為了方便同學(xué)們的學(xué)習(xí)，為大家整理了新概念英語第四冊(cè)學(xué)習(xí)手冊(cè)，新概念英語作為一套世界聞名的英語教程，以其全新的教學(xué)理念，有趣的課文內(nèi)容和全面的技能訓(xùn)練，深受廣大英語學(xué)習(xí)者的歡迎和喜愛。希望以下內(nèi)容能夠?yàn)榇蠹业男赂拍钣⒄Z學(xué)習(xí)提供幫助!
Lesson 13
The search for oil
探尋石油
What do oilmen want to achieve as soon as they strike oil?
The deepest holes of all made for oil, and they go down to as much as 25,0000 feet. Butwe not need to send men down to get the oil our, as we must with other mineral deposits. Theholes are only borings, less than a foot in diameter. My particular experience is largely inoil, and the search for oil has done more to improve deep drilling than any other miningactivity. When is has been decided where we are going to drill, we put up at the surface anoil derrick. It has to be tall because it is like a giant block and tackle, and we have tolower into the ground and haul out of the ground great lengths of drill pipe which arerotated by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom.The geologist needs to know what rocks the drill has reached, so every so often a sampleis obtained with a coring bit. It cuts a clean cylinder of rock, from which can be seen thestrata the drill has been cutting through. Once we get down to the oil, it usually flows tothe surface because great pressure, either from or water, is pushing it. This pressure mustbe under control, and we control it by means of the mud which we circulate down the drillpipe. We endeavour to avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher, which wastes oil and gas. Wewant it to stay down the hole until we can lead it off in a controlled manner.T.F.GASKELL The Search for the Earth's Minerals from Discovery
New words and expressions 生詞和短語
mineral
adj. 礦物的
boring
n. 鉆孔
derrick
n. 井架
block and tackle
滑輪組
haul
v. 拖，拉
rotate
v. 使轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)
cutting bit
鉆頭
geologist
n. 地質(zhì)學(xué)家
coring
取芯鉆頭
cylinder
n. 圓柱體
strata
n. 巖層[復(fù)]([單]stratum或strata [誤用])
circulate
v. 注入，環(huán)流
gusher
n. 噴油井
參考譯文
在所有洞穴中，為尋找石油所鉆出的洞是深的，這些洞可深達(dá)25,000英尺。但是，我們不必像開采其他礦藏那樣，把人送到地下去把石油取出。這些洞只不過是一些鉆孔，直徑不到1英尺。我是專門搞石油的，尋找石油比其他任何采礦業(yè)對(duì)改進(jìn)鉆探作的貢獻(xiàn)都要大。當(dāng)確定鉆孔地點(diǎn)后，我們就在那里豎起一個(gè)井架。井架必須很高，因?yàn)樗褚粋€(gè)巨型滑輪組。我們必須把很長(zhǎng)的鉆桿一節(jié)節(jié)地鉆入地下，然后再?gòu)?/span>地下拉出來。鉆桿頂部安裝的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)帶動(dòng)鉆桿旋轉(zhuǎn)，它的底部裝有鉆頭。地質(zhì)學(xué)家需要知道鉆頭已以到達(dá)什么樣的巖層，因此時(shí)常要用芯鉆頭取樣。這種鉆頭能切割一段光滑的圓柱形巖石，從中能看出所鉆透的地層。一旦到達(dá)油層，石油就會(huì)由于地下巨大的壓力流到地面上來，這種巨大的壓力來自地下天然氣或水。這種壓力必須加以控制，我們讓泥槳順著鉆桿向下循環(huán)，用這種方法來控制壓力。我們盡量避免使用陳舊天真的噴井方法，那樣會(huì)浪費(fèi)石油和天然氣。我們要讓石油留在井下，直到我們能用一種有控制的方法把它引上來為止。
Lesson 14
The Butterfly Effect
蝴蝶效應(yīng)
Why do small errors make it impossible to predict the weather system with a high degree of accuracy?
Beyond two or three days, the world's best weather forecasts are speculative, and beyond six or seven they are worthless.
The Butterfly Effect is the reason. For small pieces of weather -- and to a global forecaster, small can mean thunderstorms and blizzards -- any prediction deteriorates rapidly. Errors and uncertainties multiply, cascading upward through a chain of turbulent features, from dust devils and squalls up to continent-size eddies that only satellites can see.
The modern weather models work with a grid of points of the order of sixty miles apart, and even so, some starting data has to guessed, since ground stations and satellites cannot see everywhere. But suppose the earth could be covered with sensors spaced one foot apart, rising at one-foot intervals all the way to the top of the atmosphere. Suppose every sensor gives perfectly accurate readings of temperature, pressure, humidity, and any other quantity a meteorologist would want. Precisely at noon an infinitely powerful computer takes all the data and calculates what will happen at each point at 12.01, then 1202, then 12.03...
The computer will still be unable to predict whether Princeton, New Jersey, will have sun or rain on a day one month away. At noon the spaces between the sensors will hide fluctuations that the computer will not know about, tiny deviations from the average. By 12.01, those fluctuations will already have created small errors one foot away. Soon the errors will have multiplied to the ten-foot scale, and so on up to the size of the globe.
JAMES GLEICK, Chaos
New words and expressions 生詞和短語
forecast
n. 預(yù)報(bào)
speculative
adj. 推測(cè)的
blizzard
n. 暴風(fēng)雪
deteriorate
v. 變壞
multiply
v. 增加
cascade
v. 瀑布似地落下
turbulent
adj. 狂暴的
dust devil
小塵暴，塵旋風(fēng)
squall
n. 暴風(fēng)
eddy
n. 旋渦
grid
n. 坐標(biāo)方格
sensor
n. 傳感器
humidity
n. 溫度
meteorologist
n. 氣象學(xué)家
Princeton
n. 普林斯頓(美國(guó)城市名)
New Jersey
n. 新澤西(美國(guó)州名)
fluctuation
n. 起伏，波動(dòng)
deviation
n. 偏差
參考譯文
世界上好的兩三天以上的天氣預(yù)報(bào)具有很強(qiáng)的猜測(cè)性，如果超過六七天，天氣預(yù)報(bào)就沒有了任何價(jià)值。
原因是蝴蝶效應(yīng)。對(duì)于小片的惡劣天氣 -- 對(duì)一個(gè)全球性的氣象預(yù)報(bào)員來說，“小”可以意味著雷暴雨和暴風(fēng)雪 -- 任何預(yù)測(cè)的質(zhì)量會(huì)很快下降。錯(cuò)誤和不可靠性上升，接踵而來的是一系列湍流的徵狀，從小塵暴和暴風(fēng)發(fā)展到只有衛(wèi)星上可以看到的席卷整塊大陸的旋渦。
現(xiàn)代氣象模型以一個(gè)坐標(biāo)圖來顯示，圖中每個(gè)點(diǎn)大約是間隔60英里。既使是這樣，有些開始時(shí)的資料也不得不依靠推測(cè)，因?yàn)榈孛婀ぷ髡竞托l(wèi)星不可能看到地球上的每一個(gè)地方。假設(shè)地球上可以布滿傳感器，每個(gè)相隔1英尺，并按1英尺的間隔從地面一直排列到大氣層的頂端。再假定每個(gè)傳感器都極極端準(zhǔn)確地讀出了溫度、氣壓、溫度和氣象學(xué)家需要的任何其他數(shù)據(jù)。在正午時(shí)分，一個(gè)功能巨大的計(jì)算機(jī)搜集了所有的資料，并算出在每一個(gè)點(diǎn)上12：01、12：02、12：03時(shí)可能出現(xiàn)的情況。
計(jì)算機(jī)無法推斷出1個(gè)月以后的某一天，新澤西州的普林斯頓究竟是晴天還是雨天。正午時(shí)分，傳感器之間的距離會(huì)掩蓋計(jì)算機(jī)無法知道的波動(dòng)、任何偏平均值的變化。到12：01時(shí)，那些波動(dòng)就已經(jīng)會(huì)在1英尺遠(yuǎn)的地方造成偏差。很快這種偏差會(huì)增加到尺10英的范圍，如此等等，一直到全球的范圍。
Lesson 15
Secrecy in industry
工業(yè)中的秘密
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
Why is secrecy particularly important in the chemical industries?
Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably. Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have names entered as having taken out such and such a book, for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.
J.D. BERNAL The Social Function of Science
New words and expressions
secrecy
n. 秘密
effectiveness
n. 成效，效力
inquiry
n. 調(diào)查研究
positive
adj. 確實(shí)的
process
n. 過程
patent
n. 專利;
v. 得到專利權(quán)
agent
n. 情報(bào)人員
參考譯文
有兩個(gè)因素嚴(yán)重地妨礙工業(yè)中科學(xué)研究的效率：一是科研工作中普遍存在的保密氣氛;二是研究人員缺乏個(gè)人自由。任何一項(xiàng)研究都涉及到保密，那些從事科研的人員自然受到了限制。他們不能和其他國(guó)家、其他大學(xué)、甚至往往不能與本公司的其他部門的同行們進(jìn)行有效的接觸。保密程度自然差別很大。某些大公司進(jìn)行的研究屬于一般和基礎(chǔ)的研究，因此不保密對(duì)他們才有利。然而，依賴這種研究的很多工藝程序是在完全保密的情況下進(jìn)行的，直到可以取得專利權(quán)的階段為止。更多的工藝過程根本就不會(huì)取得專利權(quán)，而是作為秘方保存著。在這化學(xué)工業(yè)方面尤為突出。同物理和機(jī)械工業(yè)相比，化學(xué)工業(yè)中偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的機(jī)會(huì)要多得多。有時(shí)，保密竟達(dá)到了這樣的程度，即連研究工作的整個(gè)性質(zhì)都不準(zhǔn)提及。比如，很多公司向圖書館借閱科技書籍時(shí)感到困難，因?yàn)樗鼈儾辉缸屓思矣浵滤鼈児镜拿趾徒栝喌哪骋槐緯?。他們生怕別的公司的情報(bào)人員據(jù)此摸到他們可能要從事的某項(xiàng)科研項(xiàng)目。
Lesson 13
The search for oil
探尋石油
What do oilmen want to achieve as soon as they strike oil?
The deepest holes of all made for oil, and they go down to as much as 25,0000 feet. Butwe not need to send men down to get the oil our, as we must with other mineral deposits. Theholes are only borings, less than a foot in diameter. My particular experience is largely inoil, and the search for oil has done more to improve deep drilling than any other miningactivity. When is has been decided where we are going to drill, we put up at the surface anoil derrick. It has to be tall because it is like a giant block and tackle, and we have tolower into the ground and haul out of the ground great lengths of drill pipe which arerotated by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom.The geologist needs to know what rocks the drill has reached, so every so often a sampleis obtained with a coring bit. It cuts a clean cylinder of rock, from which can be seen thestrata the drill has been cutting through. Once we get down to the oil, it usually flows tothe surface because great pressure, either from or water, is pushing it. This pressure mustbe under control, and we control it by means of the mud which we circulate down the drillpipe. We endeavour to avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher, which wastes oil and gas. Wewant it to stay down the hole until we can lead it off in a controlled manner.T.F.GASKELL The Search for the Earth's Minerals from Discovery
New words and expressions 生詞和短語
mineral
adj. 礦物的
boring
n. 鉆孔
derrick
n. 井架
block and tackle
滑輪組
haul
v. 拖，拉
rotate
v. 使轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)
cutting bit
鉆頭
geologist
n. 地質(zhì)學(xué)家
coring
取芯鉆頭
cylinder
n. 圓柱體
strata
n. 巖層[復(fù)]([單]stratum或strata [誤用])
circulate
v. 注入，環(huán)流
gusher
n. 噴油井
參考譯文
在所有洞穴中，為尋找石油所鉆出的洞是深的，這些洞可深達(dá)25,000英尺。但是，我們不必像開采其他礦藏那樣，把人送到地下去把石油取出。這些洞只不過是一些鉆孔，直徑不到1英尺。我是專門搞石油的，尋找石油比其他任何采礦業(yè)對(duì)改進(jìn)鉆探作的貢獻(xiàn)都要大。當(dāng)確定鉆孔地點(diǎn)后，我們就在那里豎起一個(gè)井架。井架必須很高，因?yàn)樗褚粋€(gè)巨型滑輪組。我們必須把很長(zhǎng)的鉆桿一節(jié)節(jié)地鉆入地下，然后再?gòu)?/span>地下拉出來。鉆桿頂部安裝的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)帶動(dòng)鉆桿旋轉(zhuǎn)，它的底部裝有鉆頭。地質(zhì)學(xué)家需要知道鉆頭已以到達(dá)什么樣的巖層，因此時(shí)常要用芯鉆頭取樣。這種鉆頭能切割一段光滑的圓柱形巖石，從中能看出所鉆透的地層。一旦到達(dá)油層，石油就會(huì)由于地下巨大的壓力流到地面上來，這種巨大的壓力來自地下天然氣或水。這種壓力必須加以控制，我們讓泥槳順著鉆桿向下循環(huán)，用這種方法來控制壓力。我們盡量避免使用陳舊天真的噴井方法，那樣會(huì)浪費(fèi)石油和天然氣。我們要讓石油留在井下，直到我們能用一種有控制的方法把它引上來為止。
Lesson 14
The Butterfly Effect
蝴蝶效應(yīng)
Why do small errors make it impossible to predict the weather system with a high degree of accuracy?
Beyond two or three days, the world's best weather forecasts are speculative, and beyond six or seven they are worthless.
The Butterfly Effect is the reason. For small pieces of weather -- and to a global forecaster, small can mean thunderstorms and blizzards -- any prediction deteriorates rapidly. Errors and uncertainties multiply, cascading upward through a chain of turbulent features, from dust devils and squalls up to continent-size eddies that only satellites can see.
The modern weather models work with a grid of points of the order of sixty miles apart, and even so, some starting data has to guessed, since ground stations and satellites cannot see everywhere. But suppose the earth could be covered with sensors spaced one foot apart, rising at one-foot intervals all the way to the top of the atmosphere. Suppose every sensor gives perfectly accurate readings of temperature, pressure, humidity, and any other quantity a meteorologist would want. Precisely at noon an infinitely powerful computer takes all the data and calculates what will happen at each point at 12.01, then 1202, then 12.03...
The computer will still be unable to predict whether Princeton, New Jersey, will have sun or rain on a day one month away. At noon the spaces between the sensors will hide fluctuations that the computer will not know about, tiny deviations from the average. By 12.01, those fluctuations will already have created small errors one foot away. Soon the errors will have multiplied to the ten-foot scale, and so on up to the size of the globe.
JAMES GLEICK, Chaos
New words and expressions 生詞和短語
forecast
n. 預(yù)報(bào)
speculative
adj. 推測(cè)的
blizzard
n. 暴風(fēng)雪
deteriorate
v. 變壞
multiply
v. 增加
cascade
v. 瀑布似地落下
turbulent
adj. 狂暴的
dust devil
小塵暴，塵旋風(fēng)
squall
n. 暴風(fēng)
eddy
n. 旋渦
grid
n. 坐標(biāo)方格
sensor
n. 傳感器
humidity
n. 溫度
meteorologist
n. 氣象學(xué)家
Princeton
n. 普林斯頓(美國(guó)城市名)
New Jersey
n. 新澤西(美國(guó)州名)
fluctuation
n. 起伏，波動(dòng)
deviation
n. 偏差
參考譯文
世界上好的兩三天以上的天氣預(yù)報(bào)具有很強(qiáng)的猜測(cè)性，如果超過六七天，天氣預(yù)報(bào)就沒有了任何價(jià)值。
原因是蝴蝶效應(yīng)。對(duì)于小片的惡劣天氣 -- 對(duì)一個(gè)全球性的氣象預(yù)報(bào)員來說，“小”可以意味著雷暴雨和暴風(fēng)雪 -- 任何預(yù)測(cè)的質(zhì)量會(huì)很快下降。錯(cuò)誤和不可靠性上升，接踵而來的是一系列湍流的徵狀，從小塵暴和暴風(fēng)發(fā)展到只有衛(wèi)星上可以看到的席卷整塊大陸的旋渦。
現(xiàn)代氣象模型以一個(gè)坐標(biāo)圖來顯示，圖中每個(gè)點(diǎn)大約是間隔60英里。既使是這樣，有些開始時(shí)的資料也不得不依靠推測(cè)，因?yàn)榈孛婀ぷ髡竞托l(wèi)星不可能看到地球上的每一個(gè)地方。假設(shè)地球上可以布滿傳感器，每個(gè)相隔1英尺，并按1英尺的間隔從地面一直排列到大氣層的頂端。再假定每個(gè)傳感器都極極端準(zhǔn)確地讀出了溫度、氣壓、溫度和氣象學(xué)家需要的任何其他數(shù)據(jù)。在正午時(shí)分，一個(gè)功能巨大的計(jì)算機(jī)搜集了所有的資料，并算出在每一個(gè)點(diǎn)上12：01、12：02、12：03時(shí)可能出現(xiàn)的情況。
計(jì)算機(jī)無法推斷出1個(gè)月以后的某一天，新澤西州的普林斯頓究竟是晴天還是雨天。正午時(shí)分，傳感器之間的距離會(huì)掩蓋計(jì)算機(jī)無法知道的波動(dòng)、任何偏平均值的變化。到12：01時(shí)，那些波動(dòng)就已經(jīng)會(huì)在1英尺遠(yuǎn)的地方造成偏差。很快這種偏差會(huì)增加到尺10英的范圍，如此等等，一直到全球的范圍。
Lesson 15
Secrecy in industry
工業(yè)中的秘密
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
Why is secrecy particularly important in the chemical industries?
Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably. Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have names entered as having taken out such and such a book, for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.
J.D. BERNAL The Social Function of Science
New words and expressions
secrecy
n. 秘密
effectiveness
n. 成效，效力
inquiry
n. 調(diào)查研究
positive
adj. 確實(shí)的
process
n. 過程
patent
n. 專利;
v. 得到專利權(quán)
agent
n. 情報(bào)人員
參考譯文
有兩個(gè)因素嚴(yán)重地妨礙工業(yè)中科學(xué)研究的效率：一是科研工作中普遍存在的保密氣氛;二是研究人員缺乏個(gè)人自由。任何一項(xiàng)研究都涉及到保密，那些從事科研的人員自然受到了限制。他們不能和其他國(guó)家、其他大學(xué)、甚至往往不能與本公司的其他部門的同行們進(jìn)行有效的接觸。保密程度自然差別很大。某些大公司進(jìn)行的研究屬于一般和基礎(chǔ)的研究，因此不保密對(duì)他們才有利。然而，依賴這種研究的很多工藝程序是在完全保密的情況下進(jìn)行的，直到可以取得專利權(quán)的階段為止。更多的工藝過程根本就不會(huì)取得專利權(quán)，而是作為秘方保存著。在這化學(xué)工業(yè)方面尤為突出。同物理和機(jī)械工業(yè)相比，化學(xué)工業(yè)中偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的機(jī)會(huì)要多得多。有時(shí)，保密竟達(dá)到了這樣的程度，即連研究工作的整個(gè)性質(zhì)都不準(zhǔn)提及。比如，很多公司向圖書館借閱科技書籍時(shí)感到困難，因?yàn)樗鼈儾辉缸屓思矣浵滤鼈児镜拿趾徒栝喌哪骋槐緯?。他們生怕別的公司的情報(bào)人員據(jù)此摸到他們可能要從事的某項(xiàng)科研項(xiàng)目。