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【一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)】
1.構(gòu)成：使用動(dòng)詞原形，第三人稱單數(shù)須有變化。 (1)直接加“s”，works，takes (2)以輔音加“y”結(jié)尾，變“y”為“i”，再加“es” carry → carries (3)以“o, s, x, ch, sh”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞加“es” goes dresses watches brushes 2.功能： (1)表現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)、狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作： eg: ►. Birds fly. ►. She loves music. ►. Mary's parents get up very early. (2)表習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作或職業(yè)，常與often，sometimes，usually，always，every week，seldom，occasionally，frequently等時(shí)間副詞連用。 eg: ►. I always take a walk after supper. ►. She writes to me very often. ►. Tom and his girlfriend go out to take a picnic occasionally. (3)表客觀真理，格言警句或事實(shí)： ►. The earth moves round the sun. ►. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. ►. Two and two makes four. ►. No man but errs. 人非圣賢，熟能無(wú)過(guò)。 (4)表將來(lái)： A.在由when，after, before，as，as soon as，although，because，if，even if，in case，till，until，unless， so long as，where，whatever，wherever 等引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 (黃金重點(diǎn)，所有考試都不放過(guò)它!) 例如： ►. I'll tell her when shecomes tomorrow. ►. Even ifit rains this afternoon, I'll meet you. ►. Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed. (不錯(cuò)的句型，背下!!) ►. I'll be right here waiting for you wherever you go.(很感人的句型!) B.按時(shí)間表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事件，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表達(dá)將來(lái)時(shí)概念。 ►. The play begins at 6:30 this evening. ►. When does the plane take off? ►. He leaves for that city next week. ►. According to the timetable, the express train to Shanghai starts at nine in the morning. (按照時(shí)刻表，開(kāi)往上海的特快列車早上 7 點(diǎn)出發(fā)。)
【分詞】
1.分詞的性質(zhì)：
具有形容詞性質(zhì)，可以在句中擔(dān)任表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、賓補(bǔ)、狀語(yǔ)，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，且動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行：過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)，或動(dòng)作已完成。
2.分詞的形式：
例： write (vt) rise (vi)
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 主動(dòng) 過(guò)去分詞
時(shí)態(tài)
現(xiàn)在時(shí) writing being written rising risen /
完成時(shí) having written having been written having risen /
3.分詞的用法：
(1)定語(yǔ) 分詞置于被修飾名詞前
分詞短語(yǔ)于置于被修飾名詞后
a sleeping baby = a baby who is sleeping
a running dog = a dog which is running
a broken glass = a glass which is broken
a beaten team = a team which is beaten(beaten 是被打敗的意思)
This is the problem discussed at the last meeting.
The problem being discussed is very important.
(2)表語(yǔ)：The book is interesting.
He is interested in the book.
The news is exciting.
He feels excited.
(3)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：
When I woke up, I found my mother sitting beside me.
I'd like to havethis package weighed.
掌握精髓：動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程，而現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行;過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)概念。
(4)狀語(yǔ)：(以下例句值得一背!)
① If you turn to the left, you'll find the station.
→ Turning to the left, you'll find the station.
?、?As I didn't receive her letter, I called her up by telephone.
→ Not receiving her letter, I called her up by telephone.
?、?While I was walking to school yesterday morning, I met a friend.
→ Walking to school yesterday morning, I met a friend.
?、?When she was asked it she had any bad habit, she answeredthat she was a heavy smoker.
→ Asked if she had any bad habit, she answered that she was a heavy smoker.
你知道嗎?注意：在運(yùn)用此類句型時(shí)主語(yǔ)前后要保持一致。
?、?Whenschool was over, the boys went home.
→ Being over, the boys went home. ×
School being over, the boys went home. √
?、?As my homework has been done, I have nothing else to do.
→ My homework having been done, I have nothing else to do.
?、?Ifweather permits, I'll start tomorrow.
→ Weather permitting, I'll start tomorrow.
?、?I fwe judge from his face, he must be ill.
→ Judging from his face, he must be ill.(這里應(yīng)該是 we judging ...，但若主語(yǔ)是we, one, you表示“一般人”，主語(yǔ)可省略)
實(shí)際上，這里涉及到獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)問(wèn)題，以后在作分解!
4.分詞的時(shí)態(tài)：
現(xiàn)在分詞一般時(shí)表示此動(dòng)作與主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生。
現(xiàn)在分詞完成時(shí)表示此動(dòng)作在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生。
Entering the room, hesaw he. (幾乎同時(shí))
Not having tried his best, he failed in the exam. (分詞動(dòng)作在前)
5.語(yǔ)態(tài)：現(xiàn)在分詞一般時(shí)被動(dòng)表動(dòng)作正在被進(jìn)行，完成時(shí)被動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞所表示的動(dòng)作先被完成。
The ships being loaded and unloaded belong to us.
Having been warned of typhoon, the fishermen sailed for the nearest harbor.(漁民先被告知而后駛向港口)
【并列句】
知識(shí)要點(diǎn)：
1. 并列句定義：由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句并列連接起來(lái)的句子叫并列句。
2. 并列句的基本句型：簡(jiǎn)單句 + 并列連詞 + 簡(jiǎn)單句
3. 并列句的類型：
1) 并列關(guān)系(聯(lián)合關(guān)系)。連接詞：and, not only…but (also), neither…nor等
例句：I help him and he helps me. 我?guī)椭?，他也幫助我? Not only did we write to her but also we telegraphedher.
我們不僅給她寫(xiě)信而且還給她發(fā)了電報(bào)。
Neither I would consulthim nor he would ask me for advice.
我不想與他商量，他也不會(huì)征求我的意見(jiàn)。
2) 轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。連接詞：but, yet, still, while, however, when等
例句：He failed many times, but he didn’t despair.
他失敗多次但并沒(méi)有氣餒。
She has difficulty in learning English, however, she works hard and is making rapid progress.
她學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)有困難，然后她學(xué)習(xí)努力，進(jìn)步很快。
3) 選擇關(guān)系。連接詞：or, otherwise or else, either…or
例句：We must hurry, or we’ll miss the train.
我們必須快點(diǎn)，否則會(huì)趕不上火車。
Either you come to my place or I go to yours.
或者你到我這兒來(lái)，或者我到你那去。
4) 因果關(guān)系。連接詞：for, so, thus, therefore, and so
例句：We had better stay at home, for it was raining.
我們好呆在家里，因?yàn)樘煺谙掠辍? He didn’t work hard, therefore he failed in the examination.
他學(xué)習(xí)不努力，因此這次考試不及格。
有時(shí)也可不用連詞，而用逗號(hào)，分號(hào)或冒號(hào)。如：
Hurry up, it’s getting dark.
快點(diǎn)，天要黑了。
Let’s start early, we have a long way to go.
我們要早動(dòng)身，因?yàn)槁泛苓h(yuǎn)。
注意：
(1) yet和still是連接副詞，也叫半連接詞。它們是副詞。又起連接作用，但不如and, but, or等強(qiáng)，用了yet或still，前面還可加and或but。
He is tired, (but) still he will make another experiment. 他很累，但他仍然要做另一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)。
I got up very early, (and) yet I failed to catch the first bus. 我起得很早，然而還是沒(méi)有趕上頭班車。
(2) while意義相當(dāng)于at the same time表示相反和對(duì)照，常用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)意義對(duì)立的分句。
I like football, while my sister likes basketball. 我喜歡足球，而我姐姐喜歡籃球。
when = and then, just then或at that time, during the time.
We were ready to rush away, when the snake moved. 我們正準(zhǔn)備離開(kāi)，這時(shí)蛇移動(dòng)了。
while和when作為并列連詞使用時(shí)常是放在第二個(gè)分句前邊，并有逗號(hào)和第一分句隔開(kāi)。
(3) for表示附加或推斷的理由、原因。therefore比so更正式，and so比較口語(yǔ)化。
專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練： 1.Some are reading magazines，______ others are playing cards.
A.or B.for C.so D.while
2.We must get up early tomorrow.______ we’ll miss the first bus to the Great Wall.
A.so B.or C.but D.however
3.——I don’t like chicken ______ fish.
——I don’t like chicken，______ I like fish very much.
A.and， and B.and， but C.or， and D.or， but
4.We want ______ high speed ______ good quality.
A.both， and B.either， or C.neither， nor D.not， but also
5.In spring it is ______ hot ______ cold here.
A.both， and B.either， or C.neither， nor D.not only， but
6.______ does he writes well， ______ he also speaks well.
A.Not only， but B.Not， but C.Either， or D.Both， and
7.Use your head， ______ you’ll work it out.
A.so B.or C.and D.for
8.I want to buy the jacket， ______ I have not enough money with me.
A.but B.so C.or D.for
9.______ you ______ I am going to help Tom.
A. Either， or B. Not， but C.Not only， and D.Each， and
10.The soldier was wounded， ______ he pushed on.
A.for B.and C.so D.yet
(后設(shè)答案，大家不要偷看哦～(^__^) 嘻嘻……)
KEYS：
1.D 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.A 9.A 10.D