新概念英語作為一套世界聞名的英語教程，以其全新的教學(xué)理念，有趣的課文內(nèi)容和全面的技能訓(xùn)練，深受廣大英語學(xué)習(xí)者的歡迎和喜愛。為了方便同學(xué)們的學(xué)習(xí)，為大家整理了全面的新概念第四冊(cè)課文翻譯及學(xué)習(xí)筆記，希望為大家的新概念英語學(xué)習(xí)提供幫助!
Lesson10
【課文】
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
What does the computer industry thrive on apart from anarchy?
Technology trends may push Silicon Valley back to the future. Carver Mead, a pioneer in integrated circuits and a professor of computer science at the California Institute of Technology, notes there are now work-stations that enable engineers to design, test and produce chips right on their desks, much the way an editor creates a newsletter on a Macintosh. As the time and cost of making a chip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars, engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failures. Mead predicts that inventors will be able to perfect powerful customized chips over a weekend at the office -- spawning a new generation of garage start-ups and giving the U.S. a jump on its foreign rivals in getting new products to market fast. 'We've got more garages with smart people,' Mead observes. 'We really thrive on anarchy.'
And on Asians. Already, orientals and Asian Americans constitute the majority of the engineering staffs at many Valley firms. And Chinese, Korean, Filipino and Indian engineers are graduating in droves from California's colleges. As the heads of next-generation start-ups, these Asian innovators can draw on customs and languages to forge tighter links with crucial Pacific Rim markets. For instance, Alex Au, a Stanford Ph.D. from Hong Kong, has set up a Taiwan factory to challenge Japan's near lock on the memory-chip market. India-born N.Damodar Reddy's tiny California company reopened an AT & T chip plant in Kansas City last spring with financing from the state of Missouri. Before it becomes a retirement village, Silicon Valley may prove a classroom for building a global business.
US NEWS AND WORLD REPORT, October 2, 1989
【New words and expressions 生詞和短語】
silicon n. 硅
integrated adj. 綜合的
circuit n. 線路，電路
California n. 加利福尼亞(美國(guó)州名)
workstation n. 工作站
chip n. 芯片，集成電路片，集成塊
newsletter n. 時(shí)事通訊
Macintosh n. 蘋果機(jī)，一種個(gè)人電腦
penalize v. 處罰，懲罰
customize v. 按顧客具體需要制造
spawn v. 引起，釀成
thrive v. 興旺，繁榮
anarchy n. 無政府狀態(tài)，混亂
oriental n. 東方人
constitute v. 構(gòu)成
drove n. 群
innovator n. 發(fā)明者
forge v. 發(fā)展
memory-chip n. 內(nèi)存條
AT & T 美國(guó)電話電報(bào)公司 (American Telephone and Telegraph)
Kansas n. 堪薩斯(美國(guó)州名)
Missouri n. 密蘇里(美國(guó)州名)
【課文注釋】
1. thrive on靠……健壯發(fā)展，以……旺盛。
thrive表示興旺，繁榮。
例句：First thrive and then wive.
先立業(yè)，后成家。
例句：He thrives on criticism.
他接受批評(píng)而不斷進(jìn)步。
形容詞形式為thriving，興旺的，繁榮的。
例句：Every trade is thriving.
各行各業(yè)都欣欣向榮。
2. apart from，除了/更別說。
You use apart from when you are making an exception to a general statement.
例句：Apart from the injuries to his face and hands, he broke both legs.
他除了臉部和雙手受傷以外，兩條腿也斷了。
3. much the way an editor creates a newsletter，就像一位編輯編出一份實(shí)事通訊一樣。
4. be free to，可以做……。
be free of/from，不受某事的影響或傷害。
例句：She is not free to follow her own inclination in the matter ofmarriage.
她的婚姻不能自主。
例句：I want to enjoy a holiday free from all responsibilities.
我想要好好享受一個(gè)擺脫一切責(zé)任的假期。
5. soar，急速上升，數(shù)字飆升。
soar的本意是go up high in the air quickly，急速升入高空：
例句：Flames were soaring into the sky.
火焰直竄天空。
現(xiàn)在越來越多的用來形容數(shù)字的飛漲、飆升，是個(gè)很形象的比喻：
例句：The prices of new cars have soared.
新車價(jià)格暴漲。
6. constitute，組成，構(gòu)成。
A constitute of B→A組成了B
A make up of B→A組成了B
A consist of B→A由B組成
這三個(gè)表示“組成”的詞組很容易用錯(cuò)，尤其在定語從句中，這需要我們了解清楚它們使用時(shí)的語態(tài)，到底是用主動(dòng)態(tài)還是被動(dòng)態(tài)，到底是前面的組成后面的，還是后面的組成前面的，不要搞反了，下面通過例句來鞏固練習(xí)。
例句1：The committee is constituted of members of all three parties. → A committee constituted of members of all three parties is founded.
委員會(huì)由所有三個(gè)政黨的成員組成。 → 一個(gè)由三個(gè)政黨的成員組成的委員會(huì)成立了。
例句2：Ten doctors make up of this mecical group. → A medical group made up of ten doctors has been built.
十名醫(yī)生組成了這支醫(yī)療隊(duì)。→一支由十名醫(yī)生組成的醫(yī)療隊(duì)已經(jīng)成立。
例句3：The committee consists of ten members. → A committee consisting of ten members is founded.
委員會(huì)由十人組成?！?一個(gè)由10人組成的委員會(huì)成立了。
7. in droves，一批批，成群地。
例句：Chinese officials have been coming to Singapore on learning trips in droves.
來自中國(guó)的政府官員不斷前來新加坡進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)訪問。
8. draw on，依靠，憑借。
例句：He drew on his experience as a yachtsman to make a documentary programme.
他憑借自己游艇駕駛的經(jīng)歷拍攝了一部紀(jì)錄片。
【參考譯文】
技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)有可能把硅谷重新推向未來?？ǜ?米德 -- 集成電路的一位先驅(qū)，加州理工學(xué)院的計(jì)算機(jī)教授 -- 注意到，現(xiàn)在有些計(jì)算機(jī)工作站使工程技術(shù)人員可以在他們的辦公桌上設(shè)計(jì)、試驗(yàn)和生產(chǎn)芯片，就像一位編輯在蘋果機(jī)上編出一份時(shí)事通訊一樣。由于制造一塊芯片的時(shí)間已縮短至幾天，費(fèi)用也只有幾百美元，因此，工程技術(shù)人員可能很塊就可充分發(fā)揮他們的想像力，而不會(huì)因失敗而造成經(jīng)濟(jì)上的損失。米德預(yù)言發(fā)明者可以在辦公室用一個(gè)周末的時(shí)間生產(chǎn)了完美的、功能很強(qiáng)的、按客戶需求設(shè)計(jì)的芯片 -- 造就新一代從汽車間起家的技術(shù)人員，在把產(chǎn)品推向市場(chǎng)方面使美國(guó)把它的外國(guó)對(duì)手們搶下一步。 “我們有更多的汽車間，那里有許多聰明人，”米德說?！拔覀兇_實(shí)是靠這種無政府狀態(tài)發(fā)展起來的?！?BR> 靠的是亞洲人。硅谷許多公司中工程技術(shù)人員的大多數(shù)是東方人和亞裔美國(guó)人。中國(guó)、韓國(guó)、菲律賓和印度的工程師一批批地從加州的大學(xué)畢業(yè)。作為新掘起一代的帶頭人，亞裔發(fā)明家可以憑借他們?cè)诹?xí)慣和語言上的優(yōu)勢(shì)，與關(guān)鍵的太平洋沿岸市場(chǎng)建立起更加牢固的聯(lián)系。比如說，亞歷克斯.奧，一位來自香港的斯坦福大學(xué)博士，已經(jīng)在臺(tái)灣建廠，對(duì)日本在內(nèi)存條市場(chǎng)上近似壟斷的局面提出了挑戰(zhàn)。印度出生的N.達(dá)莫達(dá).雷迪經(jīng)營(yíng)的小小的加州公司在堪薩斯城重新啟用了美國(guó)電話電報(bào)公司的一家芯片工廠，并從密蘇里州獲取了財(cái)政上的支持。在硅谷變成一個(gè)退休村之前，它很可能成為建立全球商業(yè)的一個(gè)教學(xué)場(chǎng)地。
Lesson11
【課文】
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
What, according to the author, is the best way to overcome the fear of death as you get older?
Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. In the young there is a justification for this feeling. Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer. But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble. The best way to overcome it -- so at least it seems to me -- is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life. An individual human existence should be like a river -- small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will be not unwelcome. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.
BERTRAND RUSSELL How to grow old from Portraits from Memory
【New words and expressions 生詞和短語】
oppress v. 憂郁，壓抑
justification n. 正當(dāng)理由
justifiably adv. 無可非議地
cheat v. 欺騙
abject adj. 可憐的
ignoble adj. 不體面的，可恥的
impersonal adj. 超脫個(gè)人感情影響的
ego n. 自我
receded v. 退去
increasing adv. 日益，不斷
passionately adv. 激昂地
painlessly adv. 毫無痛苦地
vitality n. 精力
weariness n. 疲憊感
【課文注釋】
1.oppress，壓迫，使擔(dān)心、使煩惱。
①To oppress people means to treat them cruelly.壓迫、壓制。
例句：The people are oppressed by the military goverment.
人民受軍政府的壓迫。
②make (sb) feel worried, uncomfortable or unhappy.使擔(dān)心、使煩惱。
例句：It was not just the weather which oppressed her.
讓她郁悶的不僅僅是天氣。
2.in the young，在年輕人身上。
the+形容詞表示一類人，后面動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，比如：
the old 老年人
the rich 有錢人
the disabled 殘疾人
這種用法相比起the old/rich/disabled people更地道。
3.Young men who have reason...that life has to offer.這個(gè)句子較長(zhǎng)，其中有3個(gè)that。第一個(gè)that引到一個(gè)賓語從句that...battle，是fear的賓語。第二個(gè)that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)同位語從句that they...to offer，說明thought的內(nèi)容。第三個(gè)that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語從句that life has to offer，修飾things。
4.cheat of...，從……那里騙取……。
①If someone cheats you out of something, they get it from you by behaving dishonestly.
例句：He was cheated (out) of his rightful inheritance.
他依法應(yīng)得的遺產(chǎn)被人騙走了。
②If someone cheats on their husband, wife, or partner, they have a sexual relationship with another person. 不忠于妻子、丈夫或情人.
例句：I'd found Philippe was cheating on me and I was angry and hurt.
我發(fā)現(xiàn)菲利普對(duì)我不忠，我很生氣也很受傷。
5.whatever work it was in him to do，他所能做的任何工作。
6.so at least it seems to me，這里一個(gè)插入語，用了倒裝語序，自然的語序是at least it seems so to me。在英語中適當(dāng)?shù)氖褂貌迦胝Z可以使文章顯得更有文采^^
7.bit by bit，一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)地。
bit by bit=little by little
例句：He saved money bit by bit until he have enough to buy a car.
他一點(diǎn)兒一點(diǎn)兒攢錢直到夠買一輛汽車。
例句：Little by little the snow disappeared.
雪漸漸消失。
8.merge，合并，融合。
①If one thing merges with another, or is merged with another, they combine or come together to make one whole thing. You can also say that two things merge, or are merged.
例句:The two marching columns moved closer and finally merged.
行進(jìn)中的兩路縱隊(duì)越走越近，終于合成一路。
②商業(yè)上的兼并。
例句：The bank merged with its major rival.
該銀行與其主要對(duì)手合并了。
9.recede，漸漸退去或遠(yuǎn)去。
例句：As the tide receded we were able to look for shells.
潮水退去，我們就能尋找貝殼了。
10.carry on，繼續(xù)進(jìn)行。
例句：We'll carry on as arranged and they can do their worst.
我們還按我們的計(jì)劃辦事，他們想怎么使壞就隨他們便吧。
例句：After his death, his children will certainly carry on his career.
百年之后，他的孩子一定會(huì)繼承他的事業(yè)。
【參考譯文】
有些老年人因?yàn)榕滤蓝械綗?。青年人有這種感覺是情有可原的。有理由害怕自己會(huì)死在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的年輕人，想到自己被剝奪了生活所能給予的美好的東西時(shí)，感到痛苦，這是可以理解的?？墒抢夏耆艘呀?jīng)飽嘗了人間的甘苦，一切能做的都做了，如果怕死，就有點(diǎn)兒可憐又可鄙?？朔滤赖暮棉k法 -- 至少在我看來是這樣 -- 就是逐漸使自己的興趣更加廣泛，逐漸擺脫個(gè)人狹小的圈子，直到自我的圍墻一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)地倒塌下來，自己的生活慢慢地和整個(gè)宇宙的生活融合在一起。個(gè)人的存在應(yīng)該像一條河流，開始很小，被緊緊地夾在兩岸中間，接著熱情奔放地沖過巨石，飛下瀑布。然后河面漸漸地變寬，兩岸后撤，河水流得平緩起來，后連綿不斷地匯入大海，毫無痛苦地失去了自我的存在。上了年紀(jì)的人這樣看待生命，就不會(huì)有懼怕死亡的心情了，因?yàn)樽约宏P(guān)心的一切事件都會(huì)繼續(xù)下去。 再者，隨著精力的衰退，老年人的疲憊會(huì)增長(zhǎng)，有長(zhǎng)眠的愿望未嘗不是一件好事情，我希望工作到死為止，明白了有人會(huì)繼續(xù)我的未竟事業(yè)，想到能做的事都做了，也就坦然了。
Lesson12
【課文】
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
Why is there no risk to the customer when a bank prints the customer's name on his cheques?
When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money, repayment of which he may demand at any time, either in cash or by drawing a cheque in favour of another person. Primarily, the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor -- who is which depending on whether the customer's account is in credit or is overdrawn. But, in addition to that basically simple concept, the bank and its customer owe a large number of obligations to one another. Many of these obligations can give rise to problems and complications but a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of goods, cannot complain that the law is loaded against him.
The bank must obey its customer's instructions, and not those of anyone else. When, for example, a customer first opens an account, he instructs the bank to debit his account only in respect of cheques drawn by himself. He gives the bank specimens of his signature, and there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or authority to pay out a customer's money on a cheque on which its customer's signature has been forged. It makes no difference that the forgery may have been a very skilful one: the bank must recognize its customer's signature. For this reason there is no risk to the customer in the practice, adopted by banks, of printing the customer's name on his cheques. If this facilitates forgery, it is the bank which will lose, not the customer.
GORDON BARRIE and AUBREY L. DLAMOND The Consumer Society and the Law
【New words and expressions 生詞和短語】
current adj. 通用的，流行的
account n. 賬戶
cash n. 現(xiàn)金
cheque n. 支票
debtor n. 借方
creditor n. 貸方
obligation n. 義務(wù)
complication n. 糾紛
debit v. 把...記入借方
specimen n. 樣本
forge v. 偽造
forgery n. 偽造(文件，簽名等)
adopt v. 采用
facilitate v. 使便利
【課文注釋】
1. open a current account，開一個(gè)活期賬號(hào)。
①current作名詞，(水、氣)流;電流
例句：The swimmer was swept away by the current.
那個(gè)游泳的人被激流卷走了。
例句：This button switches the current on.
這個(gè)電鈕接通電流。
②current作形容詞，當(dāng)下的，現(xiàn)在的
例句：This word is no longer in current use.
這個(gè)詞現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再使用。
current account=checking account，活期賬戶
③currency作名詞，貨幣
例句：The president proclaimed that a new currency would be issued.
總統(tǒng)宣布將發(fā)行新貨幣。
2. draw a cheque in favor of...，開一張以……為收款人的支票。
in favor of表示贊成，支持，有利于：If you are in favor of something, you support it and think that it is a good thing.
例句：Public opinion was moving strongly in favor of disarmament.
公眾輿論正在強(qiáng)烈支持裁軍。
3. who is which depending on...is overdrawn，這是現(xiàn)在分詞短語depending on...is overdrawn的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。who is which是分詞短語意思上的主語，which代表debtor or creditor。
4.owe to欠人錢;歸功于……。
①If you owe money to someone, they have lent it to you and you have not yet paid it back. 欠某人錢(或貨物)。
例句：The company owes money to more than 60 banks.
這家公司欠了60幾家銀行的錢。
②owe sth to...將某事物歸因﹑ 歸源或歸功于……。
例句：He owes his success more to luck than to ability.
他認(rèn)為他的成功是靠運(yùn)氣而不是因?yàn)樽约河心芰Α?BR> 5.give rise to，引起，導(dǎo)致。
和cause/ result in意思相近，但give rise to后面加名詞。
例句:The man's furtive manner gave rise to the suspicion of the theft among the policemen.
那個(gè)男人鬼鬼祟祟的樣子，引起警察懷疑盜竊案是他作的案。
6.be loaded against...，于……不利。
load the dice against sb (通常用于被動(dòng)語態(tài))：使某人處不利地位。
例句：Having lost both his parents when he was a child, he always felt that the dice were loaded against him.
他因自小失去雙親，總覺得處處受人欺負(fù)。
7.in respect of關(guān)于，就……而言。
例句：The book is admirable in respect of style.
這本書風(fēng)格極佳。
respected 被人尊敬的
respectable 值得尊敬的
respectful 尊敬他人的
respective 分別的，各自的
8.facilitate使更容易發(fā)生。
To facilitate an action or process, especially one that you would like to happen, means to make it easier or more likely to happen.
例句：It would facilitate matters if you were more co-operative.
要是你再合作些就省事了。
【參考譯文】
任何人在銀行開一個(gè)活期賬戶，就等于把錢借給了銀行。這筆錢他可以隨時(shí)提取，提取的方式可以是取現(xiàn)金，也可以是開一張以他人為收款人的支票。銀行與儲(chǔ)戶的關(guān)系主要是債務(wù)人和債權(quán)人的關(guān)系。究竟誰是債務(wù)人誰是債權(quán)人，要看儲(chǔ)戶是有結(jié)余還是透支。除了這一基本的簡(jiǎn)單的概念外，銀行和儲(chǔ)戶彼此還需承擔(dān)大量義務(wù)。其中許多義務(wù)往往引起問題和糾紛。但是儲(chǔ)戶不能像貨物的買主那樣來抱怨法律對(duì)自己不利。
銀行必須遵照儲(chǔ)戶的囑托辦事，不能聽從其他人的指令。比如，儲(chǔ)戶首次在銀行開戶時(shí)，囑咐銀行他的存款只能憑本世人簽字的支票來提取。他把自己簽名的樣本交給銀行，對(duì)此有一條非常嚴(yán)格的規(guī)定：銀行沒有任何權(quán)利或理由把儲(chǔ)戶的錢讓偽造儲(chǔ)戶的支票取走。即使偽造得很巧妙，也不能付款，因?yàn)殂y行有責(zé)任辨認(rèn)出其儲(chǔ)戶的簽名。因此，某些銀行已采用把儲(chǔ)戶印在支票上的作法。這種做法對(duì)儲(chǔ)戶毫無風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。如果因這種作法出現(xiàn)了偽造的話，受損失的將不是儲(chǔ)戶，而是銀行。
Lesson10
【課文】
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
What does the computer industry thrive on apart from anarchy?
Technology trends may push Silicon Valley back to the future. Carver Mead, a pioneer in integrated circuits and a professor of computer science at the California Institute of Technology, notes there are now work-stations that enable engineers to design, test and produce chips right on their desks, much the way an editor creates a newsletter on a Macintosh. As the time and cost of making a chip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars, engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failures. Mead predicts that inventors will be able to perfect powerful customized chips over a weekend at the office -- spawning a new generation of garage start-ups and giving the U.S. a jump on its foreign rivals in getting new products to market fast. 'We've got more garages with smart people,' Mead observes. 'We really thrive on anarchy.'
And on Asians. Already, orientals and Asian Americans constitute the majority of the engineering staffs at many Valley firms. And Chinese, Korean, Filipino and Indian engineers are graduating in droves from California's colleges. As the heads of next-generation start-ups, these Asian innovators can draw on customs and languages to forge tighter links with crucial Pacific Rim markets. For instance, Alex Au, a Stanford Ph.D. from Hong Kong, has set up a Taiwan factory to challenge Japan's near lock on the memory-chip market. India-born N.Damodar Reddy's tiny California company reopened an AT & T chip plant in Kansas City last spring with financing from the state of Missouri. Before it becomes a retirement village, Silicon Valley may prove a classroom for building a global business.
US NEWS AND WORLD REPORT, October 2, 1989
【New words and expressions 生詞和短語】
silicon n. 硅
integrated adj. 綜合的
circuit n. 線路，電路
California n. 加利福尼亞(美國(guó)州名)
workstation n. 工作站
chip n. 芯片，集成電路片，集成塊
newsletter n. 時(shí)事通訊
Macintosh n. 蘋果機(jī)，一種個(gè)人電腦
penalize v. 處罰，懲罰
customize v. 按顧客具體需要制造
spawn v. 引起，釀成
thrive v. 興旺，繁榮
anarchy n. 無政府狀態(tài)，混亂
oriental n. 東方人
constitute v. 構(gòu)成
drove n. 群
innovator n. 發(fā)明者
forge v. 發(fā)展
memory-chip n. 內(nèi)存條
AT & T 美國(guó)電話電報(bào)公司 (American Telephone and Telegraph)
Kansas n. 堪薩斯(美國(guó)州名)
Missouri n. 密蘇里(美國(guó)州名)
【課文注釋】
1. thrive on靠……健壯發(fā)展，以……旺盛。
thrive表示興旺，繁榮。
例句：First thrive and then wive.
先立業(yè)，后成家。
例句：He thrives on criticism.
他接受批評(píng)而不斷進(jìn)步。
形容詞形式為thriving，興旺的，繁榮的。
例句：Every trade is thriving.
各行各業(yè)都欣欣向榮。
2. apart from，除了/更別說。
You use apart from when you are making an exception to a general statement.
例句：Apart from the injuries to his face and hands, he broke both legs.
他除了臉部和雙手受傷以外，兩條腿也斷了。
3. much the way an editor creates a newsletter，就像一位編輯編出一份實(shí)事通訊一樣。
4. be free to，可以做……。
be free of/from，不受某事的影響或傷害。
例句：She is not free to follow her own inclination in the matter ofmarriage.
她的婚姻不能自主。
例句：I want to enjoy a holiday free from all responsibilities.
我想要好好享受一個(gè)擺脫一切責(zé)任的假期。
5. soar，急速上升，數(shù)字飆升。
soar的本意是go up high in the air quickly，急速升入高空：
例句：Flames were soaring into the sky.
火焰直竄天空。
現(xiàn)在越來越多的用來形容數(shù)字的飛漲、飆升，是個(gè)很形象的比喻：
例句：The prices of new cars have soared.
新車價(jià)格暴漲。
6. constitute，組成，構(gòu)成。
A constitute of B→A組成了B
A make up of B→A組成了B
A consist of B→A由B組成
這三個(gè)表示“組成”的詞組很容易用錯(cuò)，尤其在定語從句中，這需要我們了解清楚它們使用時(shí)的語態(tài)，到底是用主動(dòng)態(tài)還是被動(dòng)態(tài)，到底是前面的組成后面的，還是后面的組成前面的，不要搞反了，下面通過例句來鞏固練習(xí)。
例句1：The committee is constituted of members of all three parties. → A committee constituted of members of all three parties is founded.
委員會(huì)由所有三個(gè)政黨的成員組成。 → 一個(gè)由三個(gè)政黨的成員組成的委員會(huì)成立了。
例句2：Ten doctors make up of this mecical group. → A medical group made up of ten doctors has been built.
十名醫(yī)生組成了這支醫(yī)療隊(duì)。→一支由十名醫(yī)生組成的醫(yī)療隊(duì)已經(jīng)成立。
例句3：The committee consists of ten members. → A committee consisting of ten members is founded.
委員會(huì)由十人組成?！?一個(gè)由10人組成的委員會(huì)成立了。
7. in droves，一批批，成群地。
例句：Chinese officials have been coming to Singapore on learning trips in droves.
來自中國(guó)的政府官員不斷前來新加坡進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)訪問。
8. draw on，依靠，憑借。
例句：He drew on his experience as a yachtsman to make a documentary programme.
他憑借自己游艇駕駛的經(jīng)歷拍攝了一部紀(jì)錄片。
【參考譯文】
技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)有可能把硅谷重新推向未來?？ǜ?米德 -- 集成電路的一位先驅(qū)，加州理工學(xué)院的計(jì)算機(jī)教授 -- 注意到，現(xiàn)在有些計(jì)算機(jī)工作站使工程技術(shù)人員可以在他們的辦公桌上設(shè)計(jì)、試驗(yàn)和生產(chǎn)芯片，就像一位編輯在蘋果機(jī)上編出一份時(shí)事通訊一樣。由于制造一塊芯片的時(shí)間已縮短至幾天，費(fèi)用也只有幾百美元，因此，工程技術(shù)人員可能很塊就可充分發(fā)揮他們的想像力，而不會(huì)因失敗而造成經(jīng)濟(jì)上的損失。米德預(yù)言發(fā)明者可以在辦公室用一個(gè)周末的時(shí)間生產(chǎn)了完美的、功能很強(qiáng)的、按客戶需求設(shè)計(jì)的芯片 -- 造就新一代從汽車間起家的技術(shù)人員，在把產(chǎn)品推向市場(chǎng)方面使美國(guó)把它的外國(guó)對(duì)手們搶下一步。 “我們有更多的汽車間，那里有許多聰明人，”米德說?！拔覀兇_實(shí)是靠這種無政府狀態(tài)發(fā)展起來的?！?BR> 靠的是亞洲人。硅谷許多公司中工程技術(shù)人員的大多數(shù)是東方人和亞裔美國(guó)人。中國(guó)、韓國(guó)、菲律賓和印度的工程師一批批地從加州的大學(xué)畢業(yè)。作為新掘起一代的帶頭人，亞裔發(fā)明家可以憑借他們?cè)诹?xí)慣和語言上的優(yōu)勢(shì)，與關(guān)鍵的太平洋沿岸市場(chǎng)建立起更加牢固的聯(lián)系。比如說，亞歷克斯.奧，一位來自香港的斯坦福大學(xué)博士，已經(jīng)在臺(tái)灣建廠，對(duì)日本在內(nèi)存條市場(chǎng)上近似壟斷的局面提出了挑戰(zhàn)。印度出生的N.達(dá)莫達(dá).雷迪經(jīng)營(yíng)的小小的加州公司在堪薩斯城重新啟用了美國(guó)電話電報(bào)公司的一家芯片工廠，并從密蘇里州獲取了財(cái)政上的支持。在硅谷變成一個(gè)退休村之前，它很可能成為建立全球商業(yè)的一個(gè)教學(xué)場(chǎng)地。
Lesson11
【課文】
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
What, according to the author, is the best way to overcome the fear of death as you get older?
Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. In the young there is a justification for this feeling. Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer. But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble. The best way to overcome it -- so at least it seems to me -- is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life. An individual human existence should be like a river -- small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will be not unwelcome. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.
BERTRAND RUSSELL How to grow old from Portraits from Memory
【New words and expressions 生詞和短語】
oppress v. 憂郁，壓抑
justification n. 正當(dāng)理由
justifiably adv. 無可非議地
cheat v. 欺騙
abject adj. 可憐的
ignoble adj. 不體面的，可恥的
impersonal adj. 超脫個(gè)人感情影響的
ego n. 自我
receded v. 退去
increasing adv. 日益，不斷
passionately adv. 激昂地
painlessly adv. 毫無痛苦地
vitality n. 精力
weariness n. 疲憊感
【課文注釋】
1.oppress，壓迫，使擔(dān)心、使煩惱。
①To oppress people means to treat them cruelly.壓迫、壓制。
例句：The people are oppressed by the military goverment.
人民受軍政府的壓迫。
②make (sb) feel worried, uncomfortable or unhappy.使擔(dān)心、使煩惱。
例句：It was not just the weather which oppressed her.
讓她郁悶的不僅僅是天氣。
2.in the young，在年輕人身上。
the+形容詞表示一類人，后面動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，比如：
the old 老年人
the rich 有錢人
the disabled 殘疾人
這種用法相比起the old/rich/disabled people更地道。
3.Young men who have reason...that life has to offer.這個(gè)句子較長(zhǎng)，其中有3個(gè)that。第一個(gè)that引到一個(gè)賓語從句that...battle，是fear的賓語。第二個(gè)that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)同位語從句that they...to offer，說明thought的內(nèi)容。第三個(gè)that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語從句that life has to offer，修飾things。
4.cheat of...，從……那里騙取……。
①If someone cheats you out of something, they get it from you by behaving dishonestly.
例句：He was cheated (out) of his rightful inheritance.
他依法應(yīng)得的遺產(chǎn)被人騙走了。
②If someone cheats on their husband, wife, or partner, they have a sexual relationship with another person. 不忠于妻子、丈夫或情人.
例句：I'd found Philippe was cheating on me and I was angry and hurt.
我發(fā)現(xiàn)菲利普對(duì)我不忠，我很生氣也很受傷。
5.whatever work it was in him to do，他所能做的任何工作。
6.so at least it seems to me，這里一個(gè)插入語，用了倒裝語序，自然的語序是at least it seems so to me。在英語中適當(dāng)?shù)氖褂貌迦胝Z可以使文章顯得更有文采^^
7.bit by bit，一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)地。
bit by bit=little by little
例句：He saved money bit by bit until he have enough to buy a car.
他一點(diǎn)兒一點(diǎn)兒攢錢直到夠買一輛汽車。
例句：Little by little the snow disappeared.
雪漸漸消失。
8.merge，合并，融合。
①If one thing merges with another, or is merged with another, they combine or come together to make one whole thing. You can also say that two things merge, or are merged.
例句:The two marching columns moved closer and finally merged.
行進(jìn)中的兩路縱隊(duì)越走越近，終于合成一路。
②商業(yè)上的兼并。
例句：The bank merged with its major rival.
該銀行與其主要對(duì)手合并了。
9.recede，漸漸退去或遠(yuǎn)去。
例句：As the tide receded we were able to look for shells.
潮水退去，我們就能尋找貝殼了。
10.carry on，繼續(xù)進(jìn)行。
例句：We'll carry on as arranged and they can do their worst.
我們還按我們的計(jì)劃辦事，他們想怎么使壞就隨他們便吧。
例句：After his death, his children will certainly carry on his career.
百年之后，他的孩子一定會(huì)繼承他的事業(yè)。
【參考譯文】
有些老年人因?yàn)榕滤蓝械綗?。青年人有這種感覺是情有可原的。有理由害怕自己會(huì)死在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的年輕人，想到自己被剝奪了生活所能給予的美好的東西時(shí)，感到痛苦，這是可以理解的?？墒抢夏耆艘呀?jīng)飽嘗了人間的甘苦，一切能做的都做了，如果怕死，就有點(diǎn)兒可憐又可鄙?？朔滤赖暮棉k法 -- 至少在我看來是這樣 -- 就是逐漸使自己的興趣更加廣泛，逐漸擺脫個(gè)人狹小的圈子，直到自我的圍墻一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)地倒塌下來，自己的生活慢慢地和整個(gè)宇宙的生活融合在一起。個(gè)人的存在應(yīng)該像一條河流，開始很小，被緊緊地夾在兩岸中間，接著熱情奔放地沖過巨石，飛下瀑布。然后河面漸漸地變寬，兩岸后撤，河水流得平緩起來，后連綿不斷地匯入大海，毫無痛苦地失去了自我的存在。上了年紀(jì)的人這樣看待生命，就不會(huì)有懼怕死亡的心情了，因?yàn)樽约宏P(guān)心的一切事件都會(huì)繼續(xù)下去。 再者，隨著精力的衰退，老年人的疲憊會(huì)增長(zhǎng)，有長(zhǎng)眠的愿望未嘗不是一件好事情，我希望工作到死為止，明白了有人會(huì)繼續(xù)我的未竟事業(yè)，想到能做的事都做了，也就坦然了。
Lesson12
【課文】
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
Why is there no risk to the customer when a bank prints the customer's name on his cheques?
When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money, repayment of which he may demand at any time, either in cash or by drawing a cheque in favour of another person. Primarily, the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor -- who is which depending on whether the customer's account is in credit or is overdrawn. But, in addition to that basically simple concept, the bank and its customer owe a large number of obligations to one another. Many of these obligations can give rise to problems and complications but a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of goods, cannot complain that the law is loaded against him.
The bank must obey its customer's instructions, and not those of anyone else. When, for example, a customer first opens an account, he instructs the bank to debit his account only in respect of cheques drawn by himself. He gives the bank specimens of his signature, and there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or authority to pay out a customer's money on a cheque on which its customer's signature has been forged. It makes no difference that the forgery may have been a very skilful one: the bank must recognize its customer's signature. For this reason there is no risk to the customer in the practice, adopted by banks, of printing the customer's name on his cheques. If this facilitates forgery, it is the bank which will lose, not the customer.
GORDON BARRIE and AUBREY L. DLAMOND The Consumer Society and the Law
【New words and expressions 生詞和短語】
current adj. 通用的，流行的
account n. 賬戶
cash n. 現(xiàn)金
cheque n. 支票
debtor n. 借方
creditor n. 貸方
obligation n. 義務(wù)
complication n. 糾紛
debit v. 把...記入借方
specimen n. 樣本
forge v. 偽造
forgery n. 偽造(文件，簽名等)
adopt v. 采用
facilitate v. 使便利
【課文注釋】
1. open a current account，開一個(gè)活期賬號(hào)。
①current作名詞，(水、氣)流;電流
例句：The swimmer was swept away by the current.
那個(gè)游泳的人被激流卷走了。
例句：This button switches the current on.
這個(gè)電鈕接通電流。
②current作形容詞，當(dāng)下的，現(xiàn)在的
例句：This word is no longer in current use.
這個(gè)詞現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再使用。
current account=checking account，活期賬戶
③currency作名詞，貨幣
例句：The president proclaimed that a new currency would be issued.
總統(tǒng)宣布將發(fā)行新貨幣。
2. draw a cheque in favor of...，開一張以……為收款人的支票。
in favor of表示贊成，支持，有利于：If you are in favor of something, you support it and think that it is a good thing.
例句：Public opinion was moving strongly in favor of disarmament.
公眾輿論正在強(qiáng)烈支持裁軍。
3. who is which depending on...is overdrawn，這是現(xiàn)在分詞短語depending on...is overdrawn的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。who is which是分詞短語意思上的主語，which代表debtor or creditor。
4.owe to欠人錢;歸功于……。
①If you owe money to someone, they have lent it to you and you have not yet paid it back. 欠某人錢(或貨物)。
例句：The company owes money to more than 60 banks.
這家公司欠了60幾家銀行的錢。
②owe sth to...將某事物歸因﹑ 歸源或歸功于……。
例句：He owes his success more to luck than to ability.
他認(rèn)為他的成功是靠運(yùn)氣而不是因?yàn)樽约河心芰Α?BR> 5.give rise to，引起，導(dǎo)致。
和cause/ result in意思相近，但give rise to后面加名詞。
例句:The man's furtive manner gave rise to the suspicion of the theft among the policemen.
那個(gè)男人鬼鬼祟祟的樣子，引起警察懷疑盜竊案是他作的案。
6.be loaded against...，于……不利。
load the dice against sb (通常用于被動(dòng)語態(tài))：使某人處不利地位。
例句：Having lost both his parents when he was a child, he always felt that the dice were loaded against him.
他因自小失去雙親，總覺得處處受人欺負(fù)。
7.in respect of關(guān)于，就……而言。
例句：The book is admirable in respect of style.
這本書風(fēng)格極佳。
respected 被人尊敬的
respectable 值得尊敬的
respectful 尊敬他人的
respective 分別的，各自的
8.facilitate使更容易發(fā)生。
To facilitate an action or process, especially one that you would like to happen, means to make it easier or more likely to happen.
例句：It would facilitate matters if you were more co-operative.
要是你再合作些就省事了。
【參考譯文】
任何人在銀行開一個(gè)活期賬戶，就等于把錢借給了銀行。這筆錢他可以隨時(shí)提取，提取的方式可以是取現(xiàn)金，也可以是開一張以他人為收款人的支票。銀行與儲(chǔ)戶的關(guān)系主要是債務(wù)人和債權(quán)人的關(guān)系。究竟誰是債務(wù)人誰是債權(quán)人，要看儲(chǔ)戶是有結(jié)余還是透支。除了這一基本的簡(jiǎn)單的概念外，銀行和儲(chǔ)戶彼此還需承擔(dān)大量義務(wù)。其中許多義務(wù)往往引起問題和糾紛。但是儲(chǔ)戶不能像貨物的買主那樣來抱怨法律對(duì)自己不利。
銀行必須遵照儲(chǔ)戶的囑托辦事，不能聽從其他人的指令。比如，儲(chǔ)戶首次在銀行開戶時(shí)，囑咐銀行他的存款只能憑本世人簽字的支票來提取。他把自己簽名的樣本交給銀行，對(duì)此有一條非常嚴(yán)格的規(guī)定：銀行沒有任何權(quán)利或理由把儲(chǔ)戶的錢讓偽造儲(chǔ)戶的支票取走。即使偽造得很巧妙，也不能付款，因?yàn)殂y行有責(zé)任辨認(rèn)出其儲(chǔ)戶的簽名。因此，某些銀行已采用把儲(chǔ)戶印在支票上的作法。這種做法對(duì)儲(chǔ)戶毫無風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。如果因這種作法出現(xiàn)了偽造的話，受損失的將不是儲(chǔ)戶，而是銀行。