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【高頻考點(diǎn)】
1. Conversational implicature會(huì)話含義
It means the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances, understandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the cooperative principle.
2. The cooperative principle合作原則
(1) Violation of maxim of quantity違反數(shù)量原則
① Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange).
② Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
E.g. War is war. [War is cruel.] 戰(zhàn)爭就是戰(zhàn)爭。(戰(zhàn)爭很殘酷)
(2)Violation of maxim of quality違反質(zhì)量原則
① Do not say what you believe to be false.
② Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
E.g. Paul is made of iron. [Paul has some properties similar to those of iron.]
違反質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則，因?yàn)楹茱@然沒有人是由鋼鐵做成的。但人們也能知道其會(huì)話含義。
(3) Violation of maxim of relation違反關(guān)系原則
Make your contributions relevant.
E.g. A: How do you like my painting?
B: I don’t have an eye for beauty, I'm afraid. [I don't like it at all]
這組對(duì)話中，很顯然B沒有直接回答A的問題，違反了關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則，然而A也能立刻推知B不喜歡A的畫。
(4) Violation of maxim of manner違反方式原則
① Avoid obscurity of expression. ② Avoid ambiguity.
③ Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity). ④ Be orderly.
E.g. A: Shall we get something for the kids? B: Yes. But I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.
在這組對(duì)話中，B故意違反了方式準(zhǔn)則，為的是故意不讓孩子們聽懂他們?cè)谡f什么。
【每日一練】
1. What maxim is flouted in such extreme example of tautologies as “Boys are boys”, and “Lies are lies”?
A. The maxim of quantity B. The maxim of quality
C. The maxim of relevance D. The maxim of manner
2. When any of the maxims under the Cooperative Principle is flouted on purpose, _____ might arise.
A. ambiguous structure B. contradictory proposition
C. mutual understanding D. conversational implicature
【答案】AD。
【高頻考點(diǎn)】
1. Conversational implicature會(huì)話含義
It means the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances, understandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the cooperative principle.
2. The cooperative principle合作原則
(1) Violation of maxim of quantity違反數(shù)量原則
① Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange).
② Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
E.g. War is war. [War is cruel.] 戰(zhàn)爭就是戰(zhàn)爭。(戰(zhàn)爭很殘酷)
(2)Violation of maxim of quality違反質(zhì)量原則
① Do not say what you believe to be false.
② Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
E.g. Paul is made of iron. [Paul has some properties similar to those of iron.]
違反質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則，因?yàn)楹茱@然沒有人是由鋼鐵做成的。但人們也能知道其會(huì)話含義。
(3) Violation of maxim of relation違反關(guān)系原則
Make your contributions relevant.
E.g. A: How do you like my painting?
B: I don’t have an eye for beauty, I'm afraid. [I don't like it at all]
這組對(duì)話中，很顯然B沒有直接回答A的問題，違反了關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則，然而A也能立刻推知B不喜歡A的畫。
(4) Violation of maxim of manner違反方式原則
① Avoid obscurity of expression. ② Avoid ambiguity.
③ Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity). ④ Be orderly.
E.g. A: Shall we get something for the kids? B: Yes. But I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.
在這組對(duì)話中，B故意違反了方式準(zhǔn)則，為的是故意不讓孩子們聽懂他們?cè)谡f什么。
【每日一練】
1. What maxim is flouted in such extreme example of tautologies as “Boys are boys”, and “Lies are lies”?
A. The maxim of quantity B. The maxim of quality
C. The maxim of relevance D. The maxim of manner
2. When any of the maxims under the Cooperative Principle is flouted on purpose, _____ might arise.
A. ambiguous structure B. contradictory proposition
C. mutual understanding D. conversational implicature
【答案】AD。