表語以及一些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)句型等角度來區(qū)分其用法和細微含義。
1．不定式和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別
(1)動名詞作主語通常表示抽象動作；而不定式作主語表示具體動作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．這里禁止抽煙。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽這么多煙對你身體很不好。(具體)
(2)動名詞作主語時，通常用以表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗?！?BR> 不定式短語通常用來表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(經(jīng)驗)
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰時刻開車令人厭煩。(經(jīng)驗)
（3）不定式做主語，一般用it當形式主語，把作主語的不定式短語后置?！?BR> It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
2．不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語的區(qū)別
(1)不定式作表語
1)不定式作表語一般表示具體動作，特別是表示將來的動作?！?BR> To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做兩件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建議是立刻開始干。
2）如果主語是不定式（表示條件），表語也是不定式（表示結(jié)果）。
To see is to believe.百聞不如一見?！?BR> To work means to earn a living．工作就是為了生活?！?BR> 3)如果主語是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等為中心的名詞，或以what引導的名詞性從句，不定式作表語是對主語起補充說明作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不遠的將來買一輛豪華轎車。
The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant．
(2)動名詞作表語：動名詞作表語，表示抽象的一般性的行為。
Our work is serving the people．我們的工作是為人民服務(wù)?！?BR> His hobby is collecting stamps．他的愛好是集郵。
(注)動名詞作表語時與進行時態(tài)中的現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同，但其所屬結(jié)構(gòu)迥異，進行時態(tài)說明動作是由主語完成的。動名詞做表語，說明主語的性質(zhì)或情況?！?BR> People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected．
(3)分詞作表語
分詞做表語有兩種情況，一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，一種是過去分詞做表語，這兩者區(qū)別是考試中經(jīng)?？嫉降牡胤?。一般來說，表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞如excite，interest等都是及物動詞，漢語意思不是“激動”，“高興”，而是“使激動”、“使高興”，因而現(xiàn)在分詞應(yīng)該是“令人激動的”、“令人高興的”，過去分詞則是“感到激動的”和“感到高興的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。換句話說，若人對……感興趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有興趣時，就是說sb./sth. is interesting.這類詞常見的有：
interesting使人感到高興--interested感到高興的
exciting令人激動的--excited感到激動的
delighting令人高興的--delighted感到高興的
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人費解的--puzzled感到費解的
satisfying令人滿意的---satisfied感到滿意的
surprising令人驚異的--surprised感到驚異的
worrying令人擔心的--worried感到擔心的
Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲勞。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要學生學得太多，他們會感到糊涂的?！?BR> The argument is very convincing．他的論點很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news．聽到這個消息，他們非常激動?！?BR> 3．不定式和動名詞作賓語的區(qū)別
英語中大多數(shù)動詞既可跟不定式，也可跟動名詞作直接賓語，但有些動詞要求：
(1)不定式做賓語和賓語補足語
1)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓語
attempt企圖 enable能夠 neglect忽視
afford負擔得起 demand要求 long渴望
arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算
begin開始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏
appear似乎，顯得 determine決定 manage設(shè)法
cease停止 hate憎恨，厭惡 pretend假裝
ask問 dread害怕 need需要
agree同意 desire愿望 love愛
swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望
bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供
beg請求 fail不能 plan計劃
bother擾亂；煩惱 forget忘記 prefer喜歡，寧愿
care關(guān)心，喜歡 happen碰巧 prepare準備
decide決定 learn學習 regret抱歉，遺憾
choose選擇 hesitate猶豫 profess表明
claim要求 hope希望 promise，允許
start開始 undertake承接 want想要
consent同意，贊同 intend想要 refuse拒絕
decide決定 learn學習 vow起
contrive設(shè)法，圖謀 incline有…傾向 propose提議
seek找，尋覓 try試圖
2)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓補：動詞+賓語+動詞不定式
ask要求，邀請 get請，得到 prompt促使
allow允許 forbid禁止 prefer喜歡，寧愿
announce宣布 force強迫 press迫使
bride 收買 inspire鼓舞 request請求
assist協(xié)助 hate憎惡 pronounce斷定，表示
advise勸告 exhort告誡，勉勵 pray請求
authorize授權(quán)，委托 help幫助 recommend勸告，推薦
bear容忍 implore懇求 remind提醒
beg請求 induce引誘 report報告
compel強迫 invite吸引，邀請， summon傳喚
command命令 intend想要，企圖 show 顯示
drive驅(qū)趕 mean意欲，打算 train訓練
cause引起 instruct指示 require要求
deserve應(yīng)受 leave使，讓 tell告訴
direct指導 like喜歡 tempt勸誘
entitle有資格 order命令 warn告誡
enable使能夠 need需要 urge激勵，力說
encourage鼓勵 oblige不得不 want想要
condemn指責，譴責 lead引起，使得 teach教
entreat懇求 permit允許 wish希望
(2)有少數(shù)動詞只能用動名詞作賓語
acknowledge承認，自認 cease 停止 mention說到，講到
admit 承認 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜歡，討厭
advocate：提倡，主張 complete完成 dread可怕
appreciate 感激，欣賞 confess坦白 endure忍受
avoid避免 contemplate細想 enjoy享有，喜愛
bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒
can’t help不禁 delay延遲 escape逃跑，逃避
can’t stand受不了 deny否認 excuse借口
consider 考慮 detest嫌惡 fancy幻想，愛好
favor 造成，偏愛 mind 介意 repent悔悟
figure描繪，計算 miss錯過 resent怨恨
finish完成，結(jié)束不得 pardon原諒，饒恕 resist抵抗，阻止
forgive原諒 permit 允許 resume恢復
imagine設(shè)想 postpone延遲，延期 risk冒險
involve卷入，包含 practise 實行，實踐 suggest建議
hate討厭 prevent阻止 save營救，儲蓄
keep保持 quit放棄停止 stand堅持，忍受
loathe非常討厭，厭惡 recall回想
例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激兩年前給我出國學習的機會?！?BR> (3)有些動詞后使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語的差別
1）forget to do 忘記要去做某事（此事未做）
forget doing忘記做過某事（此事已做過或已發(fā)生）
2）stop to do 停止、中斷（某件事），目的是去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事
3）remember to do 記住去做某事（未做）
remember doing記得做過某事(已做)
4) regret to do對要做的事遺憾
regret doing對做過的事遺憾、后悔
5）try to do努力、企圖做某事
try doing試驗、試一試某種辦法
6) mean to do打算，有意要…
mean doing意味著
7）go on to do 繼而（去做另外一件事情）
go on doing 繼續(xù)（原先沒有做完的事情）
8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）
proposing doing建議（做某事）
9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具體行為；+doing sth 表示抽象、傾向概念
（注)如果這些動詞前有should一詞，其后賓語只跟不定式，不能跟動名詞。例如：
I should like to see him tomorrow．
10) need, want, deserve +動名詞表被動意義；+不定式被動態(tài)表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。
Don’t you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?
You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要記著是明天動身。
I don’t regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔給她講過我的想法。(已講過)
I regret to have to do this，but I have no choice．我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實在沒辦法。(未做但要做)
You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心。
Let’s try doing the work some other way．讓我們試一試用另外一種辦法來做這工作?！?BR> I didn’t mean to hurt your feeling．我沒想要傷害你的感情?！?BR> This illness will mean(your)going to hospital．得了這種病(你)就要進醫(yī)院。
【文章四】
4．不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作定語的區(qū)別
(1）不定式作定語
1)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是主謂關(guān)系
He was the last one to leave school yesterday．昨天他是后一個離開教室的。
The train to arrive was from London．將要到站的火車是從倫敦開來的?！?BR> 2)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是動賓關(guān)系
Get him something to eat．給他拿點兒東西吃?！?BR> She has a lot of work to do in the morning．早上他有很多工作要做。
3)不及物動詞構(gòu)成的不定式做定語，要加上適當?shù)慕樵~和被修飾的名詞形成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，這里的介詞不能省去。
I need a pen to write with．我需要一支筆寫字?！?BR> There is nothing to worry about．沒有什么值得發(fā)愁的?！?BR> 4)不定式修飾一些表示方向、原因、時間、機會、權(quán)利等抽象名詞如：
ability能力，本領(lǐng) drive趕，駕駛 movement運動，活動
ambition抱負，野心 effort努力，嘗試 need需要，需求
campaign戰(zhàn)役，運動 failure失敗，不及格 opportunity機會
chance機會 force力，壓力，要點 promise許諾，希望
courage勇氣 intention意向，意圖 reason理由，原因
decision決定 method方法，方式 light光，光線，亮光
determination決心，決定 motive動機，目的 struggle奮斗，努力，
tendency傾向，趨勢 wish希望，愿望，祝愿
5）被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞高級或next， second, last, only和not a，the等限定詞時候，只能用不定式。
6）不定代詞something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等習慣上用不定式做定語。
John will do anything but work on a farm．除了農(nóng)活，約翰什么都愿意干。
7）如果其動詞要求用不定式做賓語，或者其形容詞要器接不定式做補語，則相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如： tend to do---tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to do
His wish to buy a car came true．他要買輛車的愿望實現(xiàn)了?！?BR> Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us．
他們放棄這個實驗的決定使我們大吃一驚?！?BR> He is always the first to come and the last to leave．
他總是第一個到來，后一個離去?！?BR> (2)分詞作定語
分詞作定語時有下面幾個特點：
1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動意義，過去分詞一般表示被動含意?！?BR> 2)現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進行，過去分詞表示狀態(tài)或做完(完成)的事?！?BR> He rushed into the burning house．他沖進了正在燃燒著的房子?！?BR> The child standing over there is my brother．站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟?！?BR> The room facing south is our classroom．朝南的房間是我們的教室?！?BR> Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那個修好的表了嗎?
He is an advanced teacher．他是個先進教師?！?BR> 3）下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語，但不具有被動意義，這點要注意：
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come
(3)不定式和分詞作定語時的時間關(guān)系
一般來說，不定式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之后；現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生；過去分詞表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。例如:
Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?
你要見那位將從北京請來的醫(yī)生嗎？
Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?
你要見那位正在辦公室里寫病歷的醫(yī)生嗎？
5．不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別
（1）現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區(qū)別?！?BR> 現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語與過去分詞做狀語的主要區(qū)別在于兩者與所修飾的主語的主動與被動關(guān)系的區(qū)別。
1）現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時，現(xiàn)在分詞的動作就是句子主語的動作，它們之間的關(guān)系是主動關(guān)系?！?BR> He went out shutting the door behind him.
他出去后將門隨手關(guān)上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知如何辦是好，他去找父母幫忙。
2）過去分詞作狀語時，過去分詞表示的動作是句子主語承受的動作，它們之間的關(guān)系是被動關(guān)系?！?BR> Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果對這些樹多關(guān)心一些，它們本來會長得更好?！?BR> Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
在遇到困難的時候，我們必須設(shè)法克服?！?BR> (2)動詞不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別
1)分詞作狀語一般表示伴隨，而不定式常常表示目的。
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan．他們站在路邊談?wù)撝@個計劃。(伴隨)
They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan．他們站在路邊為的是談?wù)撨@個計劃。(目的)
2)分詞作狀語放在句子開頭，除表示原因之外有時表示時間或條件。動詞不定式作狀語時，除了表示目的以外，還表示結(jié)果或原因?！?BR> Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch．由于在專心讀書，他忘了吃午飯的時間。(原因)
Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before．他仔細讀書時，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些從前不知道的東西。(時間)
Reading carefully，you’ll learn something new．只要你仔細閱讀，你會學到一些新的東西。(條件)
His family was too poor to support him．他的家庭太窮，不能維持他的生活。(結(jié)果)
The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf．這男孩個子不夠高，手伸不到書架。(結(jié)果)
We are glad to hear the news．我們很高興聽到這消息。(原因)
（3）下面一些句型是不定式做狀語時候應(yīng)該注意的：
a：not/never too…to, too…not to , but/only too… to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意義
b：做結(jié)果狀語的不定式只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾，常見的不定式動詞有：find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。
c：不定式做狀語時，其邏輯主語一般為句子的主語，否則用for引導主語。
【文章五】
6．非謂語動詞?？嫉钠渌Y(jié)構(gòu)
（1)疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)
疑問詞who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語。它在句中可以用作主語、賓語、表語和雙重賓語。如：
When to start has not been decided．何時動身尚未決定。(主語)
I don’t know what to do．我不知道該怎么辦。(賓語)
The difficulty was how to cross the river．困難在于如何過河。(表語)
I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告訴你哪里可以買到此書。（雙重賓語）
（注）A.有時疑問詞前可用介詞，如：
I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。
B.動詞know 后面不能直接跟不定式作賓語，只能跟疑問詞（如：how, what）+不定式：
While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.
(2)介詞except和but作“只有…，只能…”講時跟不定式結(jié)構(gòu)（but與不帶to的不定式連用）。
When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.
(3)不帶to的不定式
1）在表示生理感覺的動詞后的不定式不帶to。這類詞有：
feel 覺得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear聽到
watch注視 listen to聽 perceive察覺，感知
notice注意 see看見 look at看 hear聽
On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.
2)另一類是某些使役動詞，如make, let，have等。如：
Let him do it.讓他做吧?！?BR> I would have you know that I am ill．我想要你知道我病了?！?BR> (注)：
①上述感覺動詞與使役動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動結(jié)構(gòu)時．其后的不定式一般需帶to，如：
He was seen to come．
The boy was made to go to bed early.
②在動詞find與help之后，不定式可帶to亦可不帶to，如:
He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season．他發(fā)現(xiàn)羊在此季節(jié)越出柵欄，感到驚訝?！?BR> 3)在do nothing／anything／everything but(except)結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：
Last night I did nothing but watch TV．昨天晚上，我除了看電視別的什么也沒有干。
但是，如果謂語動詞不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶?！?BR> The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙，其它什么都沒有說。
There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent．除了保持沉默以外，他們沒有別有別的辦法?！?BR> （4）不定式與動名詞的邏輯主語和分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)
1)不定式的邏輯主語為：for +名詞(或代詞賓格)+ 不定式。例如：
I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我發(fā)現(xiàn)他—個人干這活是不可能的?！?BR> (注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容詞后面，常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語。例如：
It was wise of him to do that．他那樣做是明智的?！?BR> 2)動名詞的邏輯主語為；①人稱代詞的所有格+動名詞；②名詞’s+動名詞。例如：
Tom insisted on my going with them．他堅持要我和他們一起去?！?BR> He dislikes his wife’s working late．他不喜歡他妻子工作得很晚?！?BR> 3)某些形容詞，如：careless等不定式后可以加of來引導出其邏輯主語。這類詞主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等
It is very kind of you to help me．你幫助我太好了?！?BR> 間或也可用for + there to be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）?！?BR> It’s a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遺憾了公司里有這么多的麻煩。
7．非謂語動詞中的有關(guān)句型
（1）動名詞作主語的句型
1）Doing...+ v. Reading is an art.閱讀是門藝術(shù)。Seeing is believing.眼見為實?！?BR> 2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名詞+doing sth.
It is no use crying.哭沒有用。It is no good objecting.反對也沒有用?！?BR> It is a great fun playing football．打籃球很有趣?！?BR> It is a waste of time trying to explain．設(shè)法解釋是浪費時間?！?BR> 3)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容詞)+ doing sth．
It is useless speaking.光說沒用?！?BR> It is nice seeing you again．真高興又遇到了你。
It is good Playing chess after supper．晚飯后弈棋挺好。
It is expensive running this car．開這種小車是浪費。
4)There is no + doing.．.(there is no 表“不可能”)
There is no telling what he is going to do．說出他要干什么是不可能的。
There is no saying what may happen.說出將要發(fā)生什么是不可能的。
5)There is no use (good/point/sense/harm)+doing sth.做某事沒用(不好/意義/重要性)
There is no use crying over spilt milk．牛奶灑了，哭也無用?！?BR> 6)have difficulty /trouble/problem + (in)+doing
have作有解時，后接情感名詞(in可省略)，再接動名詞。這類詞還有trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time.
例如：We had difficulty (in) carrying out the plan．我們執(zhí)行計劃有困難?！?BR> 7)feel like + 名詞 感覺像動名詞 “ 想要” =would like to +原形動詞
I feel like a newborn baby．我感覺像一個新生的嬰兒?！?BR> Do you feel like going to a movie?你想看電影嗎?
I don’t feel like studying tonight．今晚我不想讀書?！?BR> 8) spend/waste time doing sth.
They spent a lot time (in) making preparations．他們花了許多時間作準備?！?BR> 9)在require后只能用動名詞，不能用不定式，盡管表示被動的意思也要用動名詞的主動形式。
This problem requires studying with great care．這個問題需要仔細研究?！?BR> 10）cannot help doing sth.忍不住（做什么）
I cannot help laughing, once I see john in that big trouser.
(2)有關(guān)分詞句型
1)在表示感覺和心里狀態(tài)的動詞see，hear，feel，smell，listen(to)，notice，observe，smell，watch這類表示感覺的動詞之后常跟“賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞”的復合結(jié)構(gòu)，這種動詞與分詞之間的賓語可以是普通名詞或?qū)Ｓ忻~(人各等)，也可以是代詞賓格(him，us等)。例如：
She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising．她聞到有東西在燃燒并看到有煙升起來了?！?BR> I watched them rehearsing the play．我看他們排演戲。
I could feel the wind blowing on my face．我能感覺到風在我臉上吹過。
2)表示“致使”等意義的動詞，如：catch，find，leave，give，have，get，set后也可跟上述(1)的結(jié)構(gòu)，有時也可跟過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
I caught them stealing my apples．我抓住他們偷我的蘋果。
If she catches me reading her diary，she’ll be furious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日記，她會憤怒的。
We found him waiting to receive us．我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他正等著接待我們。
3)go +現(xiàn)在分詞表示“從事…”之意，這時現(xiàn)在分詞做主語補語。go之后所接現(xiàn)在分詞均表示短暫而又愉快的戶外活動。如：jogging慢跑，fishing釣魚，dancing跳舞，skating溜冰，bowling打保齡球，shopping 購物，sightseeing游覽，camping露營?！?BR> I’ll go camping tomorrow．我明天去露營?！?BR> I’ll go shopping．我去商店。
Would you like to go skating with me?你想和我去溜冰嗎?
4)be busy + v-ing(現(xiàn)在分詞)忙著做…
I am busy writing my thesis．我正忙著寫論文?！?BR> His assistant is busy(in) correcting papers．他的助教忙于批閱考卷?！?BR> 或者be busy with + n.忙著做某事?！?BR> He is busy with his work．他忙著工作?！?BR> 5)What do you say to + ing分詞?(……怎么樣?)
What do you say to joining us for dinner?和我們一起進餐，你看怎么樣?
（3）有關(guān)動詞不定式句型
下面這些詞組是不定式的習慣用法，只能用不定式形式?！?BR> can not help but do, can not but do, cannot choose but do, can do nothing but do, have no choice/alternative to do
When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.
(4)there be的非謂語形式
there be非謂語形式可在句中作主語、賓語、狀語和定語。(其中作賓語和狀語在1991年和1994年測試過，定語見1996年題10。)
The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams．(作賓語如1991年題30)
1)作動詞賓語時，通常用there to be結(jié)構(gòu)，而不用there being。能這樣用的及物動詞為：expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等，如：
We don’t want there to be any comrades lagging behind，我們不希望有任何同志掉隊?！?BR> They hate there to be long queues everywhere.他們不愿意處處都要排長隊。
We have no objection to there being a meeting here．我們并不反對在這里開會。
It isn’t enough for there to be a frost tonight，so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely．(作狀語)
2)作狀語多用there being結(jié)構(gòu)，但若置于介詞之后，for用there to be整個介詞短語作程度狀語，其它多半用there being。
There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself．由于附近沒有人，我只得獨自干了。(原因狀語)
It’s too early for there to be anybody up．太早了，還不會有人起床。(作程度狀語)
There having been no rain for a long time，the ground was very dry．因為好長時間沒下雨了，地面非常干燥。(原因狀語)
3)作主語時兩種結(jié)構(gòu)都可以，但如是用for引導則要用there to be?！?BR> It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young．老人與年青人之間存在著溝通問題是很常見的。
There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers．幼兒園在校園內(nèi)對女教師十分方便。
4)作定語。 There be結(jié)構(gòu)作定語時，定語從句中謂語為there be，there之前的關(guān)系代詞常常省略。如：
This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanking．這是到南京的快一班車?！?BR> I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people．我要充分利用我剩下的歲月盡量為人民多做些事。
【文章六】
目標測試
1．______in the matriculation for postgraduate in a short time is really a hard nut．
A．To make high scores
B．Making high scores
C．To make low goal
D．Making low goal
2．I found ________ to answer all the questions within the time given．
A．no possibility
B．there was impossibility
C．impossible
D．it impossible
3．The students expected there _____ more reviewing classes before the final exams．
A．is
B．being
C．have been
D．to be
4．You’re going to England next year． You should now practise ______English as much as possible．
A．speak
B．to speak
C．speaking
D．Speak about
5．If we don’t start out now, we must risk ______ the train．
A．miss
B．missing
C．being missed
D．to miss
6． The flexibility of film allows the artist _______ unstrained imagination to the animation of cartoon characters．
A．to bring
B．brining
C．is brought
D．brings
7．Although the lecture had already been on for five minutes，I still was not able to find a chair____．
A．to sit
B．for to sit on
C．to sit on
D．for sitting
8． Surely her daughter would make an even bigger effort ______ her?
A．please
B．pleased
C．to please
D．having pleased
9．Lots of empty boots were found under the old man’s be
D．He must have done nothing but ______．
A．drink
B．to drink
C．drinking
D．drunk
10．The local health organization is reported ___ twenty-five years age when Dr． Adudon became its first president．
A．to be set up
B．being set up
C．to have been set up
D．having been set up
11．I heard him __the door
A．locking
B．to lock
C．lock
D．being locking
12．He does nothing but___
A．complaining
B．to complaining
C．complain
D．to complain
13．The students expected there___ more reviewing classes before the final exam．
A．is
B．being
C．have been
D．to be
14． The bank is reported in the local newspaper ___ in broad daylight yesterday．
A．to be robbed
B．robbed
C．to have been robbed
D．having been robbed
15．I appreciated ______the opportunity to study abroad two years ago．
A．having been given
B．having been
C．to have been given
D．to have given
16．There is no point ___further．
A．a(chǎn)rgue
B．to argue
C．a(chǎn)rguing
D．being arguing
17．Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always ___with other elements, most commonly with oxygen．
A．combined
B．having combined
C．combine
D．being combined
18．They stopped ___, but now I’m getting intereste D．
A．listening
B．to listen
C．listen
D．having listening
19．I am sorry to hear that you resorted ___
A．to cheat
B．to cheating
C．cheating
D．cheat
20．He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ___ insufficiently popular with all members．
A．being considered
B．considering．
C．to be considered
D．having considered
21．___of the burden of ice , the balloon climber up and drifted to the South．
A．To be free
B．Freeing
C．To free
D．Freed
22．___exceptions, the rule may stan D．
A．Allow for
B．Allowing for
C．To allow
D．To allow for
23．All flights___ because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train．
A．were canceled
B．had been canceled
C．having canceled
D．having been canceled
24．John painted her sitting in a chair with her hands ___
A．folding
B．to have folded
C．to fold
D．folded
25．It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes ___place in our ever-changing worl D．
A．taking
B．to take
C．take
D．taken
26．I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time __the last bus．
A．to have caught
B．to catch
C．catching
D．having caught
27．I have got a loaf of bread ; now I’m looking for a knife____．
A．to cut it with
B．to cut with it
C．with it to cut
D．it to cut with
28．The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was ___large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior．
A．to provide
B．providing
C．having providing
D．provide
29．His victory in the final was no more ____than I had expecte D．
A．convincing
B．convinced
C．to convince
D．being convincing
30．I recommend you ___ what he says．
A．do
B．doing
C．to do
D．to doing
31．How about ____ there?
A．to go
B．go
C．going
D．to going
32．He is an ___teacher．
A．a(chǎn)dvancing
B．a(chǎn)dvanced
C．being advancing
D．a(chǎn)dvance
33．The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, that man ___prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century
A．was
B．being
C．is
D．having been
34．I have no idea of ___it．
21．___of the burden of ice , the balloon climber up and drifted to the South．
A．To be free
B．Freeing
C．To free
D．Freed
22．___exceptions, the rule may stan
D．
A．Allow for
B．Allowing for
C．To allow
D．To allow for
23．All flights___ because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train．
A．were canceled
B．had been canceled
C．having canceled
D．having been canceled
24．John painted her sitting in a chair with her hands ___
A．folding
B．to have folded
C．to fold
D．folded
25．It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes ___place in our ever-changing worl D．
A．taking
B．to take
C．take
D．taken
26．I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time __the last bus．
A．to have caught
B．to catch
C．catching
D．having caught
27．I have got a loaf of bread ; now I’m looking for a knife____．
A．to cut it with
B．to cut with it
C．with it to cut
D．it to cut with
28．The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was ___large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior．
A．to provide
B．providing
C．having providing
D．provide
29．His victory in the final was no more ____than I had expecte D．
A．convincing
B．convinced
C．to convince
D．being convincing
30．I recommend you ___ what he says．
A．do
B．doing
C．to do
D．to doing
31．How about ____ there?
A．to go
B．go
C．going
D．to going
32．He is an ___teacher．
A．a(chǎn)dvancing
B．a(chǎn)dvanced
C．being advancing
D．a(chǎn)dvance
33The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, that man ___prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century．
A．was
B．being
C．is
D．having been
【文章七】
虛擬語氣歸納和練習
虛擬語氣的重點是：
1．一些常見的虛擬語氣的句型或結(jié)構(gòu)?！?BR> 2．虛擬語氣的特殊形式，即用來表示要求、建議、命令、提議、意愿等的主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬形式。
3．主從句表示不同的時間概念、事實或假設(shè)情況，從而交錯成為復合虛擬語氣?！?BR> 4．含蓄條件句中的虛擬語氣的表示愿望的虛擬形式?！?BR> 上述四個要點往往在完形填空或者閱讀理解里面存在，尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直接考這方面的知識的題目，而在閱讀理解里，我們掌握上述四個重點對于我們理解文章的大意和作者態(tài)度很有幫助，了解哪些觀點是作者假設(shè)的、虛擬的，哪些是真實的，這樣對于我們回答關(guān)于作者態(tài)度觀點題很有幫助。
下面我們將主要從上述四個方面來重點論述在考試中應(yīng)該注意的問題?！?BR> 一、虛擬語氣的常見類型和句型
（1）由wish引起的表示愿望的虛擬語氣
A．用wish表示對現(xiàn)在的愿望時，它所引起的賓語從句中謂語動詞形式為：過去式（be動詞用were）?！?BR> B．用wish表示對將來的愿望時，它所引起的賓語從句中謂語動詞形式為：would, could, might+ 動詞原形?！?BR> C．wish用于對過去的事實表示一種不可能實現(xiàn)的愿望時，賓語從句中的謂語動詞形式為：had+動詞過去分詞或could, would + have +動詞過去分詞。
The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it.
---“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.”
---“That’s all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.”
I wish that he weren’t so lazy.
(2)had hoped引起的賓語從句中備用語動詞形式為would+動詞原形，表示一種過去未實現(xiàn)的愿望或令人失望的事。
His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later.
(3)would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner和would prefer所引起的從句中要求用過去式表示當時或?qū)淼那闆r，用過去完成時表示過去的情況，表示希望或婉轉(zhuǎn)的責備。例如：
I’d rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把這封信立刻寄出去?！?BR> I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那兒可得太久?！?BR> I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把這本書還了?！?BR> （4）It’s (high, about) time that 句型中that從句中要求用虛擬語氣形式，即動詞要用過去式?！?BR> It’s time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown.
It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.現(xiàn)在是我們該結(jié)束講座的時候了?！?BR> （5）as, 或者whether…or…謂語多用be的原形，引導讓步虛擬從句，這種用法通常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：
Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
（6）由連接詞in case, so that ,unless, lest ,for fear that引起的狀語從句中，謂語動詞要用虛擬形式，即should(might, would)+動詞原形，例如：
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那個嬰兒身上蓋上了毯子以免他著涼?！?BR> The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.
(7) if it were not for…與現(xiàn)在事實相反， if it had not been for與過去事實相反，兩個都相當于but for：
If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded.
(8) 虛擬語氣用于as if（though）引起的方式狀語從句和表語從句中，其動詞形式與wish賓語從句的形式相同。例如：She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常發(fā)出發(fā)自內(nèi)心的微笑，而且她那美好的情緒像天上一道明亮的陽光一樣，常常流露出來?！?BR> They talked as if they had been friends for years.他們交談著，就好像他們是我年的老朋友一樣。
She looks as if she would cry.她看起來好像要哭了。
(9)其它各種句型, as though, suppose, had rather, supposing, if only等等
If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.
二、特殊形式的虛擬語氣
虛擬語氣的特殊形式，即用來表示要求、建議、命令、提議、意愿等的主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬形式，其虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成往往是由should(可省略)+動詞原形that從句。
A、 用于表示意愿、建議、命令、提議、請求等動詞后的that賓語從句中，這類動詞有：
ask要求 advise建議 arrange安排 beg請求
command命令 decide決定 demand要求 desire渴望
determine決定 insist堅持 intend打算 maintain堅持主張
move建議，動員 propose提議 object反對 order命令
prefer建議 require 需要 request要求 resolve下決心
recommend推薦 suggest建議 stipulate約定，規(guī)定 urge強調(diào)，促進
vote公認，提議 decree頒布（法令） pray請求
注意：這類動詞后面除了可接that虛擬句以外，也可以接doing或者to do…來表達，一般情況下，意思沒有什么差別。
She advised that we should keep the gate locked.（書面體）
She advised us to keep the gate locked.（口語）
She advised keeping the gate locked.(較隨便)
B、用于It is+形容詞或過去分詞+主語從句中，這類形容詞或分詞有：
advisable合理的 decided決定的 crucial關(guān)鍵的 appropriate恰當?shù)摹?BR> determined決定的 commanded命令的 arranged安排的 essential緊要的，基本的
complied遵照 anxious焦急的 imperative迫切的 important重要的
desirable合意的 better較好的，更好 insistent堅持的 desired想要
asked請求 keen渴望的 incredible難以置信的 adamant堅定不移的
natural自然的 insisted堅持 necessary必要的 suggested建議
urgent緊迫的 ordered命令 shocked震驚的 vital極其重要的
possible可能的 strange 奇怪的 preferable （好一點） proposed提議
requested要求的 required要求的 recommended推薦 resolved決定的
probable（可能的） pity可惜，憾事 shame遺憾
注意：這類形容詞后面除了可接that虛擬句以外，也可以for…to do…
來表達，一般情況下，意思沒有什么差別?！?BR> It is essential that he should be prepared for this.
It is essential for him to be prepared for this.
C．用于由表示建議、要求、命令、請示等含義的名詞引導的表語從句和同位語從句中，這類名詞常見的有：
advice忠告 decision決定 demand要求 desire要求、愿望
insistence堅持 motion提議 necessity必要性 order命令
preference偏愛 proposal提議 pray懇求 recommendation推薦
request要求 requirement要求 resolution決心 suggestion勸告、忠告
例如：
This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.這是他們的決議：要使得課外活動成為他們學校生活的一部分?！?BR> The motion that the remark of the last speaker be expunged from the record.該提議要求把后一個發(fā)言的人的講話從記錄上除掉。
【文章八】>
三、混合虛擬語氣
有時主句和從句的謂語動詞指不同的時間，這時需要用混合虛擬語氣。一般來說，在這種情況下，主從句謂語動詞指代的時間不同，所以我們又可以錯綜時間條件句，在這種虛擬情況，動詞形式應(yīng)根據(jù)實際情況靈活使用，在做這些題目時候尤其要注意每道題目的提示語：時間狀語。絕大多數(shù)情況下，從句或者主句都有相關(guān)的時間狀語，這是我解題的關(guān)鍵?！?BR> If you that late movie last night, you wouldn’t be so sleepy.
A. haven’t watched
B. didn’t watch
C. hadn’t watched
D. wouldn’t have watched 答案選C?！?BR> Many dead would now be alive if they have not attempted to return for something.
Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.
混合虛擬語氣還有一種情況就是事實和虛擬假設(shè)的混合句，這樣的句子不僅僅是時間的不同，而重要是事實和假設(shè)的混合?！?BR> I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.
該句前半部分是假設(shè)虛擬，而后半部分是事實的陳述?！?BR> Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.
該句前半句用的是假設(shè)虛擬，后半句主句也用的是假設(shè)虛擬（如果你去并且解釋的話），但是后半句的從句用的是事實語氣，因為“父母病了”是客觀事實，故不需要用虛擬形式had been?！?BR> 四、含蓄虛擬條件句
含蓄條件句是指句中沒有明顯的虛擬條件句，而是利用其他手段來暗示存在虛擬條件。但是這類隱含式虛擬條件句往往都可以轉(zhuǎn)化為if引導的條件句。常來表示含蓄虛擬條件的手段有：
（1）介詞或介詞短語，如but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition等。
the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.=If there hadn’t been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.
A. In spite of
B. But for
C. Because of
D. As for 答案選B?！?BR> But that she was afraid, she would have said no.
(2)連詞，如：so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided(倘若……)，for fear that(唯恐)，in order that, on condition that, if only(要是……就好了)等?！?BR> She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he wante
D.=if she listened carefully ,she might discover exactly what he wante
D.
If only I had more money, I could buy a car.
(注：lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的從句中謂語動詞多用should+動詞原形，但可以不用虛擬語氣，而用動詞的陳述語氣形式。)例如：
The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him. 這位外籍教師說得很慢以免我們聽不懂?！?BR> Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.在使用此法時要小心謹慎，以免會發(fā)生溢流現(xiàn)象?！?BR> （3）通過上下文及內(nèi)在含義，句中往往有but, otherwise, unfortunately等類似轉(zhuǎn)折詞?！?BR> I thought the children when we returned home, but they were still awake.
A. were sleeping
B. would be sleeping
C. had been sleeping
D. would sleep選擇 B。
(4)形容詞及其比較級
A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes.
A less conscientious man wouldn’t have tried so hard to get this job done.
(5)分詞短語
Having known in time, we might have prevented the accident.
Born ten days earlier, the boy could have seen his late father.
(6)動詞不定式短語。一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或 was/were+不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished/+不定式一般式表示虛擬?！?BR> I intended I should call on you, but I was busy at that time.
To hear him speak French, you would take him for an Englishman.
She would be stupid not to accept his invitation.
It would be easier to do it this way.
(7)名詞短語和名詞+and結(jié)構(gòu)
A judicious man would not have committed suicide.
A diligent student would have worked harder.
(8)獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
All things considered, the price would be reasonable.
(9)定語從句
Anyone who had been in your position would have done the same.
A nation, which stopped working, would be dead in a fortnight.
(10)情態(tài)動詞完成式暗示虛擬語氣：
I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t.
The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.
(11)動詞原形表示虛擬
動詞原形直接用在句子中也被看作是一種虛擬，常見于正式文體中，動詞原形一般用在條件從句中，有時倒裝置于句首，同時這種用法也常見于獨立句中表達愿望?！?BR> God bless you!
All magnets behave the same, be they large or small.
She’ll be sixteen years odd, com May.(come May =when May come).
If that be so, we shall take action at once
【文章一】
獨立主格、虛擬語氣、非謂語動詞、主謂一致、倒裝
獨立主格特征
1. 充當句子的狀語。
2. 有自己的主語，同句子的主語不一致。
3. 名詞（代詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞）+ 分詞
4. With + 名詞 （代詞） + 分詞 (形容詞）
例：a) It being raining, I decided to stay at home.
b) Speech having been delivered, discussion started.
c) he entered the room, with his hands open（holding a rifle).
真題剖析
(1995) 45 cliffs no longer crumbling, the beaches are 46 of the material which would 47 feed them.
45. A. For
B. As
C. With
D. Because
練習：
Do what you need to do to keep the wolf __7__ from the door, the world __8__ your thesis adviser, team leader, or laboratory director. Then use the rest of your time, perhaps at night or on the weekends, to do __9__ you really want to do.
8. A. is
B. having
C. being
D. be
虛擬語氣
虛擬語氣（2）
1. （should）+動詞原形
It +be動詞+形容詞(-able)(essential, odd, vital, absurd, regrettable, desirable…)+that從句
It +be動詞+名詞(pity,shame…)+that從句
It +be動詞+過去分詞(ordered, begged, voted, moved…)+that從句
部分名詞/動詞(表示建議，勸告，決定等) +that從句
2. It’s (high, about) time that +動詞過去式
would rather +動詞過去式
真題剖析
(1997) … I wouldn’t be truthful if I 47 say that teaching is hard work . …
47. A. do
B. did
C. don’t
D. didn’t
(1993)…The Cairo newspapers the next day carried banner headlines about the student demonstration 52 , and they 53 that the professor be sent home.
53. A. ordered
B. pleaded
C. decided
D. demanded
練習：Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time that we__15__ this message to heart.
15. A. took
B. would take
C. will take
D. should take
(2003.3) It is edifying, and it is a source of inner satisfaction even __54__ other facets of life prove disappointing.
(even if other facets of life should prove disappointing.)
54.A. shall
B.will
C.would
D.should
非謂語動詞
動名詞、分詞、不定式。
主動或被動。(doing/done, to do /to be done)
發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前還是之后。(doing/ having done /having been done, to do/to have done /to have been)
To在什么情況下作介詞，什么情況下作不定式引導詞。
真題剖析
(2000) … In the inner cities of America, newspapers regularly report on newborn babies 60 into garbage bins by drug-addicted mothers.
60. A. dropped
B. to drop
C. dropping
D.drops
(2001.3) A heroin addict, for instance, leads a 59 life: his increasing need for heroin in increasing doses prevents him from working, from maintaining relationships, from developing in human ways.
59. A. destructive
B. dissatisfied
C. damaged
D. derivative
主謂一致
1. 整體及抽象概念作主語，謂語通常用單數(shù)形式。
How you got there doesn’t concern me.
Growing vegetables needs constant watering.
2. 表示時間、距離、重量、容量、價值等概念作主語，謂語多用單數(shù)。
Eight hundred dollars is enough to live on.
3. 以-s結(jié)尾的專有名詞（linguistics, economics, measles, diabetes等），謂語通常用單數(shù)形式。
4. “分數(shù)或百分數(shù)+主語”，謂語跟主語保持一致。
Two thirds of the villages are flooded (the area is under water).
5. 不定代詞(one, each, everyone, everybody, everything, no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something等)作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。
Everyone knows that you’ve come here.
If anybody wants to see me, let them wait till I come back. (--thing 的情況例外)
6. 謂語同并列主語的第一部分保持一致（as well as, with, along with, together with, as much as, accompanied by, besides, but, except, in addition to, like, more than, no less than, rather than, including等）
He no less than John is interested in literature.
7. 謂語同貼近的主語保持一致。(or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, not…but, partly…partly等)
Either my father or my brothers are coming.
8. each,every,many a, no …+主語，謂語用單數(shù)。
Many a student and teacher has been to the Great Wall.
真題剖析
(2000) …Mexico City already 52 twenty million people and Calcutta twelve million. According to the World Bank, 53 of Africa’s cities are growing by 10% a year, 54 of urbanization ever recorded.
53. A. none
B. few
C. any
D. some
倒裝
全部倒裝
1. “There (Here) +be+主語”
There stand big buildings in this district.
Here on the desk lies a pile of books.
2. 單個副詞(in, out, now, up, down, away, off, then)位于句首(短語動詞不可拆，如it blew up.)
In came the boss. / Ahead sat an old man.
【文章二】
限定詞的用法
1. Both, each, either, neither (只指兩個)
2. All, every, each, some, any, no (指兩個以上)
3. Some, any, more, (the) most, all, a lot, lots, enough, none (復數(shù)可數(shù)或不可數(shù))
4. Much, (a) little, a good/great deal, less, (the) least (不可數(shù))
eg. “Got any money?” “None at all.”
eg. “Does either side of this street get more sun that the other?” “No, neither side is sunnier than the other.”
從句為考察重點
(1999) …The answers given by 200 women to those intimate open-ended questions made me realize that 51 was wrong could not be related to education in the way it was then believed to be. …
51. A. which
B. what
C. it
D. that
(1998) They learned to 51 their farming habits to the climate and soil. 52 they selected the fourth Thursday of November for their Thanksgiving 53 , they invited their neighbors, …
52. A. While
B. When
C. So
D. If
(1993) In the United States a commentator remarked that 45 Japan apparently still used some “primitive tools”, 46 a Japanese commentator expressed astonishment that the American pens wrote so poorly they could safely be used only once and then discarded.
46. A. though
B. when
C. while
D. and that
omitting the subject
Rather formal use
讓步狀語從句以 although, though, while, or whilst 開頭時通常與主句共享主語, 從句謂語用分詞形式。
Whilst he liked cats, he never let them come into his house.
Whilst liking cats, he never let them come into his house.
Both the journalists, though greeted as heroes on their return from prison, not long afterwards quietly disappeared from their newspapers. 這四個詞還可用在名詞、形容詞或副詞詞組前，如： It was an unequal marriage, although a stable and long-lasting one.
Though not very attractive physically, she possessed a sense of humour.
WHILE
1.He stayed with me while Dad talked with Dr. Smith.
2.I often knit while watching TV.
3.While I have some sympathy for these fellows, I think they went too far.
AND
1. often used to link clauses I came here in 1922 and I have live here ever since.
2. When you are giving advice or a warning, you can use “and” to say what will happen if something is done.
Go by train and you’ll get there quicker.
Do as you’re told and you’ll be all right.
WHERE
1. She was standing exactly where you are standing now.
2.In 1963 we moved to Boston, where my grandparents lived.
3.The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely.
4.You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is where I disagree.
5.Now, where were we? Oh yes, we were talking about John.
6.Where others might have been satisfied, Dawson had higher ambitions. (difference) WHICH
(本身無意義，必須接在名詞或代詞后面)
1.定語從句引導詞 Did you see the letter which came today?
Now they were driving by the houses which Andy had described.
2.分割句子，補充說明 The house, which was completed in 1856, was famous for its huge marble staircase.
He was educated at the local grammar school, after which he went on to Cambridge.
She may have missed the train, in which case she won’t arrive for another hour.
THAT 多用于同位語從句和－thing的定語從句中。
WHAT
(有實際意義，可用于賓語從句和主語從句)
1. No one knows exactly what happened.
2.It is not clear to what extent these views were shared.
3.I could get you a job here if that’s what you want.
4. What that kid needs is some love and affection.
5. What matters is the British people and British jobs.
AS
1.比較
His last album sold half a million copies and we hope this one will be just as popular./ They want peace as much as we do.
2.作為，正如… We’d better leave things as they are until the police arrive.
David, as you know, has not been well lately.
3.看作，看待
The result of last week’s election will be seen as a victory.
4.當…時候= while or when
I saw Peter as I was getting off the bus.
5.原因 As it was getting late, I turned around to start for home.
6.讓步= though Try as she might, Sue couldn’t get the door open.
The bag has narrow straps, so it may be worn over the shoulder or carried in the hand.
I’d be in trouble if I let on. So I kept mum.
When the meal was finished, Rachel washed up and made coffee.
I would have liked to have learnt French, but I was denied (=not given) the opportunity.
The opportunity was denied (to) me at school.
The prestige is denied (to) the classroom teacher.
The classroom teacher is denied the prestige.
【文章三】
過去分詞與形容詞的語義差：
1.Destructive:causing damage to people or things
the destructive power of modern weapons
Damaged: being in a bad state
emotionally damaged children
2.Respected:admired by many because of achievements
He’s one of the most respected managers in the game.
Respectful: feeling or showing respect
They listened in respectful silence.
3. Preferred : Her own preferred methods of exercise are hiking and long cycle rides.
Preferable: A big earthquake a long way off is preferable to a smaller one nearby.
Preferential: Bank officials denied giving the senator any preferential treatment.
4. Unimagined:Others see a new golden age of business and technology that will lift the market to unimagined heights.
Unimaginative:That means the traditional office layout of lined-up cubicles and work stations is seen as rigid and unimaginative.
5.Loving: She was a devoted wife and a very loving mother.
Lovable: a sweet lovable child
Lovely: We had a lovely holiday.
6. Tolerated: While Patches are generally well tolerated they are not always suitable for everyone.
Tolerant: trees that are tolerant of salt sea winds
Tolerable: All in all, it was better to have a tolerable tenement than the ideal which no one could afford.
虛擬語氣
非謂語動詞主要包括不定式、動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞。為了區(qū)分這三種不同的非謂語動詞的用法和含義，我們將分別從三種非謂語動詞在句子中做主語、賓語、賓語補足語、定語、狀語、表語以及一些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)句型等角度來區(qū)分其用法和細微含義。
1．不定式和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別
(1)動名詞作主語通常表示抽象動作；而不定式作主語表示具體動作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．這里禁止抽煙。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽這么多煙對你身體很不好。(具體)
(2)動名詞作主語時，通常用以表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗?！?BR> 不定式短語通常用來表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(經(jīng)驗)
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰時刻開車令人厭煩。(經(jīng)驗)
（3）不定式做主語，一般用it當形式主語，把作主語的不定式短語后置?！?BR> It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
2．不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語的區(qū)別
(1)不定式作表語
1)不定式作表語一般表示具體動作，特別是表示將來的動作?！?BR> To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做兩件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建議是立刻開始干。
2）如果主語是不定式（表示條件），表語也是不定式（表示結(jié)果）。
To see is to believe.百聞不如一見?！?BR> To work means to earn a living．工作就是為了生活?！?BR> 3)如果主語是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等為中心的名詞，或以what引導的名詞性從句，不定式作表語是對主語起補充說明作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不遠的將來買一輛豪華轎車。
The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant．
(2)動名詞作表語：動名詞作表語，表示抽象的一般性的行為。
Our work is serving the people．我們的工作是為人民服務(wù)?！?BR> His hobby is collecting stamps．他的愛好是集郵。
(注)動名詞作表語時與進行時態(tài)中的現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同，但其所屬結(jié)構(gòu)迥異，進行時態(tài)說明動作是由主語完成的。動名詞做表語，說明主語的性質(zhì)或情況?！?BR> People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected．
(3)分詞作表語
分詞做表語有兩種情況，一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，一種是過去分詞做表語，這兩者區(qū)別是考試中經(jīng)?？嫉降牡胤?。一般來說，表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞如excite，interest等都是及物動詞，漢語意思不是“激動”，“高興”，而是“使激動”、“使高興”，因而現(xiàn)在分詞應(yīng)該是“令人激動的”、“令人高興的”，過去分詞則是“感到激動的”和“感到高興的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。換句話說，若人對……感興趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有興趣時，就是說sb./sth. is interesting.這類詞常見的有：
interesting使人感到高興--interested感到高興的
exciting令人激動的--excited感到激動的
delighting令人高興的--delighted感到高興的
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人費解的--puzzled感到費解的
satisfying令人滿意的---satisfied感到滿意的
surprising令人驚異的--surprised感到驚異的
worrying令人擔心的--worried感到擔心的
Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲勞。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要學生學得太多，他們會感到糊涂的?！?BR> The argument is very convincing．他的論點很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news．聽到這個消息，他們非常激動?！?BR> 3．不定式和動名詞作賓語的區(qū)別
英語中大多數(shù)動詞既可跟不定式，也可跟動名詞作直接賓語，但有些動詞要求：
(1)不定式做賓語和賓語補足語
1)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓語
attempt企圖 enable能夠 neglect忽視
afford負擔得起 demand要求 long渴望
arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算
begin開始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏
appear似乎，顯得 determine決定 manage設(shè)法
cease停止 hate憎恨，厭惡 pretend假裝
ask問 dread害怕 need需要
agree同意 desire愿望 love愛
swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望
bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供
beg請求 fail不能 plan計劃
bother擾亂；煩惱 forget忘記 prefer喜歡，寧愿
care關(guān)心，喜歡 happen碰巧 prepare準備
decide決定 learn學習 regret抱歉，遺憾
choose選擇 hesitate猶豫 profess表明
claim要求 hope希望 promise，允許
start開始 undertake承接 want想要
consent同意，贊同 intend想要 refuse拒絕
decide決定 learn學習 vow起
contrive設(shè)法，圖謀 incline有…傾向 propose提議
seek找，尋覓 try試圖
2)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓補：動詞+賓語+動詞不定式
ask要求，邀請 get請，得到 prompt促使
allow允許 forbid禁止 prefer喜歡，寧愿
announce宣布 force強迫 press迫使
bride 收買 inspire鼓舞 request請求
assist協(xié)助 hate憎惡 pronounce斷定，表示
advise勸告 exhort告誡，勉勵 pray請求
authorize授權(quán)，委托 help幫助 recommend勸告，推薦
bear容忍 implore懇求 remind提醒
beg請求 induce引誘 report報告
compel強迫 invite吸引，邀請， summon傳喚
command命令 intend想要，企圖 show 顯示
drive驅(qū)趕 mean意欲，打算 train訓練
cause引起 instruct指示 require要求
deserve應(yīng)受 leave使，讓 tell告訴
direct指導 like喜歡 tempt勸誘
entitle有資格 order命令 warn告誡
enable使能夠 need需要 urge激勵，力說
encourage鼓勵 oblige不得不 want想要
condemn指責，譴責 lead引起，使得 teach教
entreat懇求 permit允許 wish希望
(2)有少數(shù)動詞只能用動名詞作賓語
acknowledge承認，自認 cease 停止 mention說到，講到
admit 承認 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜歡，討厭
advocate：提倡，主張 complete完成 dread可怕
appreciate 感激，欣賞 confess坦白 endure忍受
avoid避免 contemplate細想 enjoy享有，喜愛
bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒
can’t help不禁 delay延遲 escape逃跑，逃避
can’t stand受不了 deny否認 excuse借口
consider 考慮 detest嫌惡 fancy幻想，愛好
favor 造成，偏愛 mind 介意 repent悔悟
figure描繪，計算 miss錯過 resent怨恨
finish完成，結(jié)束不得 pardon原諒，饒恕 resist抵抗，阻止
forgive原諒 permit 允許 resume恢復
imagine設(shè)想 postpone延遲，延期 risk冒險
involve卷入，包含 practise 實行，實踐 suggest建議
hate討厭 prevent阻止 save營救，儲蓄
keep保持 quit放棄停止 stand堅持，忍受
loathe非常討厭，厭惡 recall回想
例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激兩年前給我出國學習的機會?！?BR> (3)有些動詞后使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語的差別
1）forget to do 忘記要去做某事（此事未做）
forget doing忘記做過某事（此事已做過或已發(fā)生）
2）stop to do 停止、中斷（某件事），目的是去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事
3）remember to do 記住去做某事（未做）
remember doing記得做過某事(已做)
4) regret to do對要做的事遺憾
regret doing對做過的事遺憾、后悔
5）try to do努力、企圖做某事
try doing試驗、試一試某種辦法
6) mean to do打算，有意要…
mean doing意味著
7）go on to do 繼而（去做另外一件事情）
go on doing 繼續(xù)（原先沒有做完的事情）
8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）
proposing doing建議（做某事）
9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具體行為；+doing sth 表示抽象、傾向概念
（注)如果這些動詞前有should一詞，其后賓語只跟不定式，不能跟動名詞。例如：
I should like to see him tomorrow．
10) need, want, deserve +動名詞表被動意義；+不定式被動態(tài)表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。
Don’t you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?
You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要記著是明天動身。
I don’t regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔給她講過我的想法。(已講過)
I regret to have to do this，but I have no choice．我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實在沒辦法。(未做但要做)
You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心。
Let’s try doing the work some other way．讓我們試一試用另外一種辦法來做這工作?！?BR> I didn’t mean to hurt your feeling．我沒想要傷害你的感情?！?BR> This illness will mean(your)going to hospital．得了這種病(你)就要進醫(yī)院。
【文章四】
4．不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作定語的區(qū)別
(1）不定式作定語
1)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是主謂關(guān)系
He was the last one to leave school yesterday．昨天他是后一個離開教室的。
The train to arrive was from London．將要到站的火車是從倫敦開來的?！?BR> 2)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是動賓關(guān)系
Get him something to eat．給他拿點兒東西吃?！?BR> She has a lot of work to do in the morning．早上他有很多工作要做。
3)不及物動詞構(gòu)成的不定式做定語，要加上適當?shù)慕樵~和被修飾的名詞形成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，這里的介詞不能省去。
I need a pen to write with．我需要一支筆寫字?！?BR> There is nothing to worry about．沒有什么值得發(fā)愁的?！?BR> 4)不定式修飾一些表示方向、原因、時間、機會、權(quán)利等抽象名詞如：
ability能力，本領(lǐng) drive趕，駕駛 movement運動，活動
ambition抱負，野心 effort努力，嘗試 need需要，需求
campaign戰(zhàn)役，運動 failure失敗，不及格 opportunity機會
chance機會 force力，壓力，要點 promise許諾，希望
courage勇氣 intention意向，意圖 reason理由，原因
decision決定 method方法，方式 light光，光線，亮光
determination決心，決定 motive動機，目的 struggle奮斗，努力，
tendency傾向，趨勢 wish希望，愿望，祝愿
5）被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞高級或next， second, last, only和not a，the等限定詞時候，只能用不定式。
6）不定代詞something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等習慣上用不定式做定語。
John will do anything but work on a farm．除了農(nóng)活，約翰什么都愿意干。
7）如果其動詞要求用不定式做賓語，或者其形容詞要器接不定式做補語，則相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如： tend to do---tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to do
His wish to buy a car came true．他要買輛車的愿望實現(xiàn)了?！?BR> Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us．
他們放棄這個實驗的決定使我們大吃一驚?！?BR> He is always the first to come and the last to leave．
他總是第一個到來，后一個離去?！?BR> (2)分詞作定語
分詞作定語時有下面幾個特點：
1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動意義，過去分詞一般表示被動含意?！?BR> 2)現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進行，過去分詞表示狀態(tài)或做完(完成)的事?！?BR> He rushed into the burning house．他沖進了正在燃燒著的房子?！?BR> The child standing over there is my brother．站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟?！?BR> The room facing south is our classroom．朝南的房間是我們的教室?！?BR> Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那個修好的表了嗎?
He is an advanced teacher．他是個先進教師?！?BR> 3）下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語，但不具有被動意義，這點要注意：
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come
(3)不定式和分詞作定語時的時間關(guān)系
一般來說，不定式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之后；現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生；過去分詞表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。例如:
Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?
你要見那位將從北京請來的醫(yī)生嗎？
Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?
你要見那位正在辦公室里寫病歷的醫(yī)生嗎？
5．不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別
（1）現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區(qū)別?！?BR> 現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語與過去分詞做狀語的主要區(qū)別在于兩者與所修飾的主語的主動與被動關(guān)系的區(qū)別。
1）現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時，現(xiàn)在分詞的動作就是句子主語的動作，它們之間的關(guān)系是主動關(guān)系?！?BR> He went out shutting the door behind him.
他出去后將門隨手關(guān)上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知如何辦是好，他去找父母幫忙。
2）過去分詞作狀語時，過去分詞表示的動作是句子主語承受的動作，它們之間的關(guān)系是被動關(guān)系?！?BR> Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果對這些樹多關(guān)心一些，它們本來會長得更好?！?BR> Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
在遇到困難的時候，我們必須設(shè)法克服?！?BR> (2)動詞不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別
1)分詞作狀語一般表示伴隨，而不定式常常表示目的。
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan．他們站在路邊談?wù)撝@個計劃。(伴隨)
They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan．他們站在路邊為的是談?wù)撨@個計劃。(目的)
2)分詞作狀語放在句子開頭，除表示原因之外有時表示時間或條件。動詞不定式作狀語時，除了表示目的以外，還表示結(jié)果或原因?！?BR> Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch．由于在專心讀書，他忘了吃午飯的時間。(原因)
Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before．他仔細讀書時，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些從前不知道的東西。(時間)
Reading carefully，you’ll learn something new．只要你仔細閱讀，你會學到一些新的東西。(條件)
His family was too poor to support him．他的家庭太窮，不能維持他的生活。(結(jié)果)
The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf．這男孩個子不夠高，手伸不到書架。(結(jié)果)
We are glad to hear the news．我們很高興聽到這消息。(原因)
（3）下面一些句型是不定式做狀語時候應(yīng)該注意的：
a：not/never too…to, too…not to , but/only too… to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意義
b：做結(jié)果狀語的不定式只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾，常見的不定式動詞有：find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。
c：不定式做狀語時，其邏輯主語一般為句子的主語，否則用for引導主語。
【文章五】
6．非謂語動詞?？嫉钠渌Y(jié)構(gòu)
（1)疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)
疑問詞who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語。它在句中可以用作主語、賓語、表語和雙重賓語。如：
When to start has not been decided．何時動身尚未決定。(主語)
I don’t know what to do．我不知道該怎么辦。(賓語)
The difficulty was how to cross the river．困難在于如何過河。(表語)
I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告訴你哪里可以買到此書。（雙重賓語）
（注）A.有時疑問詞前可用介詞，如：
I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。
B.動詞know 后面不能直接跟不定式作賓語，只能跟疑問詞（如：how, what）+不定式：
While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.
(2)介詞except和but作“只有…，只能…”講時跟不定式結(jié)構(gòu)（but與不帶to的不定式連用）。
When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.
(3)不帶to的不定式
1）在表示生理感覺的動詞后的不定式不帶to。這類詞有：
feel 覺得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear聽到
watch注視 listen to聽 perceive察覺，感知
notice注意 see看見 look at看 hear聽
On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.
2)另一類是某些使役動詞，如make, let，have等。如：
Let him do it.讓他做吧?！?BR> I would have you know that I am ill．我想要你知道我病了?！?BR> (注)：
①上述感覺動詞與使役動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動結(jié)構(gòu)時．其后的不定式一般需帶to，如：
He was seen to come．
The boy was made to go to bed early.
②在動詞find與help之后，不定式可帶to亦可不帶to，如:
He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season．他發(fā)現(xiàn)羊在此季節(jié)越出柵欄，感到驚訝?！?BR> 3)在do nothing／anything／everything but(except)結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：
Last night I did nothing but watch TV．昨天晚上，我除了看電視別的什么也沒有干。
但是，如果謂語動詞不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶?！?BR> The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙，其它什么都沒有說。
There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent．除了保持沉默以外，他們沒有別有別的辦法?！?BR> （4）不定式與動名詞的邏輯主語和分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)
1)不定式的邏輯主語為：for +名詞(或代詞賓格)+ 不定式。例如：
I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我發(fā)現(xiàn)他—個人干這活是不可能的?！?BR> (注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容詞后面，常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語。例如：
It was wise of him to do that．他那樣做是明智的?！?BR> 2)動名詞的邏輯主語為；①人稱代詞的所有格+動名詞；②名詞’s+動名詞。例如：
Tom insisted on my going with them．他堅持要我和他們一起去?！?BR> He dislikes his wife’s working late．他不喜歡他妻子工作得很晚?！?BR> 3)某些形容詞，如：careless等不定式后可以加of來引導出其邏輯主語。這類詞主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等
It is very kind of you to help me．你幫助我太好了?！?BR> 間或也可用for + there to be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）?！?BR> It’s a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遺憾了公司里有這么多的麻煩。
7．非謂語動詞中的有關(guān)句型
（1）動名詞作主語的句型
1）Doing...+ v. Reading is an art.閱讀是門藝術(shù)。Seeing is believing.眼見為實?！?BR> 2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名詞+doing sth.
It is no use crying.哭沒有用。It is no good objecting.反對也沒有用?！?BR> It is a great fun playing football．打籃球很有趣?！?BR> It is a waste of time trying to explain．設(shè)法解釋是浪費時間?！?BR> 3)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容詞)+ doing sth．
It is useless speaking.光說沒用?！?BR> It is nice seeing you again．真高興又遇到了你。
It is good Playing chess after supper．晚飯后弈棋挺好。
It is expensive running this car．開這種小車是浪費。
4)There is no + doing.．.(there is no 表“不可能”)
There is no telling what he is going to do．說出他要干什么是不可能的。
There is no saying what may happen.說出將要發(fā)生什么是不可能的。
5)There is no use (good/point/sense/harm)+doing sth.做某事沒用(不好/意義/重要性)
There is no use crying over spilt milk．牛奶灑了，哭也無用?！?BR> 6)have difficulty /trouble/problem + (in)+doing
have作有解時，后接情感名詞(in可省略)，再接動名詞。這類詞還有trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time.
例如：We had difficulty (in) carrying out the plan．我們執(zhí)行計劃有困難?！?BR> 7)feel like + 名詞 感覺像動名詞 “ 想要” =would like to +原形動詞
I feel like a newborn baby．我感覺像一個新生的嬰兒?！?BR> Do you feel like going to a movie?你想看電影嗎?
I don’t feel like studying tonight．今晚我不想讀書?！?BR> 8) spend/waste time doing sth.
They spent a lot time (in) making preparations．他們花了許多時間作準備?！?BR> 9)在require后只能用動名詞，不能用不定式，盡管表示被動的意思也要用動名詞的主動形式。
This problem requires studying with great care．這個問題需要仔細研究?！?BR> 10）cannot help doing sth.忍不住（做什么）
I cannot help laughing, once I see john in that big trouser.
(2)有關(guān)分詞句型
1)在表示感覺和心里狀態(tài)的動詞see，hear，feel，smell，listen(to)，notice，observe，smell，watch這類表示感覺的動詞之后常跟“賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞”的復合結(jié)構(gòu)，這種動詞與分詞之間的賓語可以是普通名詞或?qū)Ｓ忻~(人各等)，也可以是代詞賓格(him，us等)。例如：
She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising．她聞到有東西在燃燒并看到有煙升起來了?！?BR> I watched them rehearsing the play．我看他們排演戲。
I could feel the wind blowing on my face．我能感覺到風在我臉上吹過。
2)表示“致使”等意義的動詞，如：catch，find，leave，give，have，get，set后也可跟上述(1)的結(jié)構(gòu)，有時也可跟過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
I caught them stealing my apples．我抓住他們偷我的蘋果。
If she catches me reading her diary，she’ll be furious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日記，她會憤怒的。
We found him waiting to receive us．我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他正等著接待我們。
3)go +現(xiàn)在分詞表示“從事…”之意，這時現(xiàn)在分詞做主語補語。go之后所接現(xiàn)在分詞均表示短暫而又愉快的戶外活動。如：jogging慢跑，fishing釣魚，dancing跳舞，skating溜冰，bowling打保齡球，shopping 購物，sightseeing游覽，camping露營?！?BR> I’ll go camping tomorrow．我明天去露營?！?BR> I’ll go shopping．我去商店。
Would you like to go skating with me?你想和我去溜冰嗎?
4)be busy + v-ing(現(xiàn)在分詞)忙著做…
I am busy writing my thesis．我正忙著寫論文?！?BR> His assistant is busy(in) correcting papers．他的助教忙于批閱考卷?！?BR> 或者be busy with + n.忙著做某事?！?BR> He is busy with his work．他忙著工作?！?BR> 5)What do you say to + ing分詞?(……怎么樣?)
What do you say to joining us for dinner?和我們一起進餐，你看怎么樣?
（3）有關(guān)動詞不定式句型
下面這些詞組是不定式的習慣用法，只能用不定式形式?！?BR> can not help but do, can not but do, cannot choose but do, can do nothing but do, have no choice/alternative to do
When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.
(4)there be的非謂語形式
there be非謂語形式可在句中作主語、賓語、狀語和定語。(其中作賓語和狀語在1991年和1994年測試過，定語見1996年題10。)
The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams．(作賓語如1991年題30)
1)作動詞賓語時，通常用there to be結(jié)構(gòu)，而不用there being。能這樣用的及物動詞為：expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等，如：
We don’t want there to be any comrades lagging behind，我們不希望有任何同志掉隊?！?BR> They hate there to be long queues everywhere.他們不愿意處處都要排長隊。
We have no objection to there being a meeting here．我們并不反對在這里開會。
It isn’t enough for there to be a frost tonight，so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely．(作狀語)
2)作狀語多用there being結(jié)構(gòu)，但若置于介詞之后，for用there to be整個介詞短語作程度狀語，其它多半用there being。
There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself．由于附近沒有人，我只得獨自干了。(原因狀語)
It’s too early for there to be anybody up．太早了，還不會有人起床。(作程度狀語)
There having been no rain for a long time，the ground was very dry．因為好長時間沒下雨了，地面非常干燥。(原因狀語)
3)作主語時兩種結(jié)構(gòu)都可以，但如是用for引導則要用there to be?！?BR> It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young．老人與年青人之間存在著溝通問題是很常見的。
There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers．幼兒園在校園內(nèi)對女教師十分方便。
4)作定語。 There be結(jié)構(gòu)作定語時，定語從句中謂語為there be，there之前的關(guān)系代詞常常省略。如：
This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanking．這是到南京的快一班車?！?BR> I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people．我要充分利用我剩下的歲月盡量為人民多做些事。
【文章六】
目標測試
1．______in the matriculation for postgraduate in a short time is really a hard nut．
A．To make high scores
B．Making high scores
C．To make low goal
D．Making low goal
2．I found ________ to answer all the questions within the time given．
A．no possibility
B．there was impossibility
C．impossible
D．it impossible
3．The students expected there _____ more reviewing classes before the final exams．
A．is
B．being
C．have been
D．to be
4．You’re going to England next year． You should now practise ______English as much as possible．
A．speak
B．to speak
C．speaking
D．Speak about
5．If we don’t start out now, we must risk ______ the train．
A．miss
B．missing
C．being missed
D．to miss
6． The flexibility of film allows the artist _______ unstrained imagination to the animation of cartoon characters．
A．to bring
B．brining
C．is brought
D．brings
7．Although the lecture had already been on for five minutes，I still was not able to find a chair____．
A．to sit
B．for to sit on
C．to sit on
D．for sitting
8． Surely her daughter would make an even bigger effort ______ her?
A．please
B．pleased
C．to please
D．having pleased
9．Lots of empty boots were found under the old man’s be
D．He must have done nothing but ______．
A．drink
B．to drink
C．drinking
D．drunk
10．The local health organization is reported ___ twenty-five years age when Dr． Adudon became its first president．
A．to be set up
B．being set up
C．to have been set up
D．having been set up
11．I heard him __the door
A．locking
B．to lock
C．lock
D．being locking
12．He does nothing but___
A．complaining
B．to complaining
C．complain
D．to complain
13．The students expected there___ more reviewing classes before the final exam．
A．is
B．being
C．have been
D．to be
14． The bank is reported in the local newspaper ___ in broad daylight yesterday．
A．to be robbed
B．robbed
C．to have been robbed
D．having been robbed
15．I appreciated ______the opportunity to study abroad two years ago．
A．having been given
B．having been
C．to have been given
D．to have given
16．There is no point ___further．
A．a(chǎn)rgue
B．to argue
C．a(chǎn)rguing
D．being arguing
17．Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always ___with other elements, most commonly with oxygen．
A．combined
B．having combined
C．combine
D．being combined
18．They stopped ___, but now I’m getting intereste D．
A．listening
B．to listen
C．listen
D．having listening
19．I am sorry to hear that you resorted ___
A．to cheat
B．to cheating
C．cheating
D．cheat
20．He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ___ insufficiently popular with all members．
A．being considered
B．considering．
C．to be considered
D．having considered
21．___of the burden of ice , the balloon climber up and drifted to the South．
A．To be free
B．Freeing
C．To free
D．Freed
22．___exceptions, the rule may stan D．
A．Allow for
B．Allowing for
C．To allow
D．To allow for
23．All flights___ because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train．
A．were canceled
B．had been canceled
C．having canceled
D．having been canceled
24．John painted her sitting in a chair with her hands ___
A．folding
B．to have folded
C．to fold
D．folded
25．It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes ___place in our ever-changing worl D．
A．taking
B．to take
C．take
D．taken
26．I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time __the last bus．
A．to have caught
B．to catch
C．catching
D．having caught
27．I have got a loaf of bread ; now I’m looking for a knife____．
A．to cut it with
B．to cut with it
C．with it to cut
D．it to cut with
28．The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was ___large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior．
A．to provide
B．providing
C．having providing
D．provide
29．His victory in the final was no more ____than I had expecte D．
A．convincing
B．convinced
C．to convince
D．being convincing
30．I recommend you ___ what he says．
A．do
B．doing
C．to do
D．to doing
31．How about ____ there?
A．to go
B．go
C．going
D．to going
32．He is an ___teacher．
A．a(chǎn)dvancing
B．a(chǎn)dvanced
C．being advancing
D．a(chǎn)dvance
33．The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, that man ___prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century
A．was
B．being
C．is
D．having been
34．I have no idea of ___it．
21．___of the burden of ice , the balloon climber up and drifted to the South．
A．To be free
B．Freeing
C．To free
D．Freed
22．___exceptions, the rule may stan
D．
A．Allow for
B．Allowing for
C．To allow
D．To allow for
23．All flights___ because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train．
A．were canceled
B．had been canceled
C．having canceled
D．having been canceled
24．John painted her sitting in a chair with her hands ___
A．folding
B．to have folded
C．to fold
D．folded
25．It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes ___place in our ever-changing worl D．
A．taking
B．to take
C．take
D．taken
26．I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time __the last bus．
A．to have caught
B．to catch
C．catching
D．having caught
27．I have got a loaf of bread ; now I’m looking for a knife____．
A．to cut it with
B．to cut with it
C．with it to cut
D．it to cut with
28．The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was ___large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior．
A．to provide
B．providing
C．having providing
D．provide
29．His victory in the final was no more ____than I had expecte D．
A．convincing
B．convinced
C．to convince
D．being convincing
30．I recommend you ___ what he says．
A．do
B．doing
C．to do
D．to doing
31．How about ____ there?
A．to go
B．go
C．going
D．to going
32．He is an ___teacher．
A．a(chǎn)dvancing
B．a(chǎn)dvanced
C．being advancing
D．a(chǎn)dvance
33The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, that man ___prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century．
A．was
B．being
C．is
D．having been
【文章七】
虛擬語氣歸納和練習
虛擬語氣的重點是：
1．一些常見的虛擬語氣的句型或結(jié)構(gòu)?！?BR> 2．虛擬語氣的特殊形式，即用來表示要求、建議、命令、提議、意愿等的主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬形式。
3．主從句表示不同的時間概念、事實或假設(shè)情況，從而交錯成為復合虛擬語氣?！?BR> 4．含蓄條件句中的虛擬語氣的表示愿望的虛擬形式?！?BR> 上述四個要點往往在完形填空或者閱讀理解里面存在，尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直接考這方面的知識的題目，而在閱讀理解里，我們掌握上述四個重點對于我們理解文章的大意和作者態(tài)度很有幫助，了解哪些觀點是作者假設(shè)的、虛擬的，哪些是真實的，這樣對于我們回答關(guān)于作者態(tài)度觀點題很有幫助。
下面我們將主要從上述四個方面來重點論述在考試中應(yīng)該注意的問題?！?BR> 一、虛擬語氣的常見類型和句型
（1）由wish引起的表示愿望的虛擬語氣
A．用wish表示對現(xiàn)在的愿望時，它所引起的賓語從句中謂語動詞形式為：過去式（be動詞用were）?！?BR> B．用wish表示對將來的愿望時，它所引起的賓語從句中謂語動詞形式為：would, could, might+ 動詞原形?！?BR> C．wish用于對過去的事實表示一種不可能實現(xiàn)的愿望時，賓語從句中的謂語動詞形式為：had+動詞過去分詞或could, would + have +動詞過去分詞。
The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it.
---“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.”
---“That’s all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.”
I wish that he weren’t so lazy.
(2)had hoped引起的賓語從句中備用語動詞形式為would+動詞原形，表示一種過去未實現(xiàn)的愿望或令人失望的事。
His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later.
(3)would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner和would prefer所引起的從句中要求用過去式表示當時或?qū)淼那闆r，用過去完成時表示過去的情況，表示希望或婉轉(zhuǎn)的責備。例如：
I’d rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把這封信立刻寄出去?！?BR> I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那兒可得太久?！?BR> I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把這本書還了?！?BR> （4）It’s (high, about) time that 句型中that從句中要求用虛擬語氣形式，即動詞要用過去式?！?BR> It’s time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown.
It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.現(xiàn)在是我們該結(jié)束講座的時候了?！?BR> （5）as, 或者whether…or…謂語多用be的原形，引導讓步虛擬從句，這種用法通常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：
Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
（6）由連接詞in case, so that ,unless, lest ,for fear that引起的狀語從句中，謂語動詞要用虛擬形式，即should(might, would)+動詞原形，例如：
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那個嬰兒身上蓋上了毯子以免他著涼?！?BR> The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.
(7) if it were not for…與現(xiàn)在事實相反， if it had not been for與過去事實相反，兩個都相當于but for：
If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded.
(8) 虛擬語氣用于as if（though）引起的方式狀語從句和表語從句中，其動詞形式與wish賓語從句的形式相同。例如：She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常發(fā)出發(fā)自內(nèi)心的微笑，而且她那美好的情緒像天上一道明亮的陽光一樣，常常流露出來?！?BR> They talked as if they had been friends for years.他們交談著，就好像他們是我年的老朋友一樣。
She looks as if she would cry.她看起來好像要哭了。
(9)其它各種句型, as though, suppose, had rather, supposing, if only等等
If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.
二、特殊形式的虛擬語氣
虛擬語氣的特殊形式，即用來表示要求、建議、命令、提議、意愿等的主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬形式，其虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成往往是由should(可省略)+動詞原形that從句。
A、 用于表示意愿、建議、命令、提議、請求等動詞后的that賓語從句中，這類動詞有：
ask要求 advise建議 arrange安排 beg請求
command命令 decide決定 demand要求 desire渴望
determine決定 insist堅持 intend打算 maintain堅持主張
move建議，動員 propose提議 object反對 order命令
prefer建議 require 需要 request要求 resolve下決心
recommend推薦 suggest建議 stipulate約定，規(guī)定 urge強調(diào)，促進
vote公認，提議 decree頒布（法令） pray請求
注意：這類動詞后面除了可接that虛擬句以外，也可以接doing或者to do…來表達，一般情況下，意思沒有什么差別。
She advised that we should keep the gate locked.（書面體）
She advised us to keep the gate locked.（口語）
She advised keeping the gate locked.(較隨便)
B、用于It is+形容詞或過去分詞+主語從句中，這類形容詞或分詞有：
advisable合理的 decided決定的 crucial關(guān)鍵的 appropriate恰當?shù)摹?BR> determined決定的 commanded命令的 arranged安排的 essential緊要的，基本的
complied遵照 anxious焦急的 imperative迫切的 important重要的
desirable合意的 better較好的，更好 insistent堅持的 desired想要
asked請求 keen渴望的 incredible難以置信的 adamant堅定不移的
natural自然的 insisted堅持 necessary必要的 suggested建議
urgent緊迫的 ordered命令 shocked震驚的 vital極其重要的
possible可能的 strange 奇怪的 preferable （好一點） proposed提議
requested要求的 required要求的 recommended推薦 resolved決定的
probable（可能的） pity可惜，憾事 shame遺憾
注意：這類形容詞后面除了可接that虛擬句以外，也可以for…to do…
來表達，一般情況下，意思沒有什么差別?！?BR> It is essential that he should be prepared for this.
It is essential for him to be prepared for this.
C．用于由表示建議、要求、命令、請示等含義的名詞引導的表語從句和同位語從句中，這類名詞常見的有：
advice忠告 decision決定 demand要求 desire要求、愿望
insistence堅持 motion提議 necessity必要性 order命令
preference偏愛 proposal提議 pray懇求 recommendation推薦
request要求 requirement要求 resolution決心 suggestion勸告、忠告
例如：
This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.這是他們的決議：要使得課外活動成為他們學校生活的一部分?！?BR> The motion that the remark of the last speaker be expunged from the record.該提議要求把后一個發(fā)言的人的講話從記錄上除掉。
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三、混合虛擬語氣
有時主句和從句的謂語動詞指不同的時間，這時需要用混合虛擬語氣。一般來說，在這種情況下，主從句謂語動詞指代的時間不同，所以我們又可以錯綜時間條件句，在這種虛擬情況，動詞形式應(yīng)根據(jù)實際情況靈活使用，在做這些題目時候尤其要注意每道題目的提示語：時間狀語。絕大多數(shù)情況下，從句或者主句都有相關(guān)的時間狀語，這是我解題的關(guān)鍵?！?BR> If you that late movie last night, you wouldn’t be so sleepy.
A. haven’t watched
B. didn’t watch
C. hadn’t watched
D. wouldn’t have watched 答案選C?！?BR> Many dead would now be alive if they have not attempted to return for something.
Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.
混合虛擬語氣還有一種情況就是事實和虛擬假設(shè)的混合句，這樣的句子不僅僅是時間的不同，而重要是事實和假設(shè)的混合?！?BR> I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.
該句前半部分是假設(shè)虛擬，而后半部分是事實的陳述?！?BR> Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.
該句前半句用的是假設(shè)虛擬，后半句主句也用的是假設(shè)虛擬（如果你去并且解釋的話），但是后半句的從句用的是事實語氣，因為“父母病了”是客觀事實，故不需要用虛擬形式had been?！?BR> 四、含蓄虛擬條件句
含蓄條件句是指句中沒有明顯的虛擬條件句，而是利用其他手段來暗示存在虛擬條件。但是這類隱含式虛擬條件句往往都可以轉(zhuǎn)化為if引導的條件句。常來表示含蓄虛擬條件的手段有：
（1）介詞或介詞短語，如but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition等。
the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.=If there hadn’t been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.
A. In spite of
B. But for
C. Because of
D. As for 答案選B?！?BR> But that she was afraid, she would have said no.
(2)連詞，如：so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided(倘若……)，for fear that(唯恐)，in order that, on condition that, if only(要是……就好了)等?！?BR> She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he wante
D.=if she listened carefully ,she might discover exactly what he wante
D.
If only I had more money, I could buy a car.
(注：lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的從句中謂語動詞多用should+動詞原形，但可以不用虛擬語氣，而用動詞的陳述語氣形式。)例如：
The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him. 這位外籍教師說得很慢以免我們聽不懂?！?BR> Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.在使用此法時要小心謹慎，以免會發(fā)生溢流現(xiàn)象?！?BR> （3）通過上下文及內(nèi)在含義，句中往往有but, otherwise, unfortunately等類似轉(zhuǎn)折詞?！?BR> I thought the children when we returned home, but they were still awake.
A. were sleeping
B. would be sleeping
C. had been sleeping
D. would sleep選擇 B。
(4)形容詞及其比較級
A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes.
A less conscientious man wouldn’t have tried so hard to get this job done.
(5)分詞短語
Having known in time, we might have prevented the accident.
Born ten days earlier, the boy could have seen his late father.
(6)動詞不定式短語。一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或 was/were+不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished/+不定式一般式表示虛擬?！?BR> I intended I should call on you, but I was busy at that time.
To hear him speak French, you would take him for an Englishman.
She would be stupid not to accept his invitation.
It would be easier to do it this way.
(7)名詞短語和名詞+and結(jié)構(gòu)
A judicious man would not have committed suicide.
A diligent student would have worked harder.
(8)獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
All things considered, the price would be reasonable.
(9)定語從句
Anyone who had been in your position would have done the same.
A nation, which stopped working, would be dead in a fortnight.
(10)情態(tài)動詞完成式暗示虛擬語氣：
I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t.
The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.
(11)動詞原形表示虛擬
動詞原形直接用在句子中也被看作是一種虛擬，常見于正式文體中，動詞原形一般用在條件從句中，有時倒裝置于句首，同時這種用法也常見于獨立句中表達愿望?！?BR> God bless you!
All magnets behave the same, be they large or small.
She’ll be sixteen years odd, com May.(come May =when May come).
If that be so, we shall take action at once