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【語(yǔ)法時(shí)態(tài)講解 】
一、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
1. 表示現(xiàn)在 (說(shuō)話瞬間) 正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
[例句] He is reading a newspaper now.
2. 表示當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的活動(dòng)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 (說(shuō)話時(shí)動(dòng)作不一定正在進(jìn)行)。
[例句] What are you doing these days?
3. 表示說(shuō)話人現(xiàn)在對(duì)主語(yǔ)的行為表示贊嘆或厭惡等, 常與always, constantly, continually等副詞連用。
[例句] He is always thinking of others.
4. 表示在最近按計(jì)劃或安排要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常限于go, come, leave, start, arrive等表“移動(dòng)”、“方向”的詞。
[例句] He is coming to see me next week.
二、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
1. 表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
[例句] He was sleeping when Mary came to see him.
2. 動(dòng)詞go, come, leave, arrive, start等的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)常表過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。
[例句] She said she was going to Beijing the day after tomorrow.
三、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
1. 表示現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣或經(jīng)常反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài), 常與usually, always, sometimes, often, every day / week / month / year等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
[例句] He often does his homework in his study.
2. 表示主語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在的特征、性格和狀態(tài)。
[例句] The dictionary belongs to me.
3. 表示客觀規(guī)律或科學(xué)真理、格言, 以及其他不受時(shí)間限制的客觀存在。
[例句] The moon goes around the sun.
4. 在有連詞if, unless, before, as soon as, when, once, however等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間、條件和讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中, 用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)。
[例句] If you work hard, you won’t fail in the exam.
四、一般將來(lái)時(shí)
1. 表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài), 常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
[例句] I don’t know what will happen in the future.
2. 常用來(lái)表示將來(lái)時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)包括：
(1) shall / will + 動(dòng)詞原形：(單純) 表將來(lái), 一般不用于條件句。
(2) be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形：(計(jì)劃)打算做……。
(3) be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形：即將或正要去做某事,通常不與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,但可與when引導(dǎo)的從句連用。
(4) be to + 動(dòng)詞原形：預(yù)定要做……。
(5) be doing 表示按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,常與go, start, set out, leave, reach, arrive, return, come, move等表位移的動(dòng)詞連用。
五、一般過(guò)去時(shí)
1. 表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
[例句] She went to the zoo yesterday.
2. 在時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中代替過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。
[例句] He said when she came he would tell her.
六、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1. 表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。
[例句] —Have you had your supper yet? —Yes, I have just had it.
2. 常與介詞for, during, in, within, over等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用, 表示過(guò)去的某一行為一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。
[例句] I haven’t seen my English teacher for a long time.
3. 表示反復(fù)或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作, 常與several times, once, twice, frequently等頻度副詞連用。
[例句] I have been to the USA several times.
4. 表示從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有發(fā)生過(guò)的動(dòng)作。
[例句] I haven’t swept the floor for a week.
5. 用在時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中, 表示從句動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)作完成。
[例句] I’ll tell him after you have left.
6. 在“級(jí)+ 名詞”或在“這是第幾次…”之后跟定語(yǔ)從句，從句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
[例句] ①This is the third time I have been there.
②This is the best tea I have ever drunk.
七、過(guò)去完成時(shí)
1. 表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻以前已經(jīng)開(kāi)始并一直延續(xù)到這一時(shí)刻、或是在此刻前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。
[例句] By the end of last term, we had learned 1,000 English words.
2. 有些動(dòng)詞 (如： hope, think, expect, mean, intend, suppose, want等) 的過(guò)去完成時(shí)可表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖。
[例句] I had hoped to see more of Beijing.
◆動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾點(diǎn)
1. 瞬間性動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)常用來(lái)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。例句：
①The film begins in a minute.
②My uncle is leaving tomorrow morning.
2. 在時(shí)間、條件、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中,常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。例句：
①Every time I listen to that song, I’ll think of my old friend.
②If you do that, I shall be very pleased.
③They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed.
3. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別：一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)都表示過(guò)去所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這一動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系，如對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響、結(jié)果等，所以它不能和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用;一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示過(guò)去的事實(shí)，不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系,因而它可以和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：
—Have you finished your work?
—Yes, I have.
—When did you finish it?
—I finished it last summer.
◆直接引語(yǔ)與間接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題：
1. 人稱的變化
2. 時(shí)態(tài)的變化
3. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的變化
4. 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的變化
例句：
①Xiao Yi said, “I want to go to the park this afternoon.”
→Xiao Yi said (that) he wanted to go to the park that afternoon.
②Bob said, “We’ll have a meeting here tomorrow morning.”
→Bob said (that) they would have a meeting there the next morning.
◆定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞只能用that和不能用that的幾種情況：
只能用that的情況
1. 先行詞是不定代詞。
例句：Please tell me everything that happened to you.
2. 先行詞被形容詞級(jí)、序數(shù)詞或only, last, same, very等修飾。
例句： ①This is the most interesting movie that I have ever seen.
②This is the only book that I read during the summer holiday.
3. 先行詞既包括人又包括物。例句：She talked about the writer and his works that interested her.
不能用that的情況
1. 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中。
例句：He said he could speak three foreign languages, which is not true.
2. 先行詞本身是that。
例句：I have that which you gave me.
3. “介詞+ 關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。
例句：The person to whom I talked just now is Tom.
◆現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)進(jìn)行的比較：
1. 強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作還未結(jié)束時(shí), 多用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí);強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果時(shí), 多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例句：
①I have been painting the paining. (強(qiáng)調(diào)“一直在畫”這個(gè)動(dòng)作)
②I have painted the painting. (強(qiáng)調(diào)“畫完了”這個(gè)結(jié)果)
2. 有些動(dòng)詞不能用在現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)中，但可用在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中。如：have, love, see等。例句：
①She has had a cold for a week.
②They have loved each other for three years.
③I have seen this movie.
-ing形式：
1. having done
having done是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中-ing形式的完成式,而doing則是其一般式,它們都與句中主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,只是doing與句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生或基本上同時(shí)發(fā)生;having done則表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前。
[例句]
①Hearing the news, they got excited. (hear 和get excited這兩個(gè)動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生)
②Having arrived at the top of mountain, they took a rest. (arrive 發(fā)生在take a rest之前)
2. 動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)詞的-ing形式和不定式有些動(dòng)詞后既可接動(dòng)詞的-ing形式也可接to do形式作賓語(yǔ)，但意義有所不同。
[例如]
① forget / remember / regret doing sth. 表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生;
forget / remember / regret to do sth. 則表示該動(dòng)作未發(fā)生。
② mean to do sth. 表示“打算做某事”;
mean doing sth. 表示“意味著做某事”。
③ try to do sth. 表示“設(shè)法盡力做某事”;
try doing sth. 表示“試著做某事”。
④ stop to do sth. 表示“停下來(lái)接著做另一件事”;
stop doing sth. 表示“停止做某事”。
⑤ go on to do sth. 表示“(做完某事)接著做另一件事”;
go on doing sth. 表示“繼續(xù)做同一件事”(= go on with sth.)。
⑥ can’t help to do sth. 表示“不能幫助做某事”;
can’t help doing sth. 表示“情不自禁地做某事”。
3. have/has been doing
have / has been doing是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)過(guò)程，動(dòng)作可能還在進(jìn)行。而have / has done是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，該動(dòng)作通常已經(jīng)結(jié)束。
[例句]
①I have written a book. (動(dòng)作結(jié)束)
②I have been writing a book. (可能未寫完，側(cè)重最近一直忙于寫書)
一、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
1. 表示現(xiàn)在 (說(shuō)話瞬間) 正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
[例句] He is reading a newspaper now.
2. 表示當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的活動(dòng)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 (說(shuō)話時(shí)動(dòng)作不一定正在進(jìn)行)。
[例句] What are you doing these days?
3. 表示說(shuō)話人現(xiàn)在對(duì)主語(yǔ)的行為表示贊嘆或厭惡等, 常與always, constantly, continually等副詞連用。
[例句] He is always thinking of others.
4. 表示在最近按計(jì)劃或安排要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常限于go, come, leave, start, arrive等表“移動(dòng)”、“方向”的詞。
[例句] He is coming to see me next week.
二、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
1. 表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
[例句] He was sleeping when Mary came to see him.
2. 動(dòng)詞go, come, leave, arrive, start等的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)常表過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。
[例句] She said she was going to Beijing the day after tomorrow.
三、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
1. 表示現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣或經(jīng)常反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài), 常與usually, always, sometimes, often, every day / week / month / year等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
[例句] He often does his homework in his study.
2. 表示主語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在的特征、性格和狀態(tài)。
[例句] The dictionary belongs to me.
3. 表示客觀規(guī)律或科學(xué)真理、格言, 以及其他不受時(shí)間限制的客觀存在。
[例句] The moon goes around the sun.
4. 在有連詞if, unless, before, as soon as, when, once, however等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間、條件和讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中, 用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)。
[例句] If you work hard, you won’t fail in the exam.
四、一般將來(lái)時(shí)
1. 表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài), 常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
[例句] I don’t know what will happen in the future.
2. 常用來(lái)表示將來(lái)時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)包括：
(1) shall / will + 動(dòng)詞原形：(單純) 表將來(lái), 一般不用于條件句。
(2) be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形：(計(jì)劃)打算做……。
(3) be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形：即將或正要去做某事,通常不與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,但可與when引導(dǎo)的從句連用。
(4) be to + 動(dòng)詞原形：預(yù)定要做……。
(5) be doing 表示按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,常與go, start, set out, leave, reach, arrive, return, come, move等表位移的動(dòng)詞連用。
五、一般過(guò)去時(shí)
1. 表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
[例句] She went to the zoo yesterday.
2. 在時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中代替過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。
[例句] He said when she came he would tell her.
六、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1. 表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。
[例句] —Have you had your supper yet? —Yes, I have just had it.
2. 常與介詞for, during, in, within, over等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用, 表示過(guò)去的某一行為一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。
[例句] I haven’t seen my English teacher for a long time.
3. 表示反復(fù)或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作, 常與several times, once, twice, frequently等頻度副詞連用。
[例句] I have been to the USA several times.
4. 表示從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有發(fā)生過(guò)的動(dòng)作。
[例句] I haven’t swept the floor for a week.
5. 用在時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中, 表示從句動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)作完成。
[例句] I’ll tell him after you have left.
6. 在“級(jí)+ 名詞”或在“這是第幾次…”之后跟定語(yǔ)從句，從句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
[例句] ①This is the third time I have been there.
②This is the best tea I have ever drunk.
七、過(guò)去完成時(shí)
1. 表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻以前已經(jīng)開(kāi)始并一直延續(xù)到這一時(shí)刻、或是在此刻前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。
[例句] By the end of last term, we had learned 1,000 English words.
2. 有些動(dòng)詞 (如： hope, think, expect, mean, intend, suppose, want等) 的過(guò)去完成時(shí)可表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖。
[例句] I had hoped to see more of Beijing.
【語(yǔ)法時(shí)態(tài)注意事項(xiàng)】
◆動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾點(diǎn)
1. 瞬間性動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)常用來(lái)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。例句：
①The film begins in a minute.
②My uncle is leaving tomorrow morning.
2. 在時(shí)間、條件、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中,常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。例句：
①Every time I listen to that song, I’ll think of my old friend.
②If you do that, I shall be very pleased.
③They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed.
3. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別：一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)都表示過(guò)去所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這一動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系，如對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響、結(jié)果等，所以它不能和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用;一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示過(guò)去的事實(shí)，不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系,因而它可以和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：
—Have you finished your work?
—Yes, I have.
—When did you finish it?
—I finished it last summer.
◆直接引語(yǔ)與間接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題：
1. 人稱的變化
2. 時(shí)態(tài)的變化
3. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的變化
4. 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的變化
例句：
①Xiao Yi said, “I want to go to the park this afternoon.”
→Xiao Yi said (that) he wanted to go to the park that afternoon.
②Bob said, “We’ll have a meeting here tomorrow morning.”
→Bob said (that) they would have a meeting there the next morning.
◆定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞只能用that和不能用that的幾種情況：
只能用that的情況
1. 先行詞是不定代詞。
例句：Please tell me everything that happened to you.
2. 先行詞被形容詞級(jí)、序數(shù)詞或only, last, same, very等修飾。
例句： ①This is the most interesting movie that I have ever seen.
②This is the only book that I read during the summer holiday.
3. 先行詞既包括人又包括物。例句：She talked about the writer and his works that interested her.
【不能用that的情況】
1. 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中。
例句：He said he could speak three foreign languages, which is not true.
2. 先行詞本身是that。
例句：I have that which you gave me.
3. “介詞+ 關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。
例句：The person to whom I talked just now is Tom.
◆現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)進(jìn)行的比較：
1. 強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作還未結(jié)束時(shí), 多用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí);強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果時(shí), 多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例句：
①I have been painting the paining. (強(qiáng)調(diào)“一直在畫”這個(gè)動(dòng)作)
②I have painted the painting. (強(qiáng)調(diào)“畫完了”這個(gè)結(jié)果)
2. 有些動(dòng)詞不能用在現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)中，但可用在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中。如：have, love, see等。例句：
①She has had a cold for a week.
②They have loved each other for three years.
③I have seen this movie.
-ing形式：
1. having done
having done是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中-ing形式的完成式,而doing則是其一般式,它們都與句中主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,只是doing與句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生或基本上同時(shí)發(fā)生;having done則表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前。
[例句]
①Hearing the news, they got excited. (hear 和get excited這兩個(gè)動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生)
②Having arrived at the top of mountain, they took a rest. (arrive 發(fā)生在take a rest之前)
2. 動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)詞的-ing形式和不定式有些動(dòng)詞后既可接動(dòng)詞的-ing形式也可接to do形式作賓語(yǔ)，但意義有所不同。
[例如]
① forget / remember / regret doing sth. 表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生;
forget / remember / regret to do sth. 則表示該動(dòng)作未發(fā)生。
② mean to do sth. 表示“打算做某事”;
mean doing sth. 表示“意味著做某事”。
③ try to do sth. 表示“設(shè)法盡力做某事”;
try doing sth. 表示“試著做某事”。
④ stop to do sth. 表示“停下來(lái)接著做另一件事”;
stop doing sth. 表示“停止做某事”。
⑤ go on to do sth. 表示“(做完某事)接著做另一件事”;
go on doing sth. 表示“繼續(xù)做同一件事”(= go on with sth.)。
⑥ can’t help to do sth. 表示“不能幫助做某事”;
can’t help doing sth. 表示“情不自禁地做某事”。
3. have/has been doing
have / has been doing是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)過(guò)程，動(dòng)作可能還在進(jìn)行。而have / has done是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，該動(dòng)作通常已經(jīng)結(jié)束。
[例句]
①I have written a book. (動(dòng)作結(jié)束)
②I have been writing a book. (可能未寫完，側(cè)重最近一直忙于寫書)
【語(yǔ)法時(shí)態(tài)講解 】
一、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
1. 表示現(xiàn)在 (說(shuō)話瞬間) 正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
[例句] He is reading a newspaper now.
2. 表示當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的活動(dòng)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 (說(shuō)話時(shí)動(dòng)作不一定正在進(jìn)行)。
[例句] What are you doing these days?
3. 表示說(shuō)話人現(xiàn)在對(duì)主語(yǔ)的行為表示贊嘆或厭惡等, 常與always, constantly, continually等副詞連用。
[例句] He is always thinking of others.
4. 表示在最近按計(jì)劃或安排要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常限于go, come, leave, start, arrive等表“移動(dòng)”、“方向”的詞。
[例句] He is coming to see me next week.
二、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
1. 表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
[例句] He was sleeping when Mary came to see him.
2. 動(dòng)詞go, come, leave, arrive, start等的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)常表過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。
[例句] She said she was going to Beijing the day after tomorrow.
三、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
1. 表示現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣或經(jīng)常反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài), 常與usually, always, sometimes, often, every day / week / month / year等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
[例句] He often does his homework in his study.
2. 表示主語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在的特征、性格和狀態(tài)。
[例句] The dictionary belongs to me.
3. 表示客觀規(guī)律或科學(xué)真理、格言, 以及其他不受時(shí)間限制的客觀存在。
[例句] The moon goes around the sun.
4. 在有連詞if, unless, before, as soon as, when, once, however等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間、條件和讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中, 用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)。
[例句] If you work hard, you won’t fail in the exam.
四、一般將來(lái)時(shí)
1. 表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài), 常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
[例句] I don’t know what will happen in the future.
2. 常用來(lái)表示將來(lái)時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)包括：
(1) shall / will + 動(dòng)詞原形：(單純) 表將來(lái), 一般不用于條件句。
(2) be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形：(計(jì)劃)打算做……。
(3) be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形：即將或正要去做某事,通常不與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,但可與when引導(dǎo)的從句連用。
(4) be to + 動(dòng)詞原形：預(yù)定要做……。
(5) be doing 表示按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,常與go, start, set out, leave, reach, arrive, return, come, move等表位移的動(dòng)詞連用。
五、一般過(guò)去時(shí)
1. 表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
[例句] She went to the zoo yesterday.
2. 在時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中代替過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。
[例句] He said when she came he would tell her.
六、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1. 表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。
[例句] —Have you had your supper yet? —Yes, I have just had it.
2. 常與介詞for, during, in, within, over等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用, 表示過(guò)去的某一行為一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。
[例句] I haven’t seen my English teacher for a long time.
3. 表示反復(fù)或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作, 常與several times, once, twice, frequently等頻度副詞連用。
[例句] I have been to the USA several times.
4. 表示從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有發(fā)生過(guò)的動(dòng)作。
[例句] I haven’t swept the floor for a week.
5. 用在時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中, 表示從句動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)作完成。
[例句] I’ll tell him after you have left.
6. 在“級(jí)+ 名詞”或在“這是第幾次…”之后跟定語(yǔ)從句，從句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
[例句] ①This is the third time I have been there.
②This is the best tea I have ever drunk.
七、過(guò)去完成時(shí)
1. 表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻以前已經(jīng)開(kāi)始并一直延續(xù)到這一時(shí)刻、或是在此刻前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。
[例句] By the end of last term, we had learned 1,000 English words.
2. 有些動(dòng)詞 (如： hope, think, expect, mean, intend, suppose, want等) 的過(guò)去完成時(shí)可表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖。
[例句] I had hoped to see more of Beijing.
◆動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾點(diǎn)
1. 瞬間性動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)常用來(lái)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。例句：
①The film begins in a minute.
②My uncle is leaving tomorrow morning.
2. 在時(shí)間、條件、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中,常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。例句：
①Every time I listen to that song, I’ll think of my old friend.
②If you do that, I shall be very pleased.
③They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed.
3. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別：一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)都表示過(guò)去所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這一動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系，如對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響、結(jié)果等，所以它不能和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用;一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示過(guò)去的事實(shí)，不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系,因而它可以和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：
—Have you finished your work?
—Yes, I have.
—When did you finish it?
—I finished it last summer.
◆直接引語(yǔ)與間接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題：
1. 人稱的變化
2. 時(shí)態(tài)的變化
3. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的變化
4. 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的變化
例句：
①Xiao Yi said, “I want to go to the park this afternoon.”
→Xiao Yi said (that) he wanted to go to the park that afternoon.
②Bob said, “We’ll have a meeting here tomorrow morning.”
→Bob said (that) they would have a meeting there the next morning.
◆定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞只能用that和不能用that的幾種情況：
只能用that的情況
1. 先行詞是不定代詞。
例句：Please tell me everything that happened to you.
2. 先行詞被形容詞級(jí)、序數(shù)詞或only, last, same, very等修飾。
例句： ①This is the most interesting movie that I have ever seen.
②This is the only book that I read during the summer holiday.
3. 先行詞既包括人又包括物。例句：She talked about the writer and his works that interested her.
不能用that的情況
1. 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中。
例句：He said he could speak three foreign languages, which is not true.
2. 先行詞本身是that。
例句：I have that which you gave me.
3. “介詞+ 關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。
例句：The person to whom I talked just now is Tom.
◆現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)進(jìn)行的比較：
1. 強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作還未結(jié)束時(shí), 多用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí);強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果時(shí), 多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例句：
①I have been painting the paining. (強(qiáng)調(diào)“一直在畫”這個(gè)動(dòng)作)
②I have painted the painting. (強(qiáng)調(diào)“畫完了”這個(gè)結(jié)果)
2. 有些動(dòng)詞不能用在現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)中，但可用在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中。如：have, love, see等。例句：
①She has had a cold for a week.
②They have loved each other for three years.
③I have seen this movie.
-ing形式：
1. having done
having done是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中-ing形式的完成式,而doing則是其一般式,它們都與句中主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,只是doing與句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生或基本上同時(shí)發(fā)生;having done則表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前。
[例句]
①Hearing the news, they got excited. (hear 和get excited這兩個(gè)動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生)
②Having arrived at the top of mountain, they took a rest. (arrive 發(fā)生在take a rest之前)
2. 動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)詞的-ing形式和不定式有些動(dòng)詞后既可接動(dòng)詞的-ing形式也可接to do形式作賓語(yǔ)，但意義有所不同。
[例如]
① forget / remember / regret doing sth. 表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生;
forget / remember / regret to do sth. 則表示該動(dòng)作未發(fā)生。
② mean to do sth. 表示“打算做某事”;
mean doing sth. 表示“意味著做某事”。
③ try to do sth. 表示“設(shè)法盡力做某事”;
try doing sth. 表示“試著做某事”。
④ stop to do sth. 表示“停下來(lái)接著做另一件事”;
stop doing sth. 表示“停止做某事”。
⑤ go on to do sth. 表示“(做完某事)接著做另一件事”;
go on doing sth. 表示“繼續(xù)做同一件事”(= go on with sth.)。
⑥ can’t help to do sth. 表示“不能幫助做某事”;
can’t help doing sth. 表示“情不自禁地做某事”。
3. have/has been doing
have / has been doing是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)過(guò)程，動(dòng)作可能還在進(jìn)行。而have / has done是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，該動(dòng)作通常已經(jīng)結(jié)束。
[例句]
①I have written a book. (動(dòng)作結(jié)束)
②I have been writing a book. (可能未寫完，側(cè)重最近一直忙于寫書)
一、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
1. 表示現(xiàn)在 (說(shuō)話瞬間) 正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
[例句] He is reading a newspaper now.
2. 表示當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的活動(dòng)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 (說(shuō)話時(shí)動(dòng)作不一定正在進(jìn)行)。
[例句] What are you doing these days?
3. 表示說(shuō)話人現(xiàn)在對(duì)主語(yǔ)的行為表示贊嘆或厭惡等, 常與always, constantly, continually等副詞連用。
[例句] He is always thinking of others.
4. 表示在最近按計(jì)劃或安排要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常限于go, come, leave, start, arrive等表“移動(dòng)”、“方向”的詞。
[例句] He is coming to see me next week.
二、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
1. 表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
[例句] He was sleeping when Mary came to see him.
2. 動(dòng)詞go, come, leave, arrive, start等的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)常表過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。
[例句] She said she was going to Beijing the day after tomorrow.
三、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
1. 表示現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣或經(jīng)常反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài), 常與usually, always, sometimes, often, every day / week / month / year等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
[例句] He often does his homework in his study.
2. 表示主語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在的特征、性格和狀態(tài)。
[例句] The dictionary belongs to me.
3. 表示客觀規(guī)律或科學(xué)真理、格言, 以及其他不受時(shí)間限制的客觀存在。
[例句] The moon goes around the sun.
4. 在有連詞if, unless, before, as soon as, when, once, however等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間、條件和讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中, 用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)。
[例句] If you work hard, you won’t fail in the exam.
四、一般將來(lái)時(shí)
1. 表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài), 常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
[例句] I don’t know what will happen in the future.
2. 常用來(lái)表示將來(lái)時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)包括：
(1) shall / will + 動(dòng)詞原形：(單純) 表將來(lái), 一般不用于條件句。
(2) be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形：(計(jì)劃)打算做……。
(3) be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形：即將或正要去做某事,通常不與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,但可與when引導(dǎo)的從句連用。
(4) be to + 動(dòng)詞原形：預(yù)定要做……。
(5) be doing 表示按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,常與go, start, set out, leave, reach, arrive, return, come, move等表位移的動(dòng)詞連用。
五、一般過(guò)去時(shí)
1. 表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
[例句] She went to the zoo yesterday.
2. 在時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中代替過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。
[例句] He said when she came he would tell her.
六、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1. 表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。
[例句] —Have you had your supper yet? —Yes, I have just had it.
2. 常與介詞for, during, in, within, over等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用, 表示過(guò)去的某一行為一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。
[例句] I haven’t seen my English teacher for a long time.
3. 表示反復(fù)或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作, 常與several times, once, twice, frequently等頻度副詞連用。
[例句] I have been to the USA several times.
4. 表示從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有發(fā)生過(guò)的動(dòng)作。
[例句] I haven’t swept the floor for a week.
5. 用在時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中, 表示從句動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)作完成。
[例句] I’ll tell him after you have left.
6. 在“級(jí)+ 名詞”或在“這是第幾次…”之后跟定語(yǔ)從句，從句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
[例句] ①This is the third time I have been there.
②This is the best tea I have ever drunk.
七、過(guò)去完成時(shí)
1. 表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻以前已經(jīng)開(kāi)始并一直延續(xù)到這一時(shí)刻、或是在此刻前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。
[例句] By the end of last term, we had learned 1,000 English words.
2. 有些動(dòng)詞 (如： hope, think, expect, mean, intend, suppose, want等) 的過(guò)去完成時(shí)可表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖。
[例句] I had hoped to see more of Beijing.
【語(yǔ)法時(shí)態(tài)注意事項(xiàng)】
◆動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾點(diǎn)
1. 瞬間性動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)常用來(lái)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。例句：
①The film begins in a minute.
②My uncle is leaving tomorrow morning.
2. 在時(shí)間、條件、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中,常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。例句：
①Every time I listen to that song, I’ll think of my old friend.
②If you do that, I shall be very pleased.
③They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed.
3. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別：一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)都表示過(guò)去所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這一動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系，如對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響、結(jié)果等，所以它不能和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用;一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示過(guò)去的事實(shí)，不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系,因而它可以和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：
—Have you finished your work?
—Yes, I have.
—When did you finish it?
—I finished it last summer.
◆直接引語(yǔ)與間接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題：
1. 人稱的變化
2. 時(shí)態(tài)的變化
3. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的變化
4. 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的變化
例句：
①Xiao Yi said, “I want to go to the park this afternoon.”
→Xiao Yi said (that) he wanted to go to the park that afternoon.
②Bob said, “We’ll have a meeting here tomorrow morning.”
→Bob said (that) they would have a meeting there the next morning.
◆定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞只能用that和不能用that的幾種情況：
只能用that的情況
1. 先行詞是不定代詞。
例句：Please tell me everything that happened to you.
2. 先行詞被形容詞級(jí)、序數(shù)詞或only, last, same, very等修飾。
例句： ①This is the most interesting movie that I have ever seen.
②This is the only book that I read during the summer holiday.
3. 先行詞既包括人又包括物。例句：She talked about the writer and his works that interested her.
【不能用that的情況】
1. 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中。
例句：He said he could speak three foreign languages, which is not true.
2. 先行詞本身是that。
例句：I have that which you gave me.
3. “介詞+ 關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。
例句：The person to whom I talked just now is Tom.
◆現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)進(jìn)行的比較：
1. 強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作還未結(jié)束時(shí), 多用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí);強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果時(shí), 多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例句：
①I have been painting the paining. (強(qiáng)調(diào)“一直在畫”這個(gè)動(dòng)作)
②I have painted the painting. (強(qiáng)調(diào)“畫完了”這個(gè)結(jié)果)
2. 有些動(dòng)詞不能用在現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)中，但可用在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中。如：have, love, see等。例句：
①She has had a cold for a week.
②They have loved each other for three years.
③I have seen this movie.
-ing形式：
1. having done
having done是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中-ing形式的完成式,而doing則是其一般式,它們都與句中主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,只是doing與句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生或基本上同時(shí)發(fā)生;having done則表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前。
[例句]
①Hearing the news, they got excited. (hear 和get excited這兩個(gè)動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生)
②Having arrived at the top of mountain, they took a rest. (arrive 發(fā)生在take a rest之前)
2. 動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)詞的-ing形式和不定式有些動(dòng)詞后既可接動(dòng)詞的-ing形式也可接to do形式作賓語(yǔ)，但意義有所不同。
[例如]
① forget / remember / regret doing sth. 表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生;
forget / remember / regret to do sth. 則表示該動(dòng)作未發(fā)生。
② mean to do sth. 表示“打算做某事”;
mean doing sth. 表示“意味著做某事”。
③ try to do sth. 表示“設(shè)法盡力做某事”;
try doing sth. 表示“試著做某事”。
④ stop to do sth. 表示“停下來(lái)接著做另一件事”;
stop doing sth. 表示“停止做某事”。
⑤ go on to do sth. 表示“(做完某事)接著做另一件事”;
go on doing sth. 表示“繼續(xù)做同一件事”(= go on with sth.)。
⑥ can’t help to do sth. 表示“不能幫助做某事”;
can’t help doing sth. 表示“情不自禁地做某事”。
3. have/has been doing
have / has been doing是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)過(guò)程，動(dòng)作可能還在進(jìn)行。而have / has done是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，該動(dòng)作通常已經(jīng)結(jié)束。
[例句]
①I have written a book. (動(dòng)作結(jié)束)
②I have been writing a book. (可能未寫完，側(cè)重最近一直忙于寫書)