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More than 25 million years ago, India, once a separate island on a quickly sliding piece of the Earth’scrust, crashed into Asia. The two land masses are still colliding, pushed together at a speed of 1.5 to 2inches a year. The forces have pushed up the highest mountains in the world, in the Himalayas, and haveset off devastating earthquakes.
2500多萬年前，印度還是一個快速滑動的板塊上的獨立島嶼，它與亞洲大陸發(fā)生了碰撞。這兩個板塊仍在繼續(xù)相撞，每年以1.5到2英寸(約合3.81厘米)的速度相互擠壓。這些力量令喜馬拉雅山脈形成世界的山峰，并引發(fā)災難性的地震。
Experts had warned of the danger to the people of Katmandu for decades. The death toll in Nepal onSaturday was practically inevitable given the tectonics, the local geology that made the shaking worseand the lax construction of buildings that could not withstand the shaking.
數(shù)十年來，專家一直警告加德滿都人民要注意這種危險。鑒于地質(zhì)構(gòu)造、令地震震動加劇的地質(zhì)情況，以及建筑物的構(gòu)造不嚴謹、抗震能力差，尼泊爾在周六出現(xiàn)的慘重傷亡實際上是不可避免的。
GeoHazards International, a nonprofit organization in Menlo Park, Calif., that tries to help poorer, morevulnerable regions like Nepal prepare for disasters, had noted that major earthquakes struck that regionabout every 75 years.
設在加州門洛帕克的非營利組織國際地質(zhì)災難協(xié)會(GeoHazards International)是一家試圖幫尼泊爾等較為貧窮、脆弱的地區(qū)為應對災難做準備的機構(gòu)。該機構(gòu)指出，每隔75年，這里就會發(fā)生一次大地震。
In 1934 — 81 years ago — more than 10,000 people died in a magnitude 8.1 earthquake in easternNepal, about six miles south of Mount Everest. A smaller quake in 1988 with a magnitude of 6.8 killedmore than 1,000 people.
81年前的1934年，在尼泊爾東部距離珠峰大約6英里(約合10公里 )的地方發(fā)生8.1級地震，共有1萬余人喪生。1988年，共有逾1000人在一次規(guī)模較小的6.8級地震中喪生。
Brian Tucker, president and founder of GeoHazards, said that in the 1990s, his organization predictedthat if the 1934 quake were to happen again, 40,000 people would die because of migration to the citywhere tall, flimsily built buildings would collapse.
國際地質(zhì)災難協(xié)會的 總裁兼創(chuàng)始人布萊恩·塔克(Brian Tucker)說，上世 紀90年代，他所 在的 組織曾預測 ，倘若1934年的地震再次 發(fā)生，就會造成4萬人 死亡——這是因為人口在向這座城市 遷移，高大而脆弱的建筑物將會坍塌。
In an update just this month, GeoHazards wrote, “With an annual population growth rate of 6.5 percentand one of the highest urban densities in the world, the 1.5 million people living in the Katmandu Valleywere clearly facing a serious and growing earthquake risk.”
國際地質(zhì)災難協(xié)會在 本月 的更新信息 中寫道 ，“這里的年 均人口 增長 率為6.5%，而 且城市 密度位于世界之列; 在這種情況下，住在加德滿都谷的150萬人明 顯面臨著嚴重而且越 來越大的地震風險。”
The organization helped set up a local nonprofit to continue preparations, including the reinforcement ofschools and hospitals.
該組織協(xié)助成立了一個本地非營利組織，以繼續(xù)進行準備工作，其中包括學校和醫(yī)院的加固。
Saturday’s earthquake occurred to the northwest of Katmandu at a relatively shallow depth, about ninemiles, which caused greater shaking at the surface, but at magnitude 7.8, it released less energy than the1934 quake.
周六 的地震發(fā)生在加德滿都西北 地區(qū)，震源相對較淺，約為9英里，所以地表的震動 更加強烈。但是由于震級為7.8級，所以釋放的能量比1934年的少。
Roger Bilham, a professor of geological sciences at the University of Colorado who has studied thehistory of earthquakes in that region, said that the shaking lasted one to two minutes, and the faultslipped about 10 feet along the rupture zone, which stretched 75 miles, passing under Katmandu.
科羅 拉多大 學(University of Colorado)地質(zhì) 學教授羅杰·比爾 漢姆(Roger Bilham)曾研究 過該地區(qū)的地震歷史，他說，震動 持續(xù)了一到兩分鐘，斷 層沿 著斷 裂帶 滑動了約10英尺，斷裂帶長達75英里，從加德滿都穿過。
The earthquake “translated the whole city southward by 10 feet,” Dr. Bilham said.
這場地震“讓整個城市向南移動了10英尺”，比爾漢姆博士說。
Aftershocks as large as magnitude 6.6 have occurred mostly to the northeast of Katmandu.
達6.6級的余震多數(shù)發(fā)生在加德滿都的東北部。
It is possible that the Saturday quake is a preface to an even larger one, but Dr. Bilham said that wasunlikely.
周六的地震有可能只是更大地震的前奏，但比爾漢姆說可能性并不大。
Katmandu and the surrounding valley sit on an ancient dried-up lake bed, which contributed to thedevastation. “Very, very soft soil, and the soft soil amplifies seismic motion,” Dr. Tucker said.
加德滿都和周圍的山谷坐落在一個古老而干涸的湖床上，這也是該地區(qū)在地震中受到嚴重損毀的原因之一。“非常非常軟的土壤，松軟的土壤放大了震動，”塔克博士說。
Steep slopes in the area are also prone to avalanches like the one that the quake triggered on MountEverest on Saturday.
該地區(qū)的陡峭山坡也很容易發(fā)生雪崩，就像周六的地震在珠穆朗瑪峰上引發(fā)的雪崩一樣。
Katmandu is not the only place where a deadly earthquake has been expected.
并非只有加德滿都預計會發(fā)生致人死亡的地震。
Dr. Tucker said Tehran; Haiti; Lima, Peru; and Padang, Indonesia, were similarly vulnerable. In thoseplaces, nearby tectonic faults are under strain, and building standards and disaster preparations are seenas inadequate.
塔克說，德黑蘭、海地、秘魯利馬，以及印度尼西亞巴東同樣容易發(fā)生地震。這些地方附近的構(gòu)造斷層都處在緊張狀態(tài)，但建筑標準和災難預防則似乎不夠充分
More than 25 million years ago, India, once a separate island on a quickly sliding piece of the Earth’scrust, crashed into Asia. The two land masses are still colliding, pushed together at a speed of 1.5 to 2inches a year. The forces have pushed up the highest mountains in the world, in the Himalayas, and haveset off devastating earthquakes.
2500多萬年前，印度還是一個快速滑動的板塊上的獨立島嶼，它與亞洲大陸發(fā)生了碰撞。這兩個板塊仍在繼續(xù)相撞，每年以1.5到2英寸(約合3.81厘米)的速度相互擠壓。這些力量令喜馬拉雅山脈形成世界的山峰，并引發(fā)災難性的地震。
Experts had warned of the danger to the people of Katmandu for decades. The death toll in Nepal onSaturday was practically inevitable given the tectonics, the local geology that made the shaking worseand the lax construction of buildings that could not withstand the shaking.
數(shù)十年來，專家一直警告加德滿都人民要注意這種危險。鑒于地質(zhì)構(gòu)造、令地震震動加劇的地質(zhì)情況，以及建筑物的構(gòu)造不嚴謹、抗震能力差，尼泊爾在周六出現(xiàn)的慘重傷亡實際上是不可避免的。
GeoHazards International, a nonprofit organization in Menlo Park, Calif., that tries to help poorer, morevulnerable regions like Nepal prepare for disasters, had noted that major earthquakes struck that regionabout every 75 years.
設在加州門洛帕克的非營利組織國際地質(zhì)災難協(xié)會(GeoHazards International)是一家試圖幫尼泊爾等較為貧窮、脆弱的地區(qū)為應對災難做準備的機構(gòu)。該機構(gòu)指出，每隔75年，這里就會發(fā)生一次大地震。
In 1934 — 81 years ago — more than 10,000 people died in a magnitude 8.1 earthquake in easternNepal, about six miles south of Mount Everest. A smaller quake in 1988 with a magnitude of 6.8 killedmore than 1,000 people.
81年前的1934年，在尼泊爾東部距離珠峰大約6英里(約合10公里 )的地方發(fā)生8.1級地震，共有1萬余人喪生。1988年，共有逾1000人在一次規(guī)模較小的6.8級地震中喪生。
Brian Tucker, president and founder of GeoHazards, said that in the 1990s, his organization predictedthat if the 1934 quake were to happen again, 40,000 people would die because of migration to the citywhere tall, flimsily built buildings would collapse.
國際地質(zhì)災難協(xié)會的 總裁兼創(chuàng)始人布萊恩·塔克(Brian Tucker)說，上世 紀90年代，他所 在的 組織曾預測 ，倘若1934年的地震再次 發(fā)生，就會造成4萬人 死亡——這是因為人口在向這座城市 遷移，高大而脆弱的建筑物將會坍塌。
In an update just this month, GeoHazards wrote, “With an annual population growth rate of 6.5 percentand one of the highest urban densities in the world, the 1.5 million people living in the Katmandu Valleywere clearly facing a serious and growing earthquake risk.”
國際地質(zhì)災難協(xié)會在 本月 的更新信息 中寫道 ，“這里的年 均人口 增長 率為6.5%，而 且城市 密度位于世界之列; 在這種情況下，住在加德滿都谷的150萬人明 顯面臨著嚴重而且越 來越大的地震風險。”
The organization helped set up a local nonprofit to continue preparations, including the reinforcement ofschools and hospitals.
該組織協(xié)助成立了一個本地非營利組織，以繼續(xù)進行準備工作，其中包括學校和醫(yī)院的加固。
Saturday’s earthquake occurred to the northwest of Katmandu at a relatively shallow depth, about ninemiles, which caused greater shaking at the surface, but at magnitude 7.8, it released less energy than the1934 quake.
周六 的地震發(fā)生在加德滿都西北 地區(qū)，震源相對較淺，約為9英里，所以地表的震動 更加強烈。但是由于震級為7.8級，所以釋放的能量比1934年的少。
Roger Bilham, a professor of geological sciences at the University of Colorado who has studied thehistory of earthquakes in that region, said that the shaking lasted one to two minutes, and the faultslipped about 10 feet along the rupture zone, which stretched 75 miles, passing under Katmandu.
科羅 拉多大 學(University of Colorado)地質(zhì) 學教授羅杰·比爾 漢姆(Roger Bilham)曾研究 過該地區(qū)的地震歷史，他說，震動 持續(xù)了一到兩分鐘，斷 層沿 著斷 裂帶 滑動了約10英尺，斷裂帶長達75英里，從加德滿都穿過。
The earthquake “translated the whole city southward by 10 feet,” Dr. Bilham said.
這場地震“讓整個城市向南移動了10英尺”，比爾漢姆博士說。
Aftershocks as large as magnitude 6.6 have occurred mostly to the northeast of Katmandu.
達6.6級的余震多數(shù)發(fā)生在加德滿都的東北部。
It is possible that the Saturday quake is a preface to an even larger one, but Dr. Bilham said that wasunlikely.
周六的地震有可能只是更大地震的前奏，但比爾漢姆說可能性并不大。
Katmandu and the surrounding valley sit on an ancient dried-up lake bed, which contributed to thedevastation. “Very, very soft soil, and the soft soil amplifies seismic motion,” Dr. Tucker said.
加德滿都和周圍的山谷坐落在一個古老而干涸的湖床上，這也是該地區(qū)在地震中受到嚴重損毀的原因之一。“非常非常軟的土壤，松軟的土壤放大了震動，”塔克博士說。
Steep slopes in the area are also prone to avalanches like the one that the quake triggered on MountEverest on Saturday.
該地區(qū)的陡峭山坡也很容易發(fā)生雪崩，就像周六的地震在珠穆朗瑪峰上引發(fā)的雪崩一樣。
Katmandu is not the only place where a deadly earthquake has been expected.
并非只有加德滿都預計會發(fā)生致人死亡的地震。
Dr. Tucker said Tehran; Haiti; Lima, Peru; and Padang, Indonesia, were similarly vulnerable. In thoseplaces, nearby tectonic faults are under strain, and building standards and disaster preparations are seenas inadequate.
塔克說，德黑蘭、海地、秘魯利馬，以及印度尼西亞巴東同樣容易發(fā)生地震。這些地方附近的構(gòu)造斷層都處在緊張狀態(tài)，但建筑標準和災難預防則似乎不夠充分