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【篇一】2021年上半年英語四級語法指導(dǎo)
一、兩者在用法上的相同點
兩者都可用作表語，表示“一定”或“確信”，有時可互換?；Q的場合應(yīng)注意以下幾點用法：
1. 表示說話者的態(tài)度或看法
即表示說話者自己的態(tài)度或看法，其意為“一定會”“肯定會”。此時主要用法有：
(1) 單獨用作表語。如：
One thing was sure [certain]: they'd be late. 有一件事是確定無疑的，他們會遲到。
(2) 后接不定式。如：
He's certain [sure] to win. 他一定會成功。
They're certain [sure] to need help. 他們肯定需要幫助。
If you do this, you are certain [sure] to be found out. 如果你這樣做一定會被發(fā)現(xiàn)。
2. 表示句子主語的判斷或信念
即表示句子主語對某一情況的判斷或信念，其意為“相信”“確信”“有把握”等。此時通常用于以下結(jié)構(gòu)：
(1) 后接of [about] sth。如：
He is certain [sure] of success. 他確信會成功。
Are you certain of [about] that? 你對此有把握嗎?
(2) 后接 of doing sth。如：
Our team is certain [sure] of winning. 我們隊有把握贏。
You can be sure [certain] of his agreeing. 你可以放心他會同意。
比較同義句：
He is certain [sure] of winning.
=He is sure [certain] that he will win. 他自信會贏。
(3) 后接 that / whether / if 從句。如：
I am sure [certain] that he is honest. 我肯定他是誠實的。
I'm sure [certain] that it's not your fault. 我敢肯定這不是你的錯。
Are you certain [sure] that this is the right road? 你肯定這條路對嗎?
注：當(dāng)be sure [certain]為肯定式或疑問式時，后接that從句;當(dāng)be sure [certain]為否定式時，后接whether [if]從句。如：
I'm not sure [certain] whether he still works there. 我不能肯定他是否還在那里工作。
I wasn't sure [certain] whether he would agree. 我不太肯定他是否會同意。
He wasn't sure [certain] whether he would be able to get back in time. 他不能肯定他是否能準(zhǔn)時回來。
(4) 后接其他從句。如：
I'm not sure [certain] where she lives. 我不能肯定她住在哪里。
I'm not certain [sure] who wrote it. 我不太清楚這是誰寫的。
二、只能用certain的情形
以下情況通常只用certain，而不用sure：
1. 當(dāng)句中用了形式主語或形式賓語 it 時。如：
It's certain that he'll come tomorrow. 他明天肯定會來。
I thought it certain that he would be late. 我肯定他會遲到。
It's certain that prices will go up. 價格肯定會上漲。
It's not certain how much it will cost. 這要花多少錢還不確定。
2. 當(dāng)表示“某一”“某些”時。如：
A certain Mr Green wants to see you. 有個叫格林先生的人想見你。
Certain plants are good to eat but others are not. 有些植物好吃, 而其他一些則不好吃。
三、只能用sure的情形
在 Be sure (not) to do sth.(一定要或不要做某事)這類祈使句中通常不用 certain。如：
Be sure not to forget it. 千萬別忘記啦。
Be sure to get there before nine. 務(wù)必在九點前到達。
Be sure to turn off the light when leave. 離開時一定要關(guān)燈。
四、兩者在習(xí)語中的用法
1. 用于 for certain / for sure, 意為“肯定地”“確切地”等，兩者可互換。如：
I can't say for certain [sure] when he will come. 我不敢肯定地說他什么時候來。
No one knows for sure [certain] what happened to her. 沒有人確切地知道她出了什么事。
2. 用于 make certain / make sure，意為“弄清楚”“弄得有把握”，兩者可互換。如：
They made certain [sure] (that) they weren't late. 他們有把握不遲到。
I think there's a train at 10:40, but you'd better make certain [sure] of it. 我想10:40有趟火車，但你去核實一下。
五、糾正一個錯誤
有許多同學(xué)認為，sure的主語只能是人，不能是事物;當(dāng)主語是事物時，應(yīng)用certain。其實，這是一種誤解。關(guān)于sure的主語問題，有以下兩點值得注意：
1. 當(dāng)表示說話者的態(tài)度或看法時，句子主語可以是人也可以是物。由于此時用人作主語的情形同學(xué)們比較熟悉，所以下面只舉幾句用物作主語的例子。如：
It's sure to rain tomorrow. 肯定要下雨了。
The train is sure to arrive on time. 火車一定會準(zhǔn)時到達的。
The design is so good it's sure to set the pattern for many others. 這個設(shè)計很不錯，肯定會成為其他許多設(shè)計的樣板。
這類句子通?？梢杂肐'm sure that…來替換。如：
It's sure to rain tomorrow.
=I'm sure that it will rain tomorrow.
The train is sure to arrive on time.
=I'm sure that the train will arrive on time.
2. 當(dāng)表示句子主語的判斷或信念時，句子的主語只能是人，不能是物。因為從邏輯上講，只有“人”才能作出判斷，才有自己的信念。如：
I' m sure I won't lose my way. 我肯定不會迷路的。
I'm sure we've met before. 我敢肯定我們以前見過面。
注：certain的主語特點也符合以上情形。
六、sure有時還可與there be 搭配使用。如：
There's sure to be a place for him somewhere. 在什么地方準(zhǔn)有他容身之地。
There is sure to be trouble when she gets his letter. 在她收到他的信時，肯定會有麻煩。
【篇二】2021年上半年英語四級語法指導(dǎo)
while和when都是表示同時，到底句子中是用when還是while主要看從句和主句中所使用的動詞是短暫性動作(瞬時動詞)還是持續(xù)性動作。
1、若主句表示的是一個短暫性的動作，而從句表示的是一個持續(xù)性動作時，兩者都可用。如：
He fell asleep when [while] he was reading. 他看書時睡著了。
I met him when [while] I was taking a walk in the park. 我在公園散步時遇到了他。
2、若主、從句表示兩個同時進行的持續(xù)性動作，且強調(diào)主句表示的動作延續(xù)到從句所指的整個時間，通常要用 while。如：
Don't talk while you're eating. 吃飯時不要說話。
I kept silent while he was writing. 在他寫的時候，我默不作聲。
3、若從句是一個短暫性動作，而主句是一個持續(xù)性動作，可以 when 但不用 while。如：
When he came in, I was listening to the radio. 他進來時，我在聽收音機。
It was raining hard when we arrived. 我們到達時正下著大雨。
4、若主、從句表示的是兩個同時(或幾乎同時)發(fā)生的短暫性動作，一般要用 when。如：
I thought of it just when you opened your mouth. 就在你要說的時候，我也想到了。
至于什么是短暫性動作，什么是持續(xù)性動作，其實有個很簡單的規(guī)律。就是如果是進行時態(tài)，一般是持續(xù)性的。如果是過去式，一般是短暫性動作。
【篇三】2021年上半年英語四級語法指導(dǎo)
even though 和 even if 均可用于引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，其細微區(qū)別是：
1. even if 引導(dǎo)的從句是往往是假設(shè)性的，相當(dāng)于漢語的“即使”“縱然”“就算”“哪怕”。如：
They'll stand by you even if you don't succeed. 即使你不成功，他們也會支持你。
Even if I have to walk all the way I'll get there. 即使我得一路走著去，我也要走到那里。
Even if it rains tomorrow, we won't change our plan. 即使明天下雨，我們也決不改變計劃。
For my part, I plan to go to the party even if you decide not to go. 至于我，即使你決定不去參加晚會我也會去的。
Even if you saw him pick up the money, you can't be sure he stole it. 就算你看見是他拾起的錢，你也不能肯定錢就是他偷的。
正因為even if從句的內(nèi)容通常是假設(shè)性的，所以有時還可用于虛擬語氣;這樣用的even if 與單獨使用的if比較接近。如：
Even if he had the money, he wouldn't buy it. 他即使有錢也不會買它。
I would have married her even if she had been penniless. 即使她身無分文，我也會和她結(jié)婚。
2. even though 引導(dǎo)的從句內(nèi)容往往是真實的，主要用于引出不利用于主句情況的信息，相當(dāng)于漢語的“盡管”“雖然”。如：
He went out even though it was raining. 盡管在下雨，他還是出去了。
Even though it's hard work, I enjoy it. 雖然工作艱苦，我還是很喜歡。
He's the best teacher even though he has the least experience. 他盡管經(jīng)驗最少，但教得。
Even though I didn't know anybody at the party, I had a nice time. 盡管這次聚會上我誰也不認識，我也玩得挺痛快。
這樣用的even though與though或although的意思比較接近，許多時候可以互換(注意：英語可以說though和even though，但不能說even although)。如：
Even though [Thought, Although] I felt sorry for him, l was secretly pleased tha t he was having difficulties. 雖然我為他感到惋惜，但對他的困難卻暗自高興。
Even though [Thought, Although] we all tried our best, we lost the game. 雖然我們已盡了的力量，但還是輸了。
3. 不過，在實際語言運用中，even if與even though有時也可不加區(qū)別地混用。如：
Even if [Even though] she laughs at him, he likes her. 盡管她嘲笑他，他還是很喜歡她。
We thoroughly understand each other, even if [even though] we don't always agree. 我們彼此非常了解，雖然有時候也有一些分歧。
【篇一】2021年上半年英語四級語法指導(dǎo)
一、兩者在用法上的相同點
兩者都可用作表語，表示“一定”或“確信”，有時可互換?；Q的場合應(yīng)注意以下幾點用法：
1. 表示說話者的態(tài)度或看法
即表示說話者自己的態(tài)度或看法，其意為“一定會”“肯定會”。此時主要用法有：
(1) 單獨用作表語。如：
One thing was sure [certain]: they'd be late. 有一件事是確定無疑的，他們會遲到。
(2) 后接不定式。如：
He's certain [sure] to win. 他一定會成功。
They're certain [sure] to need help. 他們肯定需要幫助。
If you do this, you are certain [sure] to be found out. 如果你這樣做一定會被發(fā)現(xiàn)。
2. 表示句子主語的判斷或信念
即表示句子主語對某一情況的判斷或信念，其意為“相信”“確信”“有把握”等。此時通常用于以下結(jié)構(gòu)：
(1) 后接of [about] sth。如：
He is certain [sure] of success. 他確信會成功。
Are you certain of [about] that? 你對此有把握嗎?
(2) 后接 of doing sth。如：
Our team is certain [sure] of winning. 我們隊有把握贏。
You can be sure [certain] of his agreeing. 你可以放心他會同意。
比較同義句：
He is certain [sure] of winning.
=He is sure [certain] that he will win. 他自信會贏。
(3) 后接 that / whether / if 從句。如：
I am sure [certain] that he is honest. 我肯定他是誠實的。
I'm sure [certain] that it's not your fault. 我敢肯定這不是你的錯。
Are you certain [sure] that this is the right road? 你肯定這條路對嗎?
注：當(dāng)be sure [certain]為肯定式或疑問式時，后接that從句;當(dāng)be sure [certain]為否定式時，后接whether [if]從句。如：
I'm not sure [certain] whether he still works there. 我不能肯定他是否還在那里工作。
I wasn't sure [certain] whether he would agree. 我不太肯定他是否會同意。
He wasn't sure [certain] whether he would be able to get back in time. 他不能肯定他是否能準(zhǔn)時回來。
(4) 后接其他從句。如：
I'm not sure [certain] where she lives. 我不能肯定她住在哪里。
I'm not certain [sure] who wrote it. 我不太清楚這是誰寫的。
二、只能用certain的情形
以下情況通常只用certain，而不用sure：
1. 當(dāng)句中用了形式主語或形式賓語 it 時。如：
It's certain that he'll come tomorrow. 他明天肯定會來。
I thought it certain that he would be late. 我肯定他會遲到。
It's certain that prices will go up. 價格肯定會上漲。
It's not certain how much it will cost. 這要花多少錢還不確定。
2. 當(dāng)表示“某一”“某些”時。如：
A certain Mr Green wants to see you. 有個叫格林先生的人想見你。
Certain plants are good to eat but others are not. 有些植物好吃, 而其他一些則不好吃。
三、只能用sure的情形
在 Be sure (not) to do sth.(一定要或不要做某事)這類祈使句中通常不用 certain。如：
Be sure not to forget it. 千萬別忘記啦。
Be sure to get there before nine. 務(wù)必在九點前到達。
Be sure to turn off the light when leave. 離開時一定要關(guān)燈。
四、兩者在習(xí)語中的用法
1. 用于 for certain / for sure, 意為“肯定地”“確切地”等，兩者可互換。如：
I can't say for certain [sure] when he will come. 我不敢肯定地說他什么時候來。
No one knows for sure [certain] what happened to her. 沒有人確切地知道她出了什么事。
2. 用于 make certain / make sure，意為“弄清楚”“弄得有把握”，兩者可互換。如：
They made certain [sure] (that) they weren't late. 他們有把握不遲到。
I think there's a train at 10:40, but you'd better make certain [sure] of it. 我想10:40有趟火車，但你去核實一下。
五、糾正一個錯誤
有許多同學(xué)認為，sure的主語只能是人，不能是事物;當(dāng)主語是事物時，應(yīng)用certain。其實，這是一種誤解。關(guān)于sure的主語問題，有以下兩點值得注意：
1. 當(dāng)表示說話者的態(tài)度或看法時，句子主語可以是人也可以是物。由于此時用人作主語的情形同學(xué)們比較熟悉，所以下面只舉幾句用物作主語的例子。如：
It's sure to rain tomorrow. 肯定要下雨了。
The train is sure to arrive on time. 火車一定會準(zhǔn)時到達的。
The design is so good it's sure to set the pattern for many others. 這個設(shè)計很不錯，肯定會成為其他許多設(shè)計的樣板。
這類句子通?？梢杂肐'm sure that…來替換。如：
It's sure to rain tomorrow.
=I'm sure that it will rain tomorrow.
The train is sure to arrive on time.
=I'm sure that the train will arrive on time.
2. 當(dāng)表示句子主語的判斷或信念時，句子的主語只能是人，不能是物。因為從邏輯上講，只有“人”才能作出判斷，才有自己的信念。如：
I' m sure I won't lose my way. 我肯定不會迷路的。
I'm sure we've met before. 我敢肯定我們以前見過面。
注：certain的主語特點也符合以上情形。
六、sure有時還可與there be 搭配使用。如：
There's sure to be a place for him somewhere. 在什么地方準(zhǔn)有他容身之地。
There is sure to be trouble when she gets his letter. 在她收到他的信時，肯定會有麻煩。
【篇二】2021年上半年英語四級語法指導(dǎo)
while和when都是表示同時，到底句子中是用when還是while主要看從句和主句中所使用的動詞是短暫性動作(瞬時動詞)還是持續(xù)性動作。
1、若主句表示的是一個短暫性的動作，而從句表示的是一個持續(xù)性動作時，兩者都可用。如：
He fell asleep when [while] he was reading. 他看書時睡著了。
I met him when [while] I was taking a walk in the park. 我在公園散步時遇到了他。
2、若主、從句表示兩個同時進行的持續(xù)性動作，且強調(diào)主句表示的動作延續(xù)到從句所指的整個時間，通常要用 while。如：
Don't talk while you're eating. 吃飯時不要說話。
I kept silent while he was writing. 在他寫的時候，我默不作聲。
3、若從句是一個短暫性動作，而主句是一個持續(xù)性動作，可以 when 但不用 while。如：
When he came in, I was listening to the radio. 他進來時，我在聽收音機。
It was raining hard when we arrived. 我們到達時正下著大雨。
4、若主、從句表示的是兩個同時(或幾乎同時)發(fā)生的短暫性動作，一般要用 when。如：
I thought of it just when you opened your mouth. 就在你要說的時候，我也想到了。
至于什么是短暫性動作，什么是持續(xù)性動作，其實有個很簡單的規(guī)律。就是如果是進行時態(tài)，一般是持續(xù)性的。如果是過去式，一般是短暫性動作。
【篇三】2021年上半年英語四級語法指導(dǎo)
even though 和 even if 均可用于引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，其細微區(qū)別是：
1. even if 引導(dǎo)的從句是往往是假設(shè)性的，相當(dāng)于漢語的“即使”“縱然”“就算”“哪怕”。如：
They'll stand by you even if you don't succeed. 即使你不成功，他們也會支持你。
Even if I have to walk all the way I'll get there. 即使我得一路走著去，我也要走到那里。
Even if it rains tomorrow, we won't change our plan. 即使明天下雨，我們也決不改變計劃。
For my part, I plan to go to the party even if you decide not to go. 至于我，即使你決定不去參加晚會我也會去的。
Even if you saw him pick up the money, you can't be sure he stole it. 就算你看見是他拾起的錢，你也不能肯定錢就是他偷的。
正因為even if從句的內(nèi)容通常是假設(shè)性的，所以有時還可用于虛擬語氣;這樣用的even if 與單獨使用的if比較接近。如：
Even if he had the money, he wouldn't buy it. 他即使有錢也不會買它。
I would have married her even if she had been penniless. 即使她身無分文，我也會和她結(jié)婚。
2. even though 引導(dǎo)的從句內(nèi)容往往是真實的，主要用于引出不利用于主句情況的信息，相當(dāng)于漢語的“盡管”“雖然”。如：
He went out even though it was raining. 盡管在下雨，他還是出去了。
Even though it's hard work, I enjoy it. 雖然工作艱苦，我還是很喜歡。
He's the best teacher even though he has the least experience. 他盡管經(jīng)驗最少，但教得。
Even though I didn't know anybody at the party, I had a nice time. 盡管這次聚會上我誰也不認識，我也玩得挺痛快。
這樣用的even though與though或although的意思比較接近，許多時候可以互換(注意：英語可以說though和even though，但不能說even although)。如：
Even though [Thought, Although] I felt sorry for him, l was secretly pleased tha t he was having difficulties. 雖然我為他感到惋惜，但對他的困難卻暗自高興。
Even though [Thought, Although] we all tried our best, we lost the game. 雖然我們已盡了的力量，但還是輸了。
3. 不過，在實際語言運用中，even if與even though有時也可不加區(qū)別地混用。如：
Even if [Even though] she laughs at him, he likes her. 盡管她嘲笑他，他還是很喜歡她。
We thoroughly understand each other, even if [even though] we don't always agree. 我們彼此非常了解，雖然有時候也有一些分歧。