2018年考博英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法精講【九篇】

字號(hào):

考博英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法也是不可忽視的復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn),對(duì)于語(yǔ)法的考察不僅出現(xiàn)在考博英語(yǔ)詞匯語(yǔ)法題型、考博英語(yǔ)完形填空題型,更是貫穿于整個(gè)考博英語(yǔ)試卷中尤其是考博英語(yǔ)作文,以下為大家系統(tǒng)全面的講解2018考博英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法各個(gè)重要知識(shí)點(diǎn),希望大家認(rèn)真復(fù)習(xí)。
    【第一篇:同位語(yǔ)從句】
    一、定義
    一個(gè)名詞或代詞后面有時(shí)跟一個(gè)名詞或起名詞作用的成分,對(duì)前者進(jìn)一步說明,叫做同位語(yǔ)。在某些抽象名詞后可以用that, whether, when等引導(dǎo)的從句作同位語(yǔ),稱為同位語(yǔ)從句。這些名詞有:
    agreement一致意見assumption假定awareness意識(shí)
    belief看法conclusion結(jié)論conviction深信
    decision決定delusion錯(cuò)覺determination決心
    discovery發(fā)現(xiàn)doubt懷疑dream夢(mèng)想
    evidence證據(jù)explanation解釋fact事實(shí)
    feeling感覺guarantee保證guess猜測(cè)
    hope希望idea觀點(diǎn)knowledge認(rèn)識(shí)
    likelihood可能性message信息mind想法
    news消息notion觀念objection反對(duì)
    opinion觀點(diǎn)possibility可能性prediction預(yù)測(cè)
    probability可能性problem問題proof證據(jù)
    proposal建議proposition論點(diǎn)、主張question問題
    realization認(rèn)識(shí)rumor傳聞sign跡象
    truth事實(shí)theory理論thought想法
    二、結(jié)構(gòu)
    (一)由that引導(dǎo)
    ·I have no doubtthat he will overcome all this difficulties.
    他會(huì)克服一切困難,對(duì)此我并不感到懷疑。
    【特別提示】:同位語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞that不可省略。
    (二)由whether引導(dǎo)
    ·The questionwhether we need more time to do the workhas not been decided.
    我們是否需要更多時(shí)間來做這項(xiàng)工作,這個(gè)問題還未決定。
    (三)由其他詞引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句
    ·I have not made up my mindwhat elective subjects I am to take next term.
    我還沒有決定好下學(xué)期上哪些選修課。
    ·When you are about halfway through the story, try to make a guesshow the plot will develop.
    當(dāng)你把故事讀到一半時(shí),猜測(cè)一下情節(jié)將如何發(fā)展。
    ·I haveno idea when I will be back from Shanghai.
    我不知道我什么時(shí)候從上?;貋怼?BR>    (四) 同位語(yǔ)從句與被修飾名詞的分割
    有時(shí),為了保持句式的平衡,將同謂語(yǔ)從句與被修飾的名詞分割,其間出現(xiàn)其他成分。
    ·Concernswere raisedthat witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.
    人們?nèi)找鎿?dān)心,證人可能會(huì)因此而受到鼓勵(lì),在法庭上夸大事實(shí)以保證陪審團(tuán)對(duì)被告做出有罪的判決。(這里先行詞concerns與that同位語(yǔ)從句被謂語(yǔ)were raised隔開。)
    三、翻譯方法
    同位語(yǔ)從句有以下五種翻譯方法:
    ①可以直接翻譯在所修飾詞后面。
    ②放在所修飾的名詞前面,充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)。
    ③譯成獨(dú)立句子:先翻譯主句,然后用“就是……”或者“即……”引導(dǎo)出同位語(yǔ)從句,或者把同位語(yǔ)從句譯成獨(dú)立的句子,由冒號(hào)或破折號(hào)引出。
    ④用代詞指代:先把同位語(yǔ)從句中的內(nèi)容翻譯出來,在后面用“這”或“那”等代詞復(fù)指它,參加句子主體的構(gòu)成。
    ⑤譯成賓語(yǔ) :把同位語(yǔ)從句修飾的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞,而把同位語(yǔ)從句譯成賓語(yǔ)。
    【真題例句】
    What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.
    【解析】
    句子可拆分為:What is harder to establish is //whether the productivity revolution //that businessmen assume //they are presiding over// is for real.
    主句為What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution is for real。主句包含兩個(gè)從句成分:從句what is harder to establish做主語(yǔ);whether the productivity revolution is for real作表語(yǔ);that they are presiding over為定語(yǔ)從句修飾the productivity revolution;此定語(yǔ)從句中businessmen assume為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的插入語(yǔ)。以what, whatever, whoever, whether, when, where, how, why等詞引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句及表語(yǔ)從句在翻譯的時(shí)候,一般可以按照英語(yǔ)原文順序來翻譯。
    【參考譯文】難以確定的是,商界人士認(rèn)為他們所主導(dǎo)的生產(chǎn)力革命是否真的存在。
    【第二篇:狀語(yǔ)從句】
    【概述】
    作為考博英語(yǔ)中??嫉娜髲木渲?,狀語(yǔ)從句的考頻很高,是考博英語(yǔ)各題型考查的重點(diǎn)。狀語(yǔ)從句根據(jù)意義和作用可分為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句、原因狀語(yǔ)從句、目的狀語(yǔ)從句、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句等,而且每類狀語(yǔ)從句又可以由多種連詞引導(dǎo),因此狀語(yǔ)從句的類型容易混淆。所以,對(duì)于狀語(yǔ)從句的學(xué)習(xí),重點(diǎn)在于掌握引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的各種連詞的用法特點(diǎn)和意義,并且能夠正確區(qū)分同一連詞的不同用法。
    【要點(diǎn)精析】
    狀語(yǔ)從句由從屬連詞引導(dǎo),與主句連接,該連詞直接表明主句和從句之間的邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)。而常見的一些連詞可引導(dǎo)不同的狀語(yǔ)從句,這在一定程度上給考生理解文章帶來了很大的困難,針對(duì)這個(gè)問題,對(duì)這一類連詞進(jìn)行以下梳理。
    一、連詞as引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句
    1、引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句:as表示“當(dāng)……時(shí)候”,“與……同時(shí)”,“隨著”
    例:As time goes on, he will understand what I said.
    隨著時(shí)間的推移,他會(huì)理解我所講的話。
    2、引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句:as表示“盡管/雖然”,且必須倒裝,規(guī)則為:從句結(jié)尾的名詞(不帶冠詞)、動(dòng)詞原形、形容詞或者副詞置于從句開頭。
    例:Much as I like you, I couldn’t live with you.
    我盡管很喜歡你,卻不能和你在一起生活。
    3、引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句:as表示“因?yàn)椤保磉_(dá)的原因語(yǔ)氣較弱。
    例:As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
    因?yàn)樘鞖馓愀猓覀儾坏貌煌七t旅行。
    4、引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句:as表示“以……方式”,“像……一樣”,“正如”。
    例:I cook the dish as my mother does.
    我像我媽媽那樣烹飪這道菜。
    二、連詞since引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句
    1、引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句:since表示“自從……以來”
    例:It’s been years since I enjoyed myself so much as last night.
    我已經(jīng)好多年沒有像昨晚那么痛快了。
    2、引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句:since表示“因?yàn)椤保凹热弧?,表達(dá)說話者認(rèn)為已成為事實(shí)的原因。
    例:Since we’ve no moneywe can’t buy a new car.
    因?yàn)槲覀儧]錢,我們不能買新汽車。
    三、連詞while引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句
    1、引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句:while表示“與……同時(shí);與此同時(shí)”,表明從句和主句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或進(jìn)行,并且常有相反或者對(duì)比的語(yǔ)氣。
    例:While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too.
    電腦給消費(fèi)者提供了這些便利的同時(shí),對(duì)銷售者而言也有很多好處。
    2、引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句:while表示“盡管”,“雖然”,義同although或though。
    例:While I admit that there are problems, I don’t agree that they cannot be solved.
    盡管我承認(rèn)有問題存在,但我不同意說這些問題無法解決。
    四、連詞so that引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句;與so…that進(jìn)行區(qū)分
    1、引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句:so that表示“因此”,“以至于”。
    例:Nothing more was heard from him so that we began to wonder if he was dead.
    再也沒聽到他的消息,因此我們有些懷疑他是否死了。
    2、引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句:so that表示“為了”,“以便于”。
    例:She worked hard so that everything would be ready by 6 o’clock.
    她拼命干以便能到6點(diǎn)時(shí)把一切都準(zhǔn)備好。
    3、與so…that進(jìn)行區(qū)分:so/ such...that...引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句:表示“如此……以至于……”
    例:We get so used to looking at television that it begins to dominate our lives.
    我們習(xí)慣于看電視,以至于電視開始支配我們的生活。
    【真題體驗(yàn)】
    1.A variety of activities should be organized so that participants can remain active as long as they want. [2003,完型]
    分析:
    A.分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)。主句是被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),a variety of activities是主語(yǔ),be organized是謂語(yǔ);so that引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句,participants can remain active是從句主句,as long as they want意思是“盡可能長(zhǎng)時(shí)間地”。
    B.譯文:應(yīng)該組織各種各樣的活動(dòng),以便于參與者能夠盡可能長(zhǎng)時(shí)間地保持活躍。
    2. There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. [2005, text 2]
    分析:
    A.分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)。該句的主句是There are upsetting parallels today,是there be句型,主語(yǔ)是upsetting parallels;as scientists in one wave after … threat of global warming是as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,as表示“當(dāng)/在……時(shí)候”,主語(yǔ)是scientists,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是try。
    B.譯文:在科學(xué)家又努力使我們意識(shí)到日益增長(zhǎng)的全球變暖威脅的時(shí)候,今天還有許多類似的令人不安的事情。
    【第三篇:動(dòng)詞不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)和作用】
    1.動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu):
    動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)的主干是由 to + 動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成,動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)內(nèi)部的動(dòng)詞可以跟自己的賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等成分。動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)整體上在句中起名詞,形容詞和副詞的作用,可以擔(dān)任除謂語(yǔ)以外的其它任何成分。
    2.動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)在句子中的作用
    (1)動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ):
    To master a language is not an easy thing。
    掌握一門語(yǔ)言不是一件容易的事情。
    It's my pleasure to help you。
    幫助你是我的樂趣。
    動(dòng)詞不定式做主語(yǔ)時(shí)可以放在后面,而用 it 作形式主語(yǔ)放在原主語(yǔ)的位置上。
    It's necessary to find the witness。
    有必要找到目擊者。
    (2)動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ):
    I like to help others as much as possible。
    如果有可能的話,我喜歡幫助別人。
    動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ):表示不定式的動(dòng)作是由賓語(yǔ)發(fā)出。
    We expect you to be with us.
    我們希望你和我們?cè)谝黄稹?BR>    (3)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不帶to的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):感官動(dòng)詞:see, watch, notice, look at,hear;使役動(dòng)詞:make, let, have(使得),help(可帶to, 也可不帶to)
    The teacher has his students write a composition every other week。
    老師讓同學(xué)們每隔一周寫一篇作文。
    Many things【make people think artists are weird】。
    很多事情使人們覺得藝術(shù)家們很奇怪。
    (4)動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ):
    The most urgent thing is to take legal measures immediately。當(dāng)務(wù)之急是馬上采取法律措施。
    (5)動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ):
    There are many ways to solve the problem. 有許多方法能解決這個(gè)問題。
    (6)動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ):經(jīng)常表示目的。
    We went to the hospital to see our teacher. 我們?nèi)メt(yī)院看了我們的老師。
    She is making a test to get a kind of useful medicine from a Tibet flower。
    她在做試驗(yàn),以從一種西藏花中提取某種有用的藥物。
    3.動(dòng)詞不定式主干的否定形式:
    (1)not + to + 動(dòng)詞原形
    The teacher told us not to swim in that river。
    老師告訴我們不要在那條河里游泳。
    It's unfair not to tell us.
    沒告訴我們真是不公平。
    (2)帶疑問詞的動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ):
    疑問詞who, what, which, when, where, how, why 以及whether可以加在動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)的前面,構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ),使含義更加具體。整體上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)。
    Where to go is not known yet。
    去什么地方還不知道。
    I don't know when to begin.
    我不知道什么時(shí)間開始。
    (3)帶邏輯主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ):
    為了特別說明動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者,動(dòng)詞不定式可以帶有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ),構(gòu)成方法是: for + 邏輯主語(yǔ) + 不定式。
    注意:邏輯主語(yǔ)用賓格形式, for 本身無實(shí)際意義,它只表明后面的主語(yǔ)從邏輯上分析是不定式的主語(yǔ)。
    It's necessary for us to help each other。
    我們互相幫忙是必要的。
    There is much work for me to finish,
    有許多工作要我去完成。
    4.動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài):
    (1)動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)一般時(shí)態(tài):表示動(dòng)作和句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在之后發(fā)生。
    I helped him to put the things into the car. 我?guī)椭褨|西放進(jìn)了汽車。
    I want to see you again. 我想再見到你。
    (2)動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)的完成時(shí):表示動(dòng)作在句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。
    【第四篇:獨(dú)立主格由來和作用】
    一、獨(dú)立主格的由來
    獨(dú)立主格在英語(yǔ)中存在的主要價(jià)值還是由語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)潔的要求決定的,它的產(chǎn)生是從狀語(yǔ)開始的,并且在考研中也只考查其作為狀語(yǔ)的情況。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)為兩個(gè)句子在主語(yǔ)不同的情況下提供了將其合并為一個(gè)句子的可能,通過簡(jiǎn)單的例子可以了解它的由來:
    1、It is a hot day.
    2、I stay at home.
    這兩個(gè)句子可以合并為一個(gè):It being hot today, I stay at home.
    其中,being 是可以被省略的,而且常常會(huì)在it being hot today之前加上介詞with以表示其和一個(gè)句子的區(qū)別;這樣with it being hot today 就被稱為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。
    二、獨(dú)立主格的作用和處理方法
    通常情況下,獨(dú)立主格可以表示一下幾種情況:
    1、表示時(shí)間
    例句:The meeting being over, all of us went home.
    解析:the meeting being over相當(dāng)于when the meeting was over。
    2、表示條件
    例句:The condition being favorable, he may succeed.
    解析:the condition being favorable 相當(dāng)于 if the condition is favorable。
    3、表示原因
    例句:There being no taxis, we had to walk.
    解析:there being no taxis 相當(dāng)于since there was no taxis。
    4、表示伴隨狀況
    例句:Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all.
    解析:這句話相當(dāng)于Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.
    5、表示補(bǔ)充說明
    例句:We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.
    解析:這句話相當(dāng)于We redoubled our efforts, and each man works like two。
    三、考博英語(yǔ)實(shí)例解析
    閱讀中通常將帶有獨(dú)立主格的句子改寫為兩個(gè)句子。下面一起來看一個(gè)考博英語(yǔ)真題中的句子:President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.
    解析:with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),可以改寫為一個(gè)句子:Retirees trade much of all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.使兩個(gè)句子前后為因果關(guān)系。
    【第五篇:強(qiáng)調(diào)句構(gòu)成及處理】
    ●強(qiáng)調(diào)句的構(gòu)成:
    It is +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that( who ) +句子其他成分
    【解析】現(xiàn)在時(shí)間為is;過去時(shí)間為was;被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分為動(dòng)詞外的任何成分;強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)象為人則用who或者that;強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)象為物則只能用that;句子的其他成分為正常語(yǔ)序。
    ●強(qiáng)調(diào)句的處理方法:
    去掉強(qiáng)調(diào)格式后,將被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分還原到句子中。
    例1:It was she , a Baltimore printer , who published the first offcial copies of the Declaration , the first included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies .
    【解析】
    去掉強(qiáng)調(diào)格式后,還原句子為:She , a Baltimore printer , published the first official copies of the Declaration , the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies 被強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)象為主與。
    【譯文】
    她,巴爾的摩的印刷商,出版了第一本官方的《獨(dú)立宣言》在這個(gè)版本里包含有每個(gè)簽署者的名字,這樣一來就表明了全部十三個(gè)殖民地的支持。
    例2:Thus , in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers , coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes , that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it .
    【解析】
    去掉強(qiáng)調(diào)格式以后,句子還原為:Thus , in the American economic system ,the system , the demand of individual consumers , coupled with the desirs of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes , together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it .被強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)象為主語(yǔ)。
    【譯文】于是,在美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)中,個(gè)人消費(fèi)者的需求,商人利潤(rùn)大化的欲望及個(gè)人收入大化的渴求,共同決定了應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)什么產(chǎn)品,以及如何利用資源來成產(chǎn)這些產(chǎn)品。
    例3:It was just a decade before this that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a variety of health-related conditions.
    【第六篇:動(dòng)詞完成時(shí)態(tài)的用法和選擇】
    在學(xué)習(xí)考博英語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí),我們常常會(huì)遇到謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的四種變化,分別是時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、情態(tài)和變態(tài)(即虛擬語(yǔ)氣)。其中非常重要而又容易混淆的便是動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的用法和選擇。好多情況下是同學(xué)們記不住各種時(shí)態(tài)的細(xì)微差別,或是老師講解時(shí)可以分清怎么去使用,過一段時(shí)間卻又忘記了。出現(xiàn)這種情況主要是因?yàn)橥瑢W(xué)們沒有抓住時(shí)態(tài)的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn),一是時(shí),一是態(tài)。時(shí)指時(shí)間,包括過去,過去將來,現(xiàn)在,將來。態(tài)指狀態(tài),有完成(全部完成)和未完成(部分完成)兩種狀態(tài)。本文我們就時(shí)態(tài)中比較難的而且是同學(xué)們易出錯(cuò)的完成時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)講解。
    態(tài),顧名思義,是指一件事存在的狀態(tài),有完成(全部完成)和未完成(部分完成)兩種。而我們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)時(shí)一說起完成時(shí)態(tài),同學(xué)們經(jīng)常想到的是事情完成了這一種狀態(tài),常常忽略了第二種情況,那就是事情沒有全部完成,只是完成了一部分。這種情況在生活中也是常常出現(xiàn)的,比如說我需要閱讀5篇文章,現(xiàn)在我讀完3篇文章了。這種情況就屬于部分完成。所以,以后我們?cè)谡f到完成時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),也要考慮到事情可能沒有做完,只是完成了一部分這種情況。換言之,完成時(shí)就是截止到某個(gè)時(shí)間,匯報(bào)一下事情完成的狀況,可以是全部完成,也可以是部分完成。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是指截止到現(xiàn)在,匯報(bào)事情完成的狀況;過去完成時(shí)是指截止到過去某點(diǎn),匯報(bào)事情完成的狀況;將來完成時(shí)是指截止到將來某點(diǎn),匯報(bào)事情完成的狀況。下面就以現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為例來講解一下完成時(shí)的用法。
    現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),時(shí)間截點(diǎn)為現(xiàn)在,即看待問題的角度是站在現(xiàn)在往前看完成的狀況,動(dòng)作發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在的之前,可能做完了,也可能沒有做完。在說話者心目中,動(dòng)作所產(chǎn)生的影響或后果,所造成的狀態(tài),在截止時(shí)間的當(dāng)時(shí)或稍后依然存在,或仍有聯(lián)系。這也是說話者關(guān)心的焦點(diǎn)。包括以下三種情況:
    1.一個(gè)發(fā)生在時(shí)間截止點(diǎn)之前的動(dòng)作,或者是在時(shí)間截止點(diǎn)之前已完成的動(dòng)作; Jane has gone to London. 珍妮已去倫敦。(表示現(xiàn)在之前已完成的動(dòng)作)
    2.一個(gè)在時(shí)間截止點(diǎn)之前重復(fù)的動(dòng)作;We have had four tests so far this semester. 這學(xué)期,我們到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)考過四次了。(表示現(xiàn)在以前重復(fù)發(fā)生的行為)
    3.一個(gè)一直進(jìn)行到時(shí)間截止點(diǎn)的動(dòng)作;I have known him for more than ten years. 我認(rèn)識(shí)他已經(jīng)十多年了。(表示現(xiàn)在以前一直進(jìn)行的行為)
    在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中,動(dòng)作是否在時(shí)間截止點(diǎn)之后仍要進(jìn)行不是我們關(guān)心的焦點(diǎn)。如果要表示動(dòng)作在時(shí)間截止點(diǎn)之后仍要進(jìn)行需用完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。如:He has waited for 3 hours.表示可能繼續(xù)等下去,也可能不再等了。而He has been waiting for 3 hours.強(qiáng)調(diào)沒有完成,仍要繼續(xù)等下去。
    從上面的分析可以發(fā)現(xiàn),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中,動(dòng)作或行為發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在的以前,它們所產(chǎn)生的影響或后果,所造成的狀態(tài),到現(xiàn)在依然存在,或與現(xiàn)在仍有聯(lián)系?,F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)就像是一座橋梁把現(xiàn)在和過去連接起來。而一般過去時(shí)單純陳述過去發(fā)生的事情。如They worked together as partners for ten years. 他們?cè)鳛楹匣锶艘粔K工作過十年。(兩人現(xiàn)已不在一起工作)They have worked together as partners for ten years. 他們作為合伙人已經(jīng)一起工作過十年了。(可能仍在合作,也可能剛剛結(jié)束合作)They have been working together as partners for ten years. 他們作為合伙人已經(jīng)一起工作十年了。(還要繼續(xù)合作)
    【第七篇:it的5種用法】
    It分為兩種情況,一種是指代性it,另一種則為非指代性it。在此為大家介紹it的幾種用法。
    指代性it一般是指人稱代詞it, it作人稱代詞時(shí)可指代事物、動(dòng)物、嬰兒、未知的人或一件事。
    例句1:It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. 這句話中第二個(gè)it就是指代前面的theory。這是一個(gè)許多經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家贊同的理論,但是在實(shí)際中,它往往會(huì)使得鐵路處于一個(gè)決定哪些公司會(huì)興旺,哪些公司會(huì)衰敗的地位中。
    例句2: Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. 在這句話中,it指代a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected 這一情況。除非這些問題得到解決,研究行為的技術(shù)手段就會(huì)繼續(xù)受到排斥,解決問題的方法也可能隨之受到排斥。
    第二種情況是非指代性it。非指代性it是相對(duì)于作人稱代詞的it而言的。他們往往沒有具體意義上的主語(yǔ),它用于表示氣候、溫度、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、距離等。非指代性it常作seem, appear, look, happen, occur, follow等動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ),構(gòu)成特定的句型。
    例句:From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.這句中it沒有實(shí)際意義,為非指代性用法,that引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。從熱點(diǎn)人口分析中可以看出,非洲板塊是靜止不動(dòng)的,而且在過去的三百萬年中也從未移動(dòng)過。
    it 做先行詞。it做形式主語(yǔ)或者形式賓語(yǔ)。It作形式主語(yǔ)時(shí),往往放在句首,將真正的主語(yǔ)(動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、從句)放在之后。其中it可作形式主語(yǔ)指代不定式,這時(shí)常見的謂語(yǔ)有:take, pay, make, cost, require, feel, annoy, need等。另外,it形式主語(yǔ)指代It形式主語(yǔ)指代從句,而且主要形式為It is+a.+than; It is+n.+that; It is+done+that; It+vi+that;
    例如:It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspaper.
    It做形式賓語(yǔ)是放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之間,指代不定式、動(dòng)名詞、從句等。后接it作形式賓語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有:feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, suppose, think, deem, regard, count等。
    引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的it。同學(xué)們所熟悉的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中,它的基本形式就是“it+be的某種形式+that/who從句”。當(dāng)被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是人時(shí)須用who, 其他情況用that。例句:Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. 在because從句中就運(yùn)用了it was ….that的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型,強(qiáng)調(diào)部分為the Federal Circuit itself. 對(duì)商業(yè)方法專利申請(qǐng)的限制將會(huì)是一個(gè)巨大的改變,因?yàn)檫@些專利正是聯(lián)邦巡回法院自己在1998年審理一個(gè)被稱作“美國(guó)道富銀行”的案件時(shí)提出的,判決中巡回法院批準(zhǔn)了一項(xiàng)共同基金資產(chǎn)集資方法的專利。
    【第八篇:as引導(dǎo)的各類從句】
    as主要有兩種詞性,分別為介詞和連詞。as作為介詞時(shí),用法和語(yǔ)義較單一,其含義為“作為”。但是as作為連詞詞性時(shí),其用法和功能較多,可以引導(dǎo)各類從句,而對(duì)其所引導(dǎo)的從句類型的識(shí)別也就成為了as理解的難點(diǎn)。在此對(duì)as引導(dǎo)各類從句進(jìn)行匯總,并對(duì)各類從句的特點(diǎn)給出具體總結(jié)。
    一、as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句
    as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),既可以引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句,又可以引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。區(qū)分as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句和其它從句的關(guān)鍵特征是:as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)在從句中做成分,通常做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。
    1、as引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句。
    如從句所修飾的名詞前有such、the same、as出現(xiàn),后面的定語(yǔ)從句將由as引導(dǎo),形成such...as,the same...as,as…as這樣的固定結(jié)構(gòu),譯為“和……一樣”。
    例1:I never heard such stories as he told.
    我從未聽過他所講的那樣的故事。
    例2:He’ll repeat such questions as are discussed in the book.
    他將重復(fù)書中討論過的問題。
    例3:They made the same mistake as others would have made on such an occasion.
    他們犯了和其他人在這種場(chǎng)合下會(huì)犯的同樣錯(cuò)誤。
    2、as引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。
    as引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句,往往指代一整句話,通常表示“正如”的意思。as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句位置相對(duì)比較靈活,可以位于先行詞之前、之后或中間。
    例:As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth.
    眾所周知,月亮繞著地球轉(zhuǎn)。
    二、as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句
    as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句多用于口語(yǔ),強(qiáng)調(diào)“同一時(shí)間”或“一先一后”,有時(shí)還有“隨著”的含義。
    例1:As I was going out, it began to rain.
    當(dāng)我出門時(shí),開始下雨了。(as強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生,不強(qiáng)調(diào)下雨的特定時(shí)間。)
    例2:As time goes on, he will understand what I said.
    隨著時(shí)間的推移,他會(huì)理解我所講的話。
    三、as引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句
    as表示“因?yàn)椤?,與because相比,較口語(yǔ)化,所表達(dá)的原因語(yǔ)氣較弱,所表的原因比較明顯,或是已知的事實(shí)。
    例1:As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
    因?yàn)樘鞖馓愀?,我們不得不推遲旅行。
    例2:Any new source of energy will be very welcome, as there is already a shortage of petroleum.
    任何新型能源都將大受歡迎,因?yàn)槭鸵呀?jīng)出現(xiàn)短缺。
    四、as引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句
    as表示“按照”,“以……方式”,“像……一樣”,“正如”。
    例:Do as the Romans do when in Rome. 入鄉(xiāng)隨俗
    注:as在引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),還常出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)固定的類比結(jié)構(gòu)中:(just) as …, so…。這一句型表示類比,基本含義是“正如……,所以……”。
    例:Just as virtue is its own reward, so is vice its own punishment.
    善有善報(bào),惡有惡報(bào)。
    五、as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
    as可以表示“盡管”,“雖然”,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,但必須構(gòu)成倒裝。讓步狀語(yǔ)從句倒裝規(guī)則有兩類:
    1、 形容詞/副詞/分詞/名詞(無冠詞)/介詞短語(yǔ)等+as+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,主句。
    例1:Much as I like you, I couldn’t live with you.
    我盡管很喜歡你,卻不能和你在一起生活。
    例2:Child as he is, he knows to help others.
    盡管他是個(gè)孩子,他懂得幫助別人。
    2、動(dòng)詞原形+as+主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞(may/might, will/would, can/could, do/does/did),主句。
    例:Try as we may, we cannot sense directly the television signal sent out from the broadcast station.
    盡管我們費(fèi)了很大的勁,也無法直接覺察發(fā)射臺(tái)發(fā)出的電視信號(hào)。
    六、as引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句
    as引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句,其基本結(jié)構(gòu)是as…as。前一個(gè)as是副詞,后一個(gè)as是比較狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞。否定結(jié)構(gòu)為not so much … as …。
    例1:Small as it is, the ant is as much a creature as are all other animals on the earth.
    盡管螞蟻很小,但是它同地球上的任何其他動(dòng)物一樣,也是一種動(dòng)物。
    例2:It was not so much the many blows he received as the lack of fighting spirit that led to his losing the game.
    與其說是他受到了許多打擊,還不如說是缺乏斗志使他輸?shù)袅吮荣悺?BR>    【第九篇:語(yǔ)法一致原則】
    語(yǔ)法一致原則是指句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)法形式上一致,即通常情況下,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式依主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)形式而定, 主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)形式時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式, 主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。具體內(nèi)容請(qǐng)看下文。
    1. 以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式;主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.
    注意:由what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句,后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式,但若表語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)或what從句是一個(gè)帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.
    2. 由連接詞and或both …… and連接起來的合成主語(yǔ)后面,要用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。如:Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers.
    注意:(1)若and所連接的兩個(gè)詞是指同一個(gè)人或物時(shí),它后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。如:The writer and artist has come. (2)由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語(yǔ)前如果分別有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修飾時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。如:Every student and every teacher was in the room. / No boy and no girl likes it.
    3. 主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)名詞或代詞,盡管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式;若主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall.
    4. either, neither, each, every 或no +單數(shù)名詞和由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞,都作單數(shù)看待。如:Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter.
    注意:(1)在口語(yǔ)中當(dāng)either或neither后跟有“of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞(或代詞)”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如:Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. (2)若none of后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞,它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就要用單數(shù);若它后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù),它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以。如:None of us has (have) been to America.
    5. 在定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),關(guān)系代詞that, who, which等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。如:He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.
    6. 如果集體名詞指的是整個(gè)集體,它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);如果它指集體的成員,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。這些詞有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如:Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.
    注意:people, police, cattle等名詞一般都用作復(fù)數(shù)。如:The police are looking for the lost child.
    7. 由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)以及由“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語(yǔ)中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。如:There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls.
    注意:a number of“許多”,作定語(yǔ)修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞,謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù);the number of“……的數(shù)量”,主語(yǔ)是number,謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。
    8. 在倒裝句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語(yǔ)一致。如:There comes the bus. / On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts.