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課文詳注 Further notes on the text
1.under control,受到控制。
get it under control表示“使它得到控制”，get有“使……處于某種狀態(tài)”的含義：
You'd better get your dog under control.
你好管住你的狗。
The Government can no longer keep prices under control.政府已控制不住物價(jià)。
2.for miles around,方圓數(shù)英里。
around表示“在周圍”、“向四周”：
This is the only modern building for miles around.
方圓數(shù)英里之內(nèi)這是惟一的一座現(xiàn)代化建筑。
3.Winter was coming on and the hills threatened the surrounding villages with destruction…冬季即將來臨，這些山丘對(duì)周圍的村莊具有毀滅性的威脅……
(1)come on的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)形式表示的是過去將來時(shí)，它在這里表示季節(jié)的“到來”、“來臨”：
When spring comes on, there will be flowers everywhere.
春天到來時(shí)到處都是鮮花。
I was still in the forest when night came on.
夜晚來臨時(shí)我仍在森林里。
(2)threaten…with表示“以……威脅/恐嚇”：
The thief threatened him with a knife.
小偷用刀子威脅他。
Then whole village is threatened with destruction.
整個(gè)村子面臨著毀滅的威脅。
4.…for heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause serious floods as well.……因?yàn)榇笥瓴粌H會(huì)沖走土壤，而且還會(huì)引起嚴(yán)重的水災(zāi)。
(1)for引導(dǎo)的句子與前面的兩個(gè)分句為并列句，用于陳述原因。heavy rain這個(gè)主語之后是由not only… but… as well連接的兩個(gè)謂語。與并列連詞 not only…but(also)的含義一樣，not only…but…as well也表示“不僅……而且……”，用于連接并列句，只是as well通常位于句尾。試比較：
He not only washed the car, but (also) polished it.
他不僅沖洗汽車，而且擦拭了它。
He not only washed the car, but polished it as well.
(譯文同上)
(2)wash away表示“沖掉”、“沖走”或“洗掉”等：
A wooden bridge was washed away by the flood.
一座木橋被洪水沖走了。
I can't wash the spot away.
我無法把這污點(diǎn)洗去。
5.in huge quantities,大量地。
quantity單數(shù)時(shí)僅表示“數(shù)量”，既可以用于表示多也可以用于表示少：
They drank a large/great/small quantity of beer last night.
昨天晚上他們喝了大量/許多/少量的啤酒。
quantity復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)表示“大量”：
He bought books in (large) quantities.
他大量地購(gòu)書。
He has quantities of books/stamps.
他有大量的書/郵票。
6.… in many places the grass had already taken root.……很多地方的草已經(jīng)生了根。
take root表示“生根”，是固定短語：
This type of grass takes root easily.
這種草很容易生根。
這個(gè)短語也可以表示某種思想/想法等“扎根”：
The idea has taken root in his mind.
這個(gè)想法已在他腦子里扎了根。
7.In place of the great trees which had been growing there for centuries, patches of green had begun to appear in the blackened
soil.一片片的綠草開始出現(xiàn)在這片燒焦的土地上，代替了多少世紀(jì)以來一直生長(zhǎng)在那里的參天大樹。
(1)in place of表示“代替”、“取代”：
Jane answered the phone in place of Mary.
簡(jiǎn)代替瑪麗接了電話。
(2)介詞短語 in place of的賓語是trees。trees有一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的關(guān)系從句，which在從句中作主語，不可省略;從句中的時(shí)態(tài)為過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。(cf.本課語法)
(3)patch的含義之一是“顏色和周圍不同的部分”：
There are patches of cloud in the sky.
天空中有片片白云。
What is that yellow patch on the wall?
墻上那塊黃斑是什么?
(4)blackened為過去分詞，作形容詞用，表示“變黑了的”、“燒焦的”：
The smoke has blackened the walls.
煙把墻熏黑了。
語法 Grammar in use
1.過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí) (The past perfect progressive tense)
構(gòu)成： had been+現(xiàn)在分詞
(1)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)用于強(qiáng)調(diào)某動(dòng)作在過去更早的某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一直在進(jìn)行，并對(duì)過去某一時(shí)刻產(chǎn)生結(jié)果。與它經(jīng)常連用的表示時(shí)間的詞有before, for, since, all day等：
She was very tired. She had been typing letters all day.
她很累了。她整天都在打信件。
(2)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可用來表示過去經(jīng)常重復(fù)的動(dòng)作：
Jill was angry. Jim had been phoning her every night for a whole week.
吉爾生氣了。整整一星期，吉姆天天晚上都給她打電話。
(3)它還可以表示根據(jù)直接或間接的證據(jù)而得出結(jié)論：
Her eyes were red. It was obvious she had been crying.
她的眼睛紅了。顯然她剛哭過。
(4)在包含間接引語的句子中，如果引述詞是過去時(shí)態(tài)，則現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)要改為過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(cf.第15課語法)：
What was Tom's excuse for being late last night?
湯姆說他昨晚遲到的理由是什么?
He said he'd been making phone calls.
他說他一直在打電話。
2.過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與過去完成時(shí)的比較
過去完成時(shí)在第14課與第38課的語法中已經(jīng)學(xué)過。它與過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)可以替換使用：
Dan had worked/had been working for the firm for fifteen years when I first met him.
我第遇見丹時(shí)，他已在該公司干了15年了。
需要表示某個(gè)工作已經(jīng)完成時(shí)，只能用過去完成時(shí)：
When I got home, I found that Jill had been painting her room.
我回到家時(shí)，看見吉爾在粉刷她的房間。(工作尚未完成)
When I got home, I found that Jill had painted her room.
我回到家時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)吉爾已經(jīng)粉刷過她的房間了。(已完成)
When I arrived, they'd already put the fire out.
我到達(dá)時(shí)，他們已經(jīng)把火撲滅了。(不可用過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí))
課文詳注 Further notes on the text
1.under control,受到控制。
get it under control表示“使它得到控制”，get有“使……處于某種狀態(tài)”的含義：
You'd better get your dog under control.
你好管住你的狗。
The Government can no longer keep prices under control.政府已控制不住物價(jià)。
2.for miles around,方圓數(shù)英里。
around表示“在周圍”、“向四周”：
This is the only modern building for miles around.
方圓數(shù)英里之內(nèi)這是惟一的一座現(xiàn)代化建筑。
3.Winter was coming on and the hills threatened the surrounding villages with destruction…冬季即將來臨，這些山丘對(duì)周圍的村莊具有毀滅性的威脅……
(1)come on的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)形式表示的是過去將來時(shí)，它在這里表示季節(jié)的“到來”、“來臨”：
When spring comes on, there will be flowers everywhere.
春天到來時(shí)到處都是鮮花。
I was still in the forest when night came on.
夜晚來臨時(shí)我仍在森林里。
(2)threaten…with表示“以……威脅/恐嚇”：
The thief threatened him with a knife.
小偷用刀子威脅他。
Then whole village is threatened with destruction.
整個(gè)村子面臨著毀滅的威脅。
4.…for heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause serious floods as well.……因?yàn)榇笥瓴粌H會(huì)沖走土壤，而且還會(huì)引起嚴(yán)重的水災(zāi)。
(1)for引導(dǎo)的句子與前面的兩個(gè)分句為并列句，用于陳述原因。heavy rain這個(gè)主語之后是由not only… but… as well連接的兩個(gè)謂語。與并列連詞 not only…but(also)的含義一樣，not only…but…as well也表示“不僅……而且……”，用于連接并列句，只是as well通常位于句尾。試比較：
He not only washed the car, but (also) polished it.
他不僅沖洗汽車，而且擦拭了它。
He not only washed the car, but polished it as well.
(譯文同上)
(2)wash away表示“沖掉”、“沖走”或“洗掉”等：
A wooden bridge was washed away by the flood.
一座木橋被洪水沖走了。
I can't wash the spot away.
我無法把這污點(diǎn)洗去。
5.in huge quantities,大量地。
quantity單數(shù)時(shí)僅表示“數(shù)量”，既可以用于表示多也可以用于表示少：
They drank a large/great/small quantity of beer last night.
昨天晚上他們喝了大量/許多/少量的啤酒。
quantity復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)表示“大量”：
He bought books in (large) quantities.
他大量地購(gòu)書。
He has quantities of books/stamps.
他有大量的書/郵票。
6.… in many places the grass had already taken root.……很多地方的草已經(jīng)生了根。
take root表示“生根”，是固定短語：
This type of grass takes root easily.
這種草很容易生根。
這個(gè)短語也可以表示某種思想/想法等“扎根”：
The idea has taken root in his mind.
這個(gè)想法已在他腦子里扎了根。
7.In place of the great trees which had been growing there for centuries, patches of green had begun to appear in the blackened
soil.一片片的綠草開始出現(xiàn)在這片燒焦的土地上，代替了多少世紀(jì)以來一直生長(zhǎng)在那里的參天大樹。
(1)in place of表示“代替”、“取代”：
Jane answered the phone in place of Mary.
簡(jiǎn)代替瑪麗接了電話。
(2)介詞短語 in place of的賓語是trees。trees有一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的關(guān)系從句，which在從句中作主語，不可省略;從句中的時(shí)態(tài)為過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。(cf.本課語法)
(3)patch的含義之一是“顏色和周圍不同的部分”：
There are patches of cloud in the sky.
天空中有片片白云。
What is that yellow patch on the wall?
墻上那塊黃斑是什么?
(4)blackened為過去分詞，作形容詞用，表示“變黑了的”、“燒焦的”：
The smoke has blackened the walls.
煙把墻熏黑了。
語法 Grammar in use
1.過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí) (The past perfect progressive tense)
構(gòu)成： had been+現(xiàn)在分詞
(1)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)用于強(qiáng)調(diào)某動(dòng)作在過去更早的某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一直在進(jìn)行，并對(duì)過去某一時(shí)刻產(chǎn)生結(jié)果。與它經(jīng)常連用的表示時(shí)間的詞有before, for, since, all day等：
She was very tired. She had been typing letters all day.
她很累了。她整天都在打信件。
(2)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可用來表示過去經(jīng)常重復(fù)的動(dòng)作：
Jill was angry. Jim had been phoning her every night for a whole week.
吉爾生氣了。整整一星期，吉姆天天晚上都給她打電話。
(3)它還可以表示根據(jù)直接或間接的證據(jù)而得出結(jié)論：
Her eyes were red. It was obvious she had been crying.
她的眼睛紅了。顯然她剛哭過。
(4)在包含間接引語的句子中，如果引述詞是過去時(shí)態(tài)，則現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)要改為過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(cf.第15課語法)：
What was Tom's excuse for being late last night?
湯姆說他昨晚遲到的理由是什么?
He said he'd been making phone calls.
他說他一直在打電話。
2.過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與過去完成時(shí)的比較
過去完成時(shí)在第14課與第38課的語法中已經(jīng)學(xué)過。它與過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)可以替換使用：
Dan had worked/had been working for the firm for fifteen years when I first met him.
我第遇見丹時(shí)，他已在該公司干了15年了。
需要表示某個(gè)工作已經(jīng)完成時(shí)，只能用過去完成時(shí)：
When I got home, I found that Jill had been painting her room.
我回到家時(shí)，看見吉爾在粉刷她的房間。(工作尚未完成)
When I got home, I found that Jill had painted her room.
我回到家時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)吉爾已經(jīng)粉刷過她的房間了。(已完成)
When I arrived, they'd already put the fire out.
我到達(dá)時(shí)，他們已經(jīng)把火撲滅了。(不可用過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí))