努力的苦讀，把你的實力全部發(fā)揮，所有關愛著你的人，都會為你祝福、祈禱，努力備考，相信你會考出滿意的成績，榜上有名考入理想院校！以下是為大家整理的《2018考博英語閱讀經(jīng)濟學人文章精析：奇特的傳粉方式》 供您查閱。
Summoned by screams
“求救”的陷阱
The ways plants attract pollinators can be strange indeed
一種奇特的傳粉方式
Oct 8th 2016 | From the print edition
2016年10月8日 | 來自印刷版
Pollinator n. 傳粉昆蟲
Come into my parlour
“請君入甕”
THE botanical kingdom is rife with deceivers. Carrion flowers mimic the smell of rotten meat in order to attract scavenging beetles and flies and then cover them in pollen. Passion vines, beloved by some butterflies as food for their caterpillars, have yellow spots on their leaves that make them look as if they have already had an egg-laying visit from a gravid female. And numerous carnivorous plants lure insects with sweet odours, only to devour them. Now Stefan Dötterl and Annemarie Heiduk, of the Universities of Salzburg and Bayreuth respectively, think they have uncovered yet another form of deception. As they describe in Current Biology, a vegetable called the parachute plant uses chemical signals to trick carnivorous flies into believing the insects those flies prey on are lying wounded inside it.
植物王國里充斥著“欺騙”。腐肉花散發(fā)腐肉的氣味吸引嗜腐甲蟲和蒼蠅，使它們沾上花粉。西番蓮是一些蝴蝶幼蟲非常喜愛的食物，它的葉子上帶有黃色的斑點，看起來就像是雌蟲產(chǎn)下的卵。此外，還有大量的食蟲植物散發(fā)出香甜的氣味引誘昆蟲，只為了吞噬它們。薩爾茨堡大學和拜羅伊特大學的StefanDötterl和Annemarie Heiduk認為他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了另一種形式的“欺騙”。近日，他們在發(fā)布在《當代生物學》上的文章中稱，一種名為醉龍的傘狀植物，可通過釋放化學信號引誘食肉蒼蠅，讓它們“心甘情愿”上鉤。
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Parlour n. 客廳
Botanical adj. 植物學的
Rife with 充斥著
Deceiver n. 欺人者
Pollen n. 花粉
Caterpillar n. 毛蟲
Odours n. 氣味
parachute plant 醉龍(一種蠅媒花)
At first sight parachute plants, which have cone-shaped flowers (see picture) decorated inside with needlelike inward-pointing hairs, look as though they might be carnivorous themselves. They are not, though they come close to it. Insects that enter a parachute-plant flower fall into a pit of pollen and cannot escape past the needle-hairs until the flower begins to wilt—by which time they are thoroughly covered in the stuff.
醉龍錐形的花上長有像針一樣指向內(nèi)部的纖毛(如圖所示)。雖然醉龍長得很像食肉植物，但并非如此。被吸引進入到花朵內(nèi)的昆蟲會落入花粉坑，直到花開至荼靡才能越過纖毛逃出去，而那時它們已經(jīng)渾身裹滿醉龍的花粉了。
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cone-shaped 錐形的
wilt v.(使)枯萎
That raises the question of why those insects go inside in the first place, for parachute-plant flowers do not smell of any of the conventional odours, sweet or rank, that plants employ to attract attention. To answer that, the two researchers asked themselves two other questions: exactly which insects do parachute flowers attract and what volatile chemicals, if any, do those flowers produce?
這令人不由感到好奇：醉龍的花傘并沒有像其他花朵一樣散發(fā)香甜或惡臭的氣味去吸引昆蟲的注意，那這些昆蟲為什么會被吸引入花內(nèi)呢?為了搞清這個問題，StefanDötterl和Annemarie Heiduk進一步提出了兩個問題：究竟是哪些昆蟲會受到醉龍的吸引?如果醉龍只吸引特定昆蟲，那么散發(fā)的又是哪種化學物質(zhì)呢?
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Rank：n.等級 adj.討厭的;惡臭的
Volatile：adj. 不穩(wěn)定的;反復無常的 n.揮發(fā)物
By collecting the victims of many wild parachute plants Dr Dötterl and Ms Heiduk discovered that most of the trapped insects were flies of the genus Desmometopa, a group with a predilection for sucking up vital fluids that leak out of honey bees as their bodies are pierced by the fangs of spiders. Meanwhile, collecting chemicals given off by the flowers and running them through a gas chromatograph showed a combination of four molecules—2-heptanone, geraniol, 2-nonanol and (E)-2-octenyl acetate—previously unknown in plants. When Dr Dötterl and Ms Heiduk caught some foraging bees, stuck them in test tubes and poked them with the tip of a glass pipette to mimic a spider attack, the bees produced exactly these four compounds. And when the two researchers set traps containing the four chemicals out in the wild, they instantly attracted a goodly haul of Desmometopa.
通過收集許多野生醉龍的獵物后， Dötterl博士和Ms Heiduk 博士發(fā)現(xiàn)大多數(shù)被困的昆蟲都是塞氏紋額葉蠅屬的，它們以吸食被蜘蛛的毒牙刺穿的蜜蜂所滲出的蜂蜜為生。同時，兩位博士通過收集花朵上的化學物質(zhì)并利用氣相色譜儀分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)它由四種分子所組成： 2-庚酮，香葉醇，2 -壬醇以及(E)-2辛烯基-醋酸，而這四種物質(zhì)之前從未出現(xiàn)在植物中。Dötterl博士和Ms Heiduk 博士捕捉了一些正在捕食的蜜蜂，將它們放入試管并用玻璃吸管的尖端觸碰它們來模仿蜘蛛的攻擊，然后這些蜜蜂就會產(chǎn)生這四種化合物。當兩位研究員在野外利用這四種化學物質(zhì)設計了一個陷阱，立刻就吸引了一大批的塞氏紋額葉蠅。
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Victim: n.受害者
Predilection：n.偏好
suck up：吸收
Forage: v.捕食
An examination of past apiological research showed that the compounds in question are already known to students of bees. The insects’ mandible glands produce 2-heptanone when they are attempting to bite predators, and this chemical has a debilitating effect on such threats to the hive as predatory moth larvae and mites. The other three compounds, meanwhile, are signal molecules released by bees fighting for their lives, to notify colony members of the danger. Together, then, these four substances are a good indication of a honey bee in the sort of trouble that is a dinner gong to Desmometopa. That parachute plants have evolved to mimic this gong is yet another example of the deceptive power of plants.
這四種化合物早在過去的蜂科研究中就已經(jīng)被大家所熟知。期待您的翻譯。此外另外三種化合物是當蜜蜂遇到危險時，通知同伴而釋放的信號分子。當這四種化學物質(zhì)同時釋放就表明蜜蜂遇到了麻煩，比如即將成為一只塞氏紋額葉蠅的晚餐。醉龍釋放這些化合物來吸引塞氏紋額葉蠅，成為了植物具有欺騙力的另一證據(jù)。
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Predator: n.掠奪者
Debilitate: v.使...衰弱
Hive：n. 蜂巢