愿你是一棵樹：春天，吐一山淡淡的香味；夏天，灑一抹如泉的涼蔭；秋天，舉一樹甜甜的青果；冬天，做一個養(yǎng)精蓄銳的好夢！以下是為大家整理的《2019考研英語翻譯基礎(chǔ)復(fù)習(xí)技巧【6-11】》供您查閱。
【篇一：定語從句】
定語從句的翻譯方法主要有以下四種：
前置法：把定語從句的內(nèi)容翻譯成"……的"，放在被修飾詞的前面。
后置法：把定語從句的翻譯放在被修飾詞之后，定語從句的后置翻譯分為三類：由which引導(dǎo)定語從句時一般翻譯為"這";另一些引導(dǎo)詞則在翻譯時重復(fù)先行詞，即被修飾詞;還有一些引導(dǎo)詞在翻譯時可以省略不譯。
融合法：將定語從句與主句融合為一個簡單句的方法。這種用法往往用在"there be"結(jié)構(gòu)帶有定語從句的句型中。
狀譯法：如果主句和定語從句之間有明顯邏輯關(guān)系，則翻譯為狀語。
【真題例句1】
Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
【解析】
可以拆分為：Behaviorists suggest //that the child //who is raised //in an environment// where there are many stimuli //which develop his or her capacity //for appropriate responses //will experience greater intellectual development.
本句的主干即是Behaviorists suggest that ...;that引導(dǎo)suggest的賓語從句，動詞是will experience;who引導(dǎo)修飾child的定語從句，動詞為is raised;where引導(dǎo)修飾environment的定語從句，動詞為are;which引導(dǎo)修飾stimuli的定語從句，動詞為develop。who引導(dǎo)的定語從句的翻譯運(yùn)用了"狀譯法"，翻譯為"如果……那么……";where引導(dǎo)的定語從句因比較短小而采取了前置法，放到了先行詞environment的前面，翻譯為"……的";which引導(dǎo)的定語從句翻譯為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。
【參考譯文】
行為主義者的看法是，如果一個兒童在有許多刺激物的環(huán)境里成長，而這些刺激物能夠發(fā)展其做出適當(dāng)反應(yīng)的能力，那么，這個兒童將會有更高的智力發(fā)展。
【真題例句2】
The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
【解析】
可以拆分為：The Greeks assumed //that the structure of language had some connection// with the process of thought, //which took root// in Europe //long before people realized //how diverse languages could be.
本句的主干即是：The Greeks assumed。That引導(dǎo)assumed的賓語從句，動詞為had;which引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾前面的整個賓語從句，即希臘人的觀點(diǎn)，句中動詞是took;在此定語從句中，long before引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，動詞是realized;其中how引導(dǎo)realized的賓語從句，從句動詞為could be。which引導(dǎo)的定語從句在翻譯時重復(fù)先行詞，即前面整句，譯為"這一觀點(diǎn)"。
【參考譯文】
希臘人認(rèn)為，語言結(jié)構(gòu)與思維過程之間存在著某種聯(lián)系。這一觀點(diǎn)在人們尚未認(rèn)識到語言的千差萬別以前就早已在歐洲扎下了根。
【篇二：分詞句式】
1.分詞作狀語，可以表示時間、條件、原因、結(jié)果(補(bǔ)充說明)、讓步、伴隨等。分詞做狀語時，它的邏輯主語與句子的主語一致。作狀語的分詞相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句。分詞在句子中作狀語，使用何種分詞，要取決于分詞與句子主語的關(guān)系：主謂關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞，動賓或被動關(guān)系用過去分詞。
2.分詞作定語，做定語的單個的分詞通常放在被修飾的名詞之前，分詞短語一般置于所修飾的中心詞后面?，F(xiàn)在分詞修飾的是發(fā)出該動作的名詞(與名詞有主謂關(guān)系)，過去分詞修飾承受該動作的名詞(與名詞是動賓關(guān)系)。
在翻譯時，需首先判斷分詞在句子中所承擔(dān)的成分，然后參照定語從句和狀語從句的相關(guān)翻譯技巧來翻譯即可。
【真題例句1】Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.
【解析】Being interested in…現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語，表原因。本句是一個主從復(fù)合句。句子的主干為"Whorf developed the idea"，Being interested in…現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語，表原因。That引導(dǎo)同位語從句進(jìn)一步解釋說明idea。
【參考譯文】沃爾夫?qū)φZ言與思維的關(guān)系很感興趣，因此逐漸形成了這樣的觀點(diǎn)：在一個社會中，語言的結(jié)構(gòu)決定習(xí)慣性思維的結(jié)構(gòu)。
【真題例句2】The emphasis on data gathered first hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
【解析】劃線部分為過去分詞作定語，句子的主干為"The emphasis makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science."。介詞結(jié)構(gòu)on data作后置定語修飾限定emphasis，過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)gathered…作后置定語修飾限定data，過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)combined with…作定語修飾限定emphasis，過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)brought to作后置定語修飾限定perspective。
【參考譯文】強(qiáng)調(diào)收集第一手資料，加上在分析過去與現(xiàn)在的文化形態(tài)時采用跨文化視角，使得人類學(xué)研究成為一門獨(dú)特而且非常重要的社會科學(xué)。
【真題例句3】Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident.
【解析】現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)Feeling threatened作狀語，表原因;現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)trying to…作狀語，表目的。句子的主干為"companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels"，現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)Feeling threatened作狀語，表原因;現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)trying to…作狀語，表目的。
【參考譯文】公司因此感到了威脅，便做出了反應(yīng)，寫出越來越長的警示標(biāo)識語，力圖預(yù)
先標(biāo)明種種可能發(fā)生的事故。
【篇三：代詞句式】
代詞句式
(一)人稱代詞及物主代詞的指代
【真題例句】
Additional social stress may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements--themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
【解析】
從結(jié)構(gòu)來看，該句because of 的后邊接兩個名詞短語the population explosion和problems arising from mass migration movements--themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport來表示原因。其中，第二個名詞短語又含有一個短語themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport,來補(bǔ)充說明mass migration movements。因此，這里的代詞themselves 指代名詞短語mass migration movements。
【參考譯文】由于人口的猛增或大量的人口流動(現(xiàn)代交通工具使這種流通變得相對容易)造成的種種問題也回對社會造成新的壓力。
(二)不定代詞的指代
【真題例句】
While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
【解析】
不定代詞one 指代名詞短語definition of history。在這里one 和物主代詞及人稱代詞在指代名詞方面有所不同, one 指代上文出現(xiàn)的名詞的同類名詞，其中，one 表示單數(shù)，ones表示復(fù)數(shù);而物主代詞及人稱代詞必須指代上文中出現(xiàn)的名詞本身，所以單復(fù)數(shù)必須一致。比如這里若要用人稱代詞，則必須用they/them來指代上文中復(fù)數(shù)形式的definitions of history。
【參考譯文】幾乎每個歷史學(xué)家對史學(xué)都有自己的界定，但現(xiàn)代史學(xué)家的實(shí)踐最趨向于認(rèn)為歷史學(xué)是試圖重現(xiàn)過去的重*實(shí)并對其作出解釋。
(三)指示代詞的指代
【真題例句】
Everybody has a responsibility to the society of which he is a part and through this to mankind.
【解析】
這里的this指代前面的a responsibility to the society，如果只是譯成"這個"，則會造成語義不明。在to mankind之前省去了Everybody has a responsibility (to)。
【參考譯文】每個人都對他所屬的社會負(fù)有責(zé)任，并且通過對社會負(fù)責(zé)任，而對人類負(fù)有責(zé)任。
【篇四：分割結(jié)構(gòu)】
語法關(guān)系密切的兩個句子成分被其他句子成分分隔的現(xiàn)象稱為分割結(jié)構(gòu)。英語中，分割結(jié)構(gòu)的類型是多種多樣的。例如，英語句子的主語和謂語一般都緊密相聯(lián)，它們之間很少插入介詞等比較長的結(jié)構(gòu)。但是，在有些情況下，或是為了保持句子的平衡，避免頭重腳輕，或是為了語義嚴(yán)密，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，在主語和謂語之間有時也會插入其他成分。此外，還有定語(或定語從句)與其中心詞被分隔;某些詞語與其所要求的介詞被分隔;動詞與其賓語被分隔;介詞與其賓語被分隔等等?？傊⒄Z的分割應(yīng)遵循尾重原則(應(yīng)把長而復(fù)雜的成分放在句末，使結(jié)構(gòu)勻稱)和句尾信息焦點(diǎn)原則(把新信息，即語意重點(diǎn)放在句末)。同時，在閱讀時要注意找出原來屬于一個整體部分的意義。
1. Most novelists and historians writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fell under Turner’s spell.
分析：本句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：Most novelists and historians…fell under Turner’s spell. Turner 是美國歷史學(xué)家。under a spell：被迷住，著迷。writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all 修飾主語，起分割主謂的作用。而其中的狀語從句when they considered women at all 是定語從句who considered women in the West中的狀語成分。
譯文：從本世紀(jì)初到本世紀(jì)中葉從事寫作的小說家和歷史學(xué)家只要描寫婦女，就會描述西部婦女，而且都被特納迷住。
2. In the last eight years there were difficult, almost non-stop negotiations and reported threats of failure, ultimately overcome by a combination of creative compromise and stubborn determination—indeed, some call it unprecedented determination—to succeed.
分析：本句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：…there were negotiations and…threats of failure。“overcome by…”是過去分詞短語，修飾 threats of failure。stubborn determination 和其定語動詞不定式“to succeed”被“indeed, some call it unprecedented determination”分割。
譯文：在最后的八年里，進(jìn)行了艱苦卓絕的、幾乎是不間斷的談判，其間屢經(jīng)失敗之虞，但最終通過創(chuàng)造性的協(xié)調(diào)和要取得成功的頑強(qiáng)決心——確實(shí)有人稱之為前所未有的決心——而渡過難關(guān)，取得了勝利。
3. Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position.
分析：the claim 和其同位語 that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position 被 the claim 的定語從句that Americans often made 分割。同位語從句在翻譯時可按照順序翻譯，將其翻譯為分句。
4. The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and social critics, had been groping in the dark.
分析：in trying to solve插在 the problem 和定語從句which…之間，起到承上啟下的作用。of both bourgeois economists and social critics為investigations 的后置定語，起到分割作用。
譯文：由于剩余價值的發(fā)現(xiàn)，使問題明朗化了。而先前，無論資產(chǎn)階級經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家還是社會批評家所從事的一切研究都只是在黑暗中摸索。
5. A better knowledge of China’s civilization would lay open to us an empire of learning, hitherto fabulously described.
分析：lay open 和 an empire of learning 被介詞短語 to us 分割。本句選自英國前首相撒切爾夫人1982年在中國歡迎宴會上的講話。翻譯時要注意轉(zhuǎn)譯的應(yīng)用。如把“better”譯為副詞“更好地”。
譯文：更好地了解中國的文明，將為我們打開一個知識的王國，對這個王國迄今只有神話般的描述。
6. It is the insistence, as a first consideration, upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States—a recognition of the old and permanently important manifestation of the American spirit of the pioneer.
分析：insistence 后接upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States, 中間被插入語as a first consideration 分割，做進(jìn)一步說明。該句選自美國前總統(tǒng)羅斯福在1933年的就職演說。漢語中動詞用得較多，翻譯時可把名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動詞。
7. As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons: lack of physical and mental energy—both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away—and sentiment.
分析：該句包含了并列結(jié)構(gòu)被分割的情況。lack of physical and mental energy和sentiment 是并列結(jié)構(gòu)，作two other reasons的同位語。但是被非限定性定語從句both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away分割。
譯文：人們隨著日趨年邁，積存物品還有其他兩個原因：一是缺乏體力和精神，兩者在清理和扔掉無用之物時不可或缺，二是感情上的原因。
8. Those who believe in capital punishment may have arguments for its retention, but surely no reasonable argument can be found for retention of the sickening mumbo-jumbo that accompanies it from the moment that the judge dons the black cap with what looks like a pen-wiper balanced on the top of his wig, to the reading of the burial service over the condemned man before he is dead.
分析：這是一個由but引導(dǎo)的并列句。前一分句較簡單，who引導(dǎo)的從句作those 的定語，but 后的從句較復(fù)雜，從句套從句，for retention…dead是argument的定語。因為它比較長，所以把謂語動詞can be found放在它和argument之間，形成分割結(jié)構(gòu)。該句較長，可以分為三層：第一層是those…retention，第二層是but…mumbo-jumbo，第三層是that accompanies…dead。基本上可采用順序法翻譯。
譯文：那些相信死刑的人可能有保留死刑的理由，但是肯定找不到合理的論據(jù)來保留那令人厭惡的繁文縟節(jié)。這一套繁文縟節(jié)從法官戴上頂在假發(fā)上的擦筆布似的黑帽子宣判死刑之時開始，一直伴隨到為被判處死刑的人在其斃命之前誦讀葬禮禱文為止。
9. The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in the work.
分析：這是一個很典型的分割結(jié)構(gòu)。主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：The second aspect is the application…of the special methods of thought and action，application和修飾它的介詞短語被一個長長的by短語分割。
譯文：第二個方面是，社會上的一切成員，從政府部門中任工職的官員到普通公民，都應(yīng)運(yùn)用科學(xué)家們在研究工作中所采用的專門的思維方法和工作方法。
10.Old Henry and his wife Phoebe were as fond of each other as it is possible for two old people to be who have nothing else in this life to be fond of.
分析：連詞as 引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句中，it 代替for two old people to be。to be 后省略了fond of each other。to be 做分割成分。
8. As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons: lack of physical and mental energy—both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away—and sentiment.
分析：該句包含了并列結(jié)構(gòu)被分割的情況。lack of physical and mental energy和sentiment 是并列結(jié)構(gòu)，作two other reasons的同位語。但是被非限定性定語從句both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away分割。
譯文：人們隨著日趨年邁，積存物品還有其他兩個原因：一是缺乏體力和精神，兩者在清理和扔掉無用之物時不可或缺，二是感情上的原因。
9. Those who believe in capital punishment may have arguments for its retention, but surely no reasonable argument can be found for retention of the sickening mumbo-jumbo that accompanies it from the moment that the judge dons the black cap with what looks like a pen-wiper balanced on the top of his wig, to the reading of the burial service over the condemned man before he is dead.
分析：這是一個由but引導(dǎo)的并列句。前一分句較簡單，who引導(dǎo)的從句作those 的定語，but 后的從句較復(fù)雜，從句套從句，for retention…dead是argument的定語。因為它比較長，所以把謂語動詞can be found放在它和argument之間，形成分割結(jié)構(gòu)。該句較長，可以分為三層：第一層是those…retention，第二層是but…mumbo-jumbo，第三層是that accompanies…dead?；旧峡刹捎庙樞蚍ǚg。
譯文：那些相信死刑的人可能有保留死刑的理由，但是肯定找不到合理的論據(jù)來保留那令人厭惡的繁文縟節(jié)。這一套繁文縟節(jié)從法官戴上頂在假發(fā)上的擦筆布似的黑帽子宣判死刑之時開始，一直伴隨到為被判處死刑的人在其斃命之前誦讀葬禮禱文為止。
10. The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in the work.
分析：這是一個很典型的分割結(jié)構(gòu)。主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：The second aspect is the application…of the special methods of thought and action，application和修飾它的介詞短語被一個長長的by短語分割。
【篇五：被分割定語從句】
通常，定語從句緊跟在先行詞之后，但在具體的運(yùn)用中，往往也出現(xiàn)有定語從句與先行詞被分隔的現(xiàn)象。本文就定語從句與先行詞分隔的種種情況、分隔的原因及其漢譯進(jìn)行探討。
一、定語從句與先行詞分隔的形式
1?被謂語分隔，例如：
Many forms of apparatus have been devised by which a more ac- curate knowledge of blood pressure can be obtained.人們已經(jīng)設(shè)計出許多醫(yī)療器械，通過這些醫(yī)療器械，可以對血壓有一個更為精確的了解。
Hardly a man came to the exhibition but was deeply impressed by the originality of his works.來參觀的人幾乎無一不對他的作品的創(chuàng)造性留下深刻印象。
2?被非從句定語分隔，例如：
Singapore is at the start of a long road，already well trodden in the west，that leads to such solutions as shelter and rest homes.新加坡眼下正踏上一條西方國家早已走了很遠(yuǎn)的漫長道路，即最終建立收容所和休養(yǎng)院來解決問題。
Does this mean that in time fish might learn to leave alone all food on hooks that they have seen before?這難道不就意味著，魚兒很快就可能學(xué)會避開那些它們常見的魚鉤上的食物嗎?
3?被狀語分隔，例如：
Never say anything behind a person's back that you wouldn't say to his face.當(dāng)面不愿說的話，千萬不要在背后說。
I remember viewing a half dozen men in a chair factory whose job was to bend several pieces of steel and attach them so that a folding chair would result.我記得曾在一家椅子廠見過六個工人，他們的工作是將幾根鋼管彎曲并組成一把折椅。
4?被補(bǔ)語分隔，例如：
The cook turned pale，and asked the housem aid to shut the door，who asked Brittles，who asked the tinker，who pretended not to hear.廚子的臉色變得蒼白，要女仆把門關(guān)上，女仆叫布立特爾關(guān)，布立特爾又叫補(bǔ)鍋匠關(guān)，而補(bǔ)鍋匠裝著沒聽見。
5?被同位語分隔，例如：
One was a violent thunderstorm ，the worst I had ever seen，which obscured my objective.有一次是暴風(fēng)驟雨，猛烈的程度實(shí)為我平生所僅見。這陣暴風(fēng)雨遮住了我的目標(biāo)。
二、定語從句與先行詞分隔的原因
1?為了保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡，避免“頭重腳輕”，將定語從句與先行詞分隔，例如：
Mr.Leon said in the future，computer would be developed which would be small enough to carry in the pocket.利昂先生說，將來會生產(chǎn)出小得可以放在口袋里的計算機(jī)。
2?為了突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)主句中的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)所表達(dá)的意義，將定語從句與先行詞分隔，例如：
Chinese trade delegations have been sent to African countries，who will negotiate trade agreem ents with the respective govern-
ments.中國已派出貿(mào)易代表團(tuán)前往非洲各國，以便與這些國家的政府商談貿(mào)易協(xié)定。
The day is not far off when a lot of housework can be done by machine.大量家務(wù)活由機(jī)器來干的日子不遠(yuǎn)了。
3?先行詞所帶的非從句定語常需置于定語從句之前而造成先行詞與定語從句分隔，例如：
There was som ething original，independent and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them .這個方案有創(chuàng)造性，而且別出心裁，又有魅力，所以深得他們的喜歡。
三、與先行詞分隔的定語從句的漢譯
1?將定語從句譯為漢語“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)，置于先行詞之前，例如：
Yet there exist com plex computations in science and engineer-ing which people are unable to make.到目前為止，在科學(xué)和工程方面還存在許多人們無能為力的復(fù)雜計算。
He merely swallows this theory because there is something about it that appeals to the twentieth-century m entality.他全盤接受這一理論，只是因為這一理論中有一種迎合二十世紀(jì)心理的東西。
I think it is clear that each side entertainssuspicions of the other which are unjust.我認(rèn)為雙方顯然相互懷著沒有正當(dāng)理由的猜疑。
2?將定語從句單獨(dú)譯為一個分句，例如：
There is som ebody waiting for you who I think might be one of your friends from your native town.有個人在外面等你，我想這個人可能就是你家鄉(xiāng)的一位朋友。
The molecules exert forces upon each other，which depend upon the distance between them .分子相互之間存在著力的作用，該力的大小取決于它們的距離。
The result of this is the retention of too much air in the respiratory tract at each expiration which prevents the fresh air from being taken in at the next inhalation from reaching the lung alveoli.其結(jié)果就是在每次呼氣時呼吸道里保留過多的空氣，這樣就在下次吸氣時妨礙吸入的新鮮空氣抵達(dá)肺泡里。
3?將定語從句與先行詞溶合譯出，例如：
He is a wise man who speaks little.智者言少。
【篇六：倒裝句】
為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的某些部分，或是為了保持句子平衡，英語中常常使用倒裝。大體說來，倒裝可以分為主謂倒裝和非主謂倒裝。主謂倒裝里又分為完全倒裝和部分倒裝。在翻譯的時候，既可以按照主謂語的順序翻譯，也可以按照字面意思翻譯。非主謂倒裝只是將強(qiáng)調(diào)部分前置，以保持句子平衡或是起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。翻譯時可以采用順序譯法或是倒序譯法。
1. For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
分析：本句中had he grown up under more favorable circumstances 屬于部分倒裝。正常語序為：if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances。在正式文體中，可以將虛擬條件句中的if 省略，并將助動詞提前。
譯文：例如，它們(指測試)并不彌補(bǔ)社會的不公，因此不能說明一個貧困青年，要是在比較有利的境況下長大，會有多大才干。
2. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.
分析：該句中so did bigger crops of babies 屬于語法倒裝。用so 來代替前述肯定句謂語部分所說情況。
譯文：不間斷的移民浪潮也起了作用——而且隨著昔日在“生育高峰期”出生的一代人達(dá)到生育年齡，嬰兒的出生數(shù)量增加了，這同樣起了作用。
3. Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job.
分析：該句的Much as I have traveled是一個由as 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。相當(dāng)于though I have traveled much，但語氣要比后者強(qiáng)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)要求部分倒裝。
譯文：我雖然見多識廣，但還從未見過比她細(xì)心的人，不管什么職業(yè)。
4. Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you write correctly.
分析：相信大家對這種結(jié)構(gòu)都不陌生。Only后加副詞、介詞、狀語從句時要用部分倒裝。但是要注意的是，如果only修飾的不是狀語，則不用倒裝。
譯文：只有很好地掌握了語法知識，寫出來的東西才會正確。
5. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.
分析：當(dāng)句首是否定副詞或含有否定詞的詞語時，一般要部分倒裝。
譯文：1980年哪里的人口普查統(tǒng)計資料也不如遠(yuǎn)西地區(qū)的更能生動地說明美國人對寬敞的生活環(huán)境的追求。
6. Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.
分析：hardly…when 的結(jié)構(gòu)表示“剛…就…”。含有這種結(jié)構(gòu)的句子常將 hardly 置于句首，而采用部分倒裝的語序。此外，hardly 分句中一般采用過去完成時，而 when(或 before)分句中使用過去時。還有，與 hardly…when…結(jié)構(gòu)類似的用法還有 barely (scarcely)…when…
譯文：他剛開始講，聽眾就打斷了他的話。
7. To such length did she go in rehearsal that two actors walked out.
分析：such…that 結(jié)構(gòu)可將such或含有such 的詞組放在句首，使全句采用部分倒裝。與此用法類似的還有so…that結(jié)構(gòu)。
譯文：她在排演中搞得太過分，以致兩名男演員退出不干了。
8. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water.
分析：本句為表語前置，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。正常語序應(yīng)為：It is certain that…。
譯文：植物發(fā)育生長的全部基本過程當(dāng)然是在水中發(fā)生的。
9. We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain.
分析：這兩句話是為了使上下文緊密銜接，從而將第二個并列分句的表語前置
譯文：我們確實(shí)不應(yīng)因為被稱作窮光蛋而憤憤不平。我們的確是窮光蛋，而且還會繼續(xù)是窮光蛋。
10. Then, down the crowed thoroughfare comes the University of Cambridge’s most distinctive vehicle, bearing its most distinguished citizen.
分析：正常語序應(yīng)為：The vehicle came down the thoroughfare。為使語言生動形象，文學(xué)作品中常用這類倒裝。在翻譯時要盡量翻譯出原句的語言效果。這里bear=carry。
譯文：從擁擠的街道上駛來了一輛劍橋大學(xué)最有特色的車，車上坐著學(xué)校最的人物。
【篇一：定語從句】
定語從句的翻譯方法主要有以下四種：
前置法：把定語從句的內(nèi)容翻譯成"……的"，放在被修飾詞的前面。
后置法：把定語從句的翻譯放在被修飾詞之后，定語從句的后置翻譯分為三類：由which引導(dǎo)定語從句時一般翻譯為"這";另一些引導(dǎo)詞則在翻譯時重復(fù)先行詞，即被修飾詞;還有一些引導(dǎo)詞在翻譯時可以省略不譯。
融合法：將定語從句與主句融合為一個簡單句的方法。這種用法往往用在"there be"結(jié)構(gòu)帶有定語從句的句型中。
狀譯法：如果主句和定語從句之間有明顯邏輯關(guān)系，則翻譯為狀語。
【真題例句1】
Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
【解析】
可以拆分為：Behaviorists suggest //that the child //who is raised //in an environment// where there are many stimuli //which develop his or her capacity //for appropriate responses //will experience greater intellectual development.
本句的主干即是Behaviorists suggest that ...;that引導(dǎo)suggest的賓語從句，動詞是will experience;who引導(dǎo)修飾child的定語從句，動詞為is raised;where引導(dǎo)修飾environment的定語從句，動詞為are;which引導(dǎo)修飾stimuli的定語從句，動詞為develop。who引導(dǎo)的定語從句的翻譯運(yùn)用了"狀譯法"，翻譯為"如果……那么……";where引導(dǎo)的定語從句因比較短小而采取了前置法，放到了先行詞environment的前面，翻譯為"……的";which引導(dǎo)的定語從句翻譯為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。
【參考譯文】
行為主義者的看法是，如果一個兒童在有許多刺激物的環(huán)境里成長，而這些刺激物能夠發(fā)展其做出適當(dāng)反應(yīng)的能力，那么，這個兒童將會有更高的智力發(fā)展。
【真題例句2】
The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
【解析】
可以拆分為：The Greeks assumed //that the structure of language had some connection// with the process of thought, //which took root// in Europe //long before people realized //how diverse languages could be.
本句的主干即是：The Greeks assumed。That引導(dǎo)assumed的賓語從句，動詞為had;which引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾前面的整個賓語從句，即希臘人的觀點(diǎn)，句中動詞是took;在此定語從句中，long before引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，動詞是realized;其中how引導(dǎo)realized的賓語從句，從句動詞為could be。which引導(dǎo)的定語從句在翻譯時重復(fù)先行詞，即前面整句，譯為"這一觀點(diǎn)"。
【參考譯文】
希臘人認(rèn)為，語言結(jié)構(gòu)與思維過程之間存在著某種聯(lián)系。這一觀點(diǎn)在人們尚未認(rèn)識到語言的千差萬別以前就早已在歐洲扎下了根。
【篇二：分詞句式】
1.分詞作狀語，可以表示時間、條件、原因、結(jié)果(補(bǔ)充說明)、讓步、伴隨等。分詞做狀語時，它的邏輯主語與句子的主語一致。作狀語的分詞相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句。分詞在句子中作狀語，使用何種分詞，要取決于分詞與句子主語的關(guān)系：主謂關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞，動賓或被動關(guān)系用過去分詞。
2.分詞作定語，做定語的單個的分詞通常放在被修飾的名詞之前，分詞短語一般置于所修飾的中心詞后面?，F(xiàn)在分詞修飾的是發(fā)出該動作的名詞(與名詞有主謂關(guān)系)，過去分詞修飾承受該動作的名詞(與名詞是動賓關(guān)系)。
在翻譯時，需首先判斷分詞在句子中所承擔(dān)的成分，然后參照定語從句和狀語從句的相關(guān)翻譯技巧來翻譯即可。
【真題例句1】Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.
【解析】Being interested in…現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語，表原因。本句是一個主從復(fù)合句。句子的主干為"Whorf developed the idea"，Being interested in…現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語，表原因。That引導(dǎo)同位語從句進(jìn)一步解釋說明idea。
【參考譯文】沃爾夫?qū)φZ言與思維的關(guān)系很感興趣，因此逐漸形成了這樣的觀點(diǎn)：在一個社會中，語言的結(jié)構(gòu)決定習(xí)慣性思維的結(jié)構(gòu)。
【真題例句2】The emphasis on data gathered first hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
【解析】劃線部分為過去分詞作定語，句子的主干為"The emphasis makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science."。介詞結(jié)構(gòu)on data作后置定語修飾限定emphasis，過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)gathered…作后置定語修飾限定data，過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)combined with…作定語修飾限定emphasis，過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)brought to作后置定語修飾限定perspective。
【參考譯文】強(qiáng)調(diào)收集第一手資料，加上在分析過去與現(xiàn)在的文化形態(tài)時采用跨文化視角，使得人類學(xué)研究成為一門獨(dú)特而且非常重要的社會科學(xué)。
【真題例句3】Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident.
【解析】現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)Feeling threatened作狀語，表原因;現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)trying to…作狀語，表目的。句子的主干為"companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels"，現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)Feeling threatened作狀語，表原因;現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)trying to…作狀語，表目的。
【參考譯文】公司因此感到了威脅，便做出了反應(yīng)，寫出越來越長的警示標(biāo)識語，力圖預(yù)
先標(biāo)明種種可能發(fā)生的事故。
【篇三：代詞句式】
代詞句式
(一)人稱代詞及物主代詞的指代
【真題例句】
Additional social stress may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements--themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
【解析】
從結(jié)構(gòu)來看，該句because of 的后邊接兩個名詞短語the population explosion和problems arising from mass migration movements--themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport來表示原因。其中，第二個名詞短語又含有一個短語themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport,來補(bǔ)充說明mass migration movements。因此，這里的代詞themselves 指代名詞短語mass migration movements。
【參考譯文】由于人口的猛增或大量的人口流動(現(xiàn)代交通工具使這種流通變得相對容易)造成的種種問題也回對社會造成新的壓力。
(二)不定代詞的指代
【真題例句】
While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
【解析】
不定代詞one 指代名詞短語definition of history。在這里one 和物主代詞及人稱代詞在指代名詞方面有所不同, one 指代上文出現(xiàn)的名詞的同類名詞，其中，one 表示單數(shù)，ones表示復(fù)數(shù);而物主代詞及人稱代詞必須指代上文中出現(xiàn)的名詞本身，所以單復(fù)數(shù)必須一致。比如這里若要用人稱代詞，則必須用they/them來指代上文中復(fù)數(shù)形式的definitions of history。
【參考譯文】幾乎每個歷史學(xué)家對史學(xué)都有自己的界定，但現(xiàn)代史學(xué)家的實(shí)踐最趨向于認(rèn)為歷史學(xué)是試圖重現(xiàn)過去的重*實(shí)并對其作出解釋。
(三)指示代詞的指代
【真題例句】
Everybody has a responsibility to the society of which he is a part and through this to mankind.
【解析】
這里的this指代前面的a responsibility to the society，如果只是譯成"這個"，則會造成語義不明。在to mankind之前省去了Everybody has a responsibility (to)。
【參考譯文】每個人都對他所屬的社會負(fù)有責(zé)任，并且通過對社會負(fù)責(zé)任，而對人類負(fù)有責(zé)任。
【篇四：分割結(jié)構(gòu)】
語法關(guān)系密切的兩個句子成分被其他句子成分分隔的現(xiàn)象稱為分割結(jié)構(gòu)。英語中，分割結(jié)構(gòu)的類型是多種多樣的。例如，英語句子的主語和謂語一般都緊密相聯(lián)，它們之間很少插入介詞等比較長的結(jié)構(gòu)。但是，在有些情況下，或是為了保持句子的平衡，避免頭重腳輕，或是為了語義嚴(yán)密，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，在主語和謂語之間有時也會插入其他成分。此外，還有定語(或定語從句)與其中心詞被分隔;某些詞語與其所要求的介詞被分隔;動詞與其賓語被分隔;介詞與其賓語被分隔等等?？傊⒄Z的分割應(yīng)遵循尾重原則(應(yīng)把長而復(fù)雜的成分放在句末，使結(jié)構(gòu)勻稱)和句尾信息焦點(diǎn)原則(把新信息，即語意重點(diǎn)放在句末)。同時，在閱讀時要注意找出原來屬于一個整體部分的意義。
1. Most novelists and historians writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fell under Turner’s spell.
分析：本句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：Most novelists and historians…fell under Turner’s spell. Turner 是美國歷史學(xué)家。under a spell：被迷住，著迷。writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all 修飾主語，起分割主謂的作用。而其中的狀語從句when they considered women at all 是定語從句who considered women in the West中的狀語成分。
譯文：從本世紀(jì)初到本世紀(jì)中葉從事寫作的小說家和歷史學(xué)家只要描寫婦女，就會描述西部婦女，而且都被特納迷住。
2. In the last eight years there were difficult, almost non-stop negotiations and reported threats of failure, ultimately overcome by a combination of creative compromise and stubborn determination—indeed, some call it unprecedented determination—to succeed.
分析：本句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：…there were negotiations and…threats of failure。“overcome by…”是過去分詞短語，修飾 threats of failure。stubborn determination 和其定語動詞不定式“to succeed”被“indeed, some call it unprecedented determination”分割。
譯文：在最后的八年里，進(jìn)行了艱苦卓絕的、幾乎是不間斷的談判，其間屢經(jīng)失敗之虞，但最終通過創(chuàng)造性的協(xié)調(diào)和要取得成功的頑強(qiáng)決心——確實(shí)有人稱之為前所未有的決心——而渡過難關(guān)，取得了勝利。
3. Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position.
分析：the claim 和其同位語 that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position 被 the claim 的定語從句that Americans often made 分割。同位語從句在翻譯時可按照順序翻譯，將其翻譯為分句。
4. The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and social critics, had been groping in the dark.
分析：in trying to solve插在 the problem 和定語從句which…之間，起到承上啟下的作用。of both bourgeois economists and social critics為investigations 的后置定語，起到分割作用。
譯文：由于剩余價值的發(fā)現(xiàn)，使問題明朗化了。而先前，無論資產(chǎn)階級經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家還是社會批評家所從事的一切研究都只是在黑暗中摸索。
5. A better knowledge of China’s civilization would lay open to us an empire of learning, hitherto fabulously described.
分析：lay open 和 an empire of learning 被介詞短語 to us 分割。本句選自英國前首相撒切爾夫人1982年在中國歡迎宴會上的講話。翻譯時要注意轉(zhuǎn)譯的應(yīng)用。如把“better”譯為副詞“更好地”。
譯文：更好地了解中國的文明，將為我們打開一個知識的王國，對這個王國迄今只有神話般的描述。
6. It is the insistence, as a first consideration, upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States—a recognition of the old and permanently important manifestation of the American spirit of the pioneer.
分析：insistence 后接upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States, 中間被插入語as a first consideration 分割，做進(jìn)一步說明。該句選自美國前總統(tǒng)羅斯福在1933年的就職演說。漢語中動詞用得較多，翻譯時可把名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動詞。
7. As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons: lack of physical and mental energy—both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away—and sentiment.
分析：該句包含了并列結(jié)構(gòu)被分割的情況。lack of physical and mental energy和sentiment 是并列結(jié)構(gòu)，作two other reasons的同位語。但是被非限定性定語從句both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away分割。
譯文：人們隨著日趨年邁，積存物品還有其他兩個原因：一是缺乏體力和精神，兩者在清理和扔掉無用之物時不可或缺，二是感情上的原因。
8. Those who believe in capital punishment may have arguments for its retention, but surely no reasonable argument can be found for retention of the sickening mumbo-jumbo that accompanies it from the moment that the judge dons the black cap with what looks like a pen-wiper balanced on the top of his wig, to the reading of the burial service over the condemned man before he is dead.
分析：這是一個由but引導(dǎo)的并列句。前一分句較簡單，who引導(dǎo)的從句作those 的定語，but 后的從句較復(fù)雜，從句套從句，for retention…dead是argument的定語。因為它比較長，所以把謂語動詞can be found放在它和argument之間，形成分割結(jié)構(gòu)。該句較長，可以分為三層：第一層是those…retention，第二層是but…mumbo-jumbo，第三層是that accompanies…dead。基本上可采用順序法翻譯。
譯文：那些相信死刑的人可能有保留死刑的理由，但是肯定找不到合理的論據(jù)來保留那令人厭惡的繁文縟節(jié)。這一套繁文縟節(jié)從法官戴上頂在假發(fā)上的擦筆布似的黑帽子宣判死刑之時開始，一直伴隨到為被判處死刑的人在其斃命之前誦讀葬禮禱文為止。
9. The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in the work.
分析：這是一個很典型的分割結(jié)構(gòu)。主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：The second aspect is the application…of the special methods of thought and action，application和修飾它的介詞短語被一個長長的by短語分割。
譯文：第二個方面是，社會上的一切成員，從政府部門中任工職的官員到普通公民，都應(yīng)運(yùn)用科學(xué)家們在研究工作中所采用的專門的思維方法和工作方法。
10.Old Henry and his wife Phoebe were as fond of each other as it is possible for two old people to be who have nothing else in this life to be fond of.
分析：連詞as 引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句中，it 代替for two old people to be。to be 后省略了fond of each other。to be 做分割成分。
8. As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons: lack of physical and mental energy—both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away—and sentiment.
分析：該句包含了并列結(jié)構(gòu)被分割的情況。lack of physical and mental energy和sentiment 是并列結(jié)構(gòu)，作two other reasons的同位語。但是被非限定性定語從句both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away分割。
譯文：人們隨著日趨年邁，積存物品還有其他兩個原因：一是缺乏體力和精神，兩者在清理和扔掉無用之物時不可或缺，二是感情上的原因。
9. Those who believe in capital punishment may have arguments for its retention, but surely no reasonable argument can be found for retention of the sickening mumbo-jumbo that accompanies it from the moment that the judge dons the black cap with what looks like a pen-wiper balanced on the top of his wig, to the reading of the burial service over the condemned man before he is dead.
分析：這是一個由but引導(dǎo)的并列句。前一分句較簡單，who引導(dǎo)的從句作those 的定語，but 后的從句較復(fù)雜，從句套從句，for retention…dead是argument的定語。因為它比較長，所以把謂語動詞can be found放在它和argument之間，形成分割結(jié)構(gòu)。該句較長，可以分為三層：第一層是those…retention，第二層是but…mumbo-jumbo，第三層是that accompanies…dead?；旧峡刹捎庙樞蚍ǚg。
譯文：那些相信死刑的人可能有保留死刑的理由，但是肯定找不到合理的論據(jù)來保留那令人厭惡的繁文縟節(jié)。這一套繁文縟節(jié)從法官戴上頂在假發(fā)上的擦筆布似的黑帽子宣判死刑之時開始，一直伴隨到為被判處死刑的人在其斃命之前誦讀葬禮禱文為止。
10. The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in the work.
分析：這是一個很典型的分割結(jié)構(gòu)。主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：The second aspect is the application…of the special methods of thought and action，application和修飾它的介詞短語被一個長長的by短語分割。
【篇五：被分割定語從句】
通常，定語從句緊跟在先行詞之后，但在具體的運(yùn)用中，往往也出現(xiàn)有定語從句與先行詞被分隔的現(xiàn)象。本文就定語從句與先行詞分隔的種種情況、分隔的原因及其漢譯進(jìn)行探討。
一、定語從句與先行詞分隔的形式
1?被謂語分隔，例如：
Many forms of apparatus have been devised by which a more ac- curate knowledge of blood pressure can be obtained.人們已經(jīng)設(shè)計出許多醫(yī)療器械，通過這些醫(yī)療器械，可以對血壓有一個更為精確的了解。
Hardly a man came to the exhibition but was deeply impressed by the originality of his works.來參觀的人幾乎無一不對他的作品的創(chuàng)造性留下深刻印象。
2?被非從句定語分隔，例如：
Singapore is at the start of a long road，already well trodden in the west，that leads to such solutions as shelter and rest homes.新加坡眼下正踏上一條西方國家早已走了很遠(yuǎn)的漫長道路，即最終建立收容所和休養(yǎng)院來解決問題。
Does this mean that in time fish might learn to leave alone all food on hooks that they have seen before?這難道不就意味著，魚兒很快就可能學(xué)會避開那些它們常見的魚鉤上的食物嗎?
3?被狀語分隔，例如：
Never say anything behind a person's back that you wouldn't say to his face.當(dāng)面不愿說的話，千萬不要在背后說。
I remember viewing a half dozen men in a chair factory whose job was to bend several pieces of steel and attach them so that a folding chair would result.我記得曾在一家椅子廠見過六個工人，他們的工作是將幾根鋼管彎曲并組成一把折椅。
4?被補(bǔ)語分隔，例如：
The cook turned pale，and asked the housem aid to shut the door，who asked Brittles，who asked the tinker，who pretended not to hear.廚子的臉色變得蒼白，要女仆把門關(guān)上，女仆叫布立特爾關(guān)，布立特爾又叫補(bǔ)鍋匠關(guān)，而補(bǔ)鍋匠裝著沒聽見。
5?被同位語分隔，例如：
One was a violent thunderstorm ，the worst I had ever seen，which obscured my objective.有一次是暴風(fēng)驟雨，猛烈的程度實(shí)為我平生所僅見。這陣暴風(fēng)雨遮住了我的目標(biāo)。
二、定語從句與先行詞分隔的原因
1?為了保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡，避免“頭重腳輕”，將定語從句與先行詞分隔，例如：
Mr.Leon said in the future，computer would be developed which would be small enough to carry in the pocket.利昂先生說，將來會生產(chǎn)出小得可以放在口袋里的計算機(jī)。
2?為了突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)主句中的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)所表達(dá)的意義，將定語從句與先行詞分隔，例如：
Chinese trade delegations have been sent to African countries，who will negotiate trade agreem ents with the respective govern-
ments.中國已派出貿(mào)易代表團(tuán)前往非洲各國，以便與這些國家的政府商談貿(mào)易協(xié)定。
The day is not far off when a lot of housework can be done by machine.大量家務(wù)活由機(jī)器來干的日子不遠(yuǎn)了。
3?先行詞所帶的非從句定語常需置于定語從句之前而造成先行詞與定語從句分隔，例如：
There was som ething original，independent and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them .這個方案有創(chuàng)造性，而且別出心裁，又有魅力，所以深得他們的喜歡。
三、與先行詞分隔的定語從句的漢譯
1?將定語從句譯為漢語“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)，置于先行詞之前，例如：
Yet there exist com plex computations in science and engineer-ing which people are unable to make.到目前為止，在科學(xué)和工程方面還存在許多人們無能為力的復(fù)雜計算。
He merely swallows this theory because there is something about it that appeals to the twentieth-century m entality.他全盤接受這一理論，只是因為這一理論中有一種迎合二十世紀(jì)心理的東西。
I think it is clear that each side entertainssuspicions of the other which are unjust.我認(rèn)為雙方顯然相互懷著沒有正當(dāng)理由的猜疑。
2?將定語從句單獨(dú)譯為一個分句，例如：
There is som ebody waiting for you who I think might be one of your friends from your native town.有個人在外面等你，我想這個人可能就是你家鄉(xiāng)的一位朋友。
The molecules exert forces upon each other，which depend upon the distance between them .分子相互之間存在著力的作用，該力的大小取決于它們的距離。
The result of this is the retention of too much air in the respiratory tract at each expiration which prevents the fresh air from being taken in at the next inhalation from reaching the lung alveoli.其結(jié)果就是在每次呼氣時呼吸道里保留過多的空氣，這樣就在下次吸氣時妨礙吸入的新鮮空氣抵達(dá)肺泡里。
3?將定語從句與先行詞溶合譯出，例如：
He is a wise man who speaks little.智者言少。
【篇六：倒裝句】
為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的某些部分，或是為了保持句子平衡，英語中常常使用倒裝。大體說來，倒裝可以分為主謂倒裝和非主謂倒裝。主謂倒裝里又分為完全倒裝和部分倒裝。在翻譯的時候，既可以按照主謂語的順序翻譯，也可以按照字面意思翻譯。非主謂倒裝只是將強(qiáng)調(diào)部分前置，以保持句子平衡或是起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。翻譯時可以采用順序譯法或是倒序譯法。
1. For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
分析：本句中had he grown up under more favorable circumstances 屬于部分倒裝。正常語序為：if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances。在正式文體中，可以將虛擬條件句中的if 省略，并將助動詞提前。
譯文：例如，它們(指測試)并不彌補(bǔ)社會的不公，因此不能說明一個貧困青年，要是在比較有利的境況下長大，會有多大才干。
2. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.
分析：該句中so did bigger crops of babies 屬于語法倒裝。用so 來代替前述肯定句謂語部分所說情況。
譯文：不間斷的移民浪潮也起了作用——而且隨著昔日在“生育高峰期”出生的一代人達(dá)到生育年齡，嬰兒的出生數(shù)量增加了，這同樣起了作用。
3. Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job.
分析：該句的Much as I have traveled是一個由as 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。相當(dāng)于though I have traveled much，但語氣要比后者強(qiáng)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)要求部分倒裝。
譯文：我雖然見多識廣，但還從未見過比她細(xì)心的人，不管什么職業(yè)。
4. Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you write correctly.
分析：相信大家對這種結(jié)構(gòu)都不陌生。Only后加副詞、介詞、狀語從句時要用部分倒裝。但是要注意的是，如果only修飾的不是狀語，則不用倒裝。
譯文：只有很好地掌握了語法知識，寫出來的東西才會正確。
5. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.
分析：當(dāng)句首是否定副詞或含有否定詞的詞語時，一般要部分倒裝。
譯文：1980年哪里的人口普查統(tǒng)計資料也不如遠(yuǎn)西地區(qū)的更能生動地說明美國人對寬敞的生活環(huán)境的追求。
6. Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.
分析：hardly…when 的結(jié)構(gòu)表示“剛…就…”。含有這種結(jié)構(gòu)的句子常將 hardly 置于句首，而采用部分倒裝的語序。此外，hardly 分句中一般采用過去完成時，而 when(或 before)分句中使用過去時。還有，與 hardly…when…結(jié)構(gòu)類似的用法還有 barely (scarcely)…when…
譯文：他剛開始講，聽眾就打斷了他的話。
7. To such length did she go in rehearsal that two actors walked out.
分析：such…that 結(jié)構(gòu)可將such或含有such 的詞組放在句首，使全句采用部分倒裝。與此用法類似的還有so…that結(jié)構(gòu)。
譯文：她在排演中搞得太過分，以致兩名男演員退出不干了。
8. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water.
分析：本句為表語前置，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。正常語序應(yīng)為：It is certain that…。
譯文：植物發(fā)育生長的全部基本過程當(dāng)然是在水中發(fā)生的。
9. We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain.
分析：這兩句話是為了使上下文緊密銜接，從而將第二個并列分句的表語前置
譯文：我們確實(shí)不應(yīng)因為被稱作窮光蛋而憤憤不平。我們的確是窮光蛋，而且還會繼續(xù)是窮光蛋。
10. Then, down the crowed thoroughfare comes the University of Cambridge’s most distinctive vehicle, bearing its most distinguished citizen.
分析：正常語序應(yīng)為：The vehicle came down the thoroughfare。為使語言生動形象，文學(xué)作品中常用這類倒裝。在翻譯時要盡量翻譯出原句的語言效果。這里bear=carry。
譯文：從擁擠的街道上駛來了一輛劍橋大學(xué)最有特色的車，車上坐著學(xué)校最的人物。