只有堅定堅持最初的夢想走下去，再苦再累再難，堅定不移，才有可能走向成功。為大家準備了以下2021年下半年英語四級高級語法講解，希望對大家有幫助。
英語四級高級語法講解
插入語
插入語通常是說話者對所表達意思的一種補充、強調(diào)、解釋或者是說話人的一種態(tài)度。它的位置比較靈活，常常會用逗號或者破折號和其他部分隔開，但是在語法上不會影響其他成分。
插入語六大用法小結
例1 _____the more expensive the camera， the better its quality.
A.General speaking B.Speaking general
C.Generally speaking D.Speaking generally
小結：許多分詞短語可以用作插入語，這樣的分詞短語有：strictly speaking(嚴格地說)，generally considering(一般認為)， judging from……(根據(jù)……判斷)等。
例2 Two middle-aged passengers fell into the sea. ____，neither of them could swim.
A.In fact B.Luckily C.Unfortunately D.Naturally
小結：常用作插入語的副詞或副詞短語有：indeed(的確)，surely(無疑)，however(然而)，frankly(坦率地說)，obviously(顯然)，naturally(天然地)，luckily (happily) for sb.(算某人幸運)，fortunately(幸好)，strangely(奇怪)，briefly(簡單地說)等。
例3 Your performance in the driving test didn’t reach the required standard，_____， you failed.
A.in the end B.after all C.in other words D.at the same time
小結：常用作插入語的介詞短語有：in conclusion(總之)，in a word(簡而言之)，in short(簡而言之)，in general(一般說來)，in a sense(在某種意義上)，in my view(在我看來)，in his opinion(按照他的看法)，in fact(事實上)，at first(首先)， in addition(此外)，of course(當然)，to my surprise(使我驚奇的)，to her regret(使她遺憾的)，for example(例如)等。
例4 It is so nice to hear from her._____，we last met more than thirty years ago.
A.What‘s more B.That is to say C.In other words D.Believe it or not
小結：用簡短的句子結構作插入語，它們常置于句中或句末。這類簡短的句子有：I am sure(我可以肯定地說)，I believe(我相信)，do you know(你知道嗎)，you see(你明白)，I’m afraid(恐怕)，it is said(據(jù)說)，I suppose(我想)，what’s more(而且)，what’s worse(更糟糕的是)，that is(也就是說)，what is important(重要的是)等。
例5 _____ with you，I have no money to spare.
A.To be frank B.What’s more C.In addition D.However
小結：常用作插入語的不定式短語有：to be sure(無疑地)，to sum up(概括地說)，to tell the truth(老實說)等。
例6 _____， he should have done such a thing.
A.Speaking general B.Strange to say C.Luckily D.Of course
小結：常用作插入語的形容詞或其短語有：true(真的)，funny(真可笑)，needless to say(不用說)，most important of all(最為重要)，worse still(更糟糕的)，even better(更好)等。
Bill Gates, the billionaire Microsoft chairman without a single earned university degree, is by his success raising new doubts about the worth of the business world’s favorite academic title: the MBA (Master of Business Administration).
The problem, most participants in the debate acknowledge, is that the MBA has acquired an aura (光環(huán)) of future riches and power far beyond its actual importance and usefulness.
Opinion surveys in the world’s two largest economies—Japan and the United States—show consumerist definitions of success becoming ever more prevalent.
英語四級高級語法講解
非謂語動詞
幾種做句子成分的情況
1.不定式和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別
(1)動名詞作主語時，通常用以表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗。
不定式短語通常用來表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(經(jīng)驗)
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰時刻開車令人厭煩。(經(jīng)驗)
(2)不定式做主語，一般用it當形式主語，把作主語的不定式短語后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
2.不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語的區(qū)別
(1)不定式作表語
1)不定式作表語一般表示具體動作，特別是表示將來的動作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither.一次做兩件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建議是立刻開始干。
2)如果主語是不定式(表示條件)，表語也是不定式(表示結果)。
To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。
(2)動名詞作表語：動名詞作表語，表示抽象的一般性的行為。
Our work is serving the people.我們的工作是為人民服務。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的愛好是集郵。
(3)分詞作表語
分詞做表語有兩種情況，一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，一種是過去分詞做表語，這兩者區(qū)別是考試中經(jīng)?？嫉降牡胤健?BR> interesting使人感到高興--interested感到高興的
exciting令人激動的--excited感到激動的
puzzling令人費解的--puzzled感到費解的
satisfying令人滿意的---satisfied感到滿意的
旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲勞。Travelling is interesting but tiring.
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.如果要學生學得太多，他們會感到糊涂的。
The argument is very convincing.他的論點很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news.聽到這個消息，他們非常激動。
3.不定式和動名詞作賓語的區(qū)別
begin開始 determine決定 manage設法 agree同意 love 喜歡 fail不能 plan計劃
(2)有少數(shù)動詞只能用動名詞作賓語
acknowledge承認，admit 承認 dislike不喜歡，討厭 advocate：提倡，主張 complete完成
appreciate 感激，欣賞 avoid避免 enjoy享有，喜愛 delay延遲 escape逃跑，逃避 deny否認
consider 考慮 fancy幻想，愛好 mind 介意 miss錯過 finish完成，結束不得 resist抵抗，阻止 imagine設想 postpone延遲，延期 practise 實行，實踐 suggest建議 prevent阻止
keep保持 quit放棄停止 loathe非常討厭，厭惡 recall回想
例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
我很感激兩年前給我出國學習的機會。
(3)有些動詞后使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語的差別
1)forget to do 忘記要去做某事(此事未做)
forget doing忘記做過某事(此事已做過或已發(fā)生)
2)stop to do 停止、中斷(某件事)，目的是去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事
3)remember to do 記住去做某事(未做)
remember doing記得做過某事(已做)
4) regret to do對要做的事遺憾
regret doing對做過的事遺憾、后悔
5)try to do努力、企圖做某事
try doing試驗、試一試某種辦法
6) mean to do打算，有意要…
mean doing意味著
7)need, want, deserve +動名詞表被動意義;+不定式被動表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?
You must remember to leave tomorrow.你可要記著是明天動身。
I regret to have to do this， but I have no choice.我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實在沒辦法。
You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。
Let's try doing the work some other way.讓我們試一試用另外一種辦法來做這工作。
4.不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作定語的區(qū)別
The child standing over there is my brother.站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。
The room facing south is our classroom.朝南的房間是我們的教室。
The book writen by professor Smith is very popular in China now. 由史密斯教授寫的那本書在中國非常受歡迎
I have find my watch lost.
5.不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別
(1)現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區(qū)別。
1)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時，現(xiàn)在分詞的動作就是句子主語的動作，它們之間的關系是主動關系。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知如何辦是好，他去找父母幫忙。
2)過去分詞作狀語時，過去分詞表示的動作是句子主語承受的動作，它們之間的關系是被動關系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
6.非謂語動詞常考的其它結構
(1)疑問詞+不定式結構
疑問詞who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可構成一種特殊的不定式短語。它在句中可以用作主語、賓語、表語和雙重賓語。
When to start has not been decided.何時動身尚未決定。(主語)
I don't know what to do.我不知道該怎么辦。(賓語)
The difficulty was how to cross the river.困難在于如何過河。(表語)
I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告訴你哪里可以買到此書。(雙重賓語)
(2)不帶to的不定式
1)在表示生理感覺的動詞后的不定式不帶to。
這類詞有： feel 覺得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear聽到 watch注視 listen to聽 perceive察覺，感知 notice注意 see看見 look at看 hear聽
On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.
2)另一類是某些使役動詞，如make, let，have等。
Let him do it.讓他做吧。
I would have you know that I am ill.我想讓你知道我病了。
①上述感覺動詞與使役動詞轉換為被動結構時.其后的不定式一般需帶to，
He was seen to come. The boy was made to go to bed early.
3)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)結構中。
例如：Last night I did nothing but watch TV.昨天晚上，我除了看電視別的什么也沒有干。
但是，如果謂語動詞不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶。
The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙，其它什么都沒有說。
There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent.除了保持沉默以外，他們沒有別的辦法。
7.非謂語動詞中的有關句型
(1)動名詞作主語的句型
1)It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名詞+doing sth. It is no use crying.哭沒有用。
It is no good objecting.反對也沒有用。
It is a great fun playing football.打籃球很有趣。
2) It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容詞)+ doing sth.
It is useless speaking.光說沒用。
It is nice seeing you again.真高興又遇到了你。
It is good playing chess after supper.晚飯后弈棋挺好。
英語四級高級語法講解
全部倒裝：
①當首句為方位或時間副詞，謂語動詞為go，come等時通常用全部倒裝。
② 如果句首出現(xiàn)了地點狀語，句子也可以進行全部倒裝。
③ 當句子當中出現(xiàn)分詞結構的時候，可以把現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞和地點狀語聯(lián)系在一起放在句首，把be 動詞留在中間當作謂語動詞，主語放在后面。
部分倒裝：
1、當句首狀語為否定詞或帶有否定意義的詞語時，這個句子就需要部分倒裝。
2、當句首為only加狀語的時候，這個句子需要部分倒裝。
3、so......that 結構中的so位于句首時，常引起部分倒裝。
4、句子開頭的as 處在第二個單詞的位置上，表示雖然的意思。
5、常見的固定搭配結構中需要用倒裝的情況。
hardly.....when....; scarcely .....when..... ;no sooner....than.....：
hardly，scarcely，no sooner 后面一定要用過去完成時，when 后面用一般過去時;the more ......the more... 越....越.... ;
實例練習(1)
1.直到他完成使命(Not until he had fufilled/finished his mission)did he realize that he was seriously ill. (08.06)
2. The witness was told that under no circumstance ( should he lie to the court ) 他都不應該對法庭撒謊。(07.12)
3. Only in the small town( does he feel secure and relaxed) 他才感覺安全和放松。he feels secure and relaxed. (07.6)
4. Not only ( did he charge me too much ) 他向我收費過高, but he didn't do a good repair job either. (06.6)
5. Only after I found out the truth( did I realize (that) he was innocent ) 我才意識到他是無辜的。
6. Not until the game had begun ( did he arrive at the sports ground )他才到達運動場。
閱讀中的倒裝：
1. Among the report are more outrageous(令人無法容忍的)findings - a Geman fertilizer described itself as "earthworm-friendly", a brand of flour said it was " non- polluting", and a British toilet paper claimed to be "environmentally friendlier".(05.06閱讀)
該報道當中，有很多讓人無法忍受的發(fā)現(xiàn)，如：一種德國肥料被描繪成“對蚯蚓無害”;一種新的品牌的面粉寫道“沒有任何污染”;還有一家英國公司的衛(wèi)生紙被宣稱為“環(huán)保者”。
2. Then one day a few years ago, out of my mouth came a sentence that would eventually become me reply to any and all provocations: I don't talk about that anymore.(07.06閱讀)
幾年前的一天，我說了一句話并最終成為我對任何和全部挑釁的回答：關于那個問題我再也不討論了。
3. Deeply involved with this new technology is a breed of modern business people who have a growing respect for the economic value of doing business abroad. (03.01閱讀)
與新技術息息相關的是一些現(xiàn)代商人，他們?nèi)找婵粗貒馍獾慕?jīng)濟價值。
實例練習(2)
1. Reaching new peaks of popularity in North America is Iceberg Water, which is harvested from icebergs off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada.(06.12閱讀)
萃取自加拿大紐芬蘭沿岸冰山的“冰水”在北美的受歡迎程度一再創(chuàng)出新高。
閱讀當中遇到的句型：
一般情況下開始出現(xiàn)了地點狀語或者是分詞引導的一個狀語結構，中間出現(xiàn)了謂語動詞，后面出現(xiàn)一個主語，主語后面接上一些限定(包括從句、補充說明等)，這種形式就是出現(xiàn)的全部倒裝的形式。
2. Not only has the highway systerm affected the American economy by providing shipping routs, it has led to the growth of spin-off industries like service stations, motels, restaurants, and shopping centers/malls. (0606閱讀)
公路系統(tǒng)不但為美國經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展提供了運輸路線，還帶動了一批諸如加油站、汽車旅館、酒店、購物中心等相關行業(yè)的發(fā)展。
3. Only when it's gone do you wish you've done more to protect it.(0806閱讀)
當你失去的時候，你才會希望自己原來能夠多做點事情以保護好它。
only后面必須接狀語的時候，句子才可以部分倒裝。 eg. Only you can do this job.
4. Not only do we evaluate the cause of the pain, which can help us treat the pain better, but we also help provide comprehensive therapy for deprssion and other psychological and social issues related to chronic pain.(0706閱讀)
我們不僅要找出疼痛的病因，幫助我們更好地治療;還要提供綜合療法，治療與慢性疼痛相關的抑郁癥和其他心理與社交問題。
5. Had I not attended this workshop, I would have automatically assumed the man was the best candidate because the position required quite a bit of extensive travel.(0906閱讀)
如果我不是參加了這次講習班，我肯定會不由自主地認為那位男士候選人更合適，因為我們這個空缺的崗位需要頻繁出差。
6. It is said that never before has man been so highly successful in his attempts to modify the weather on a very small scale.
據(jù)說人們從來沒有過這么大的成功嘗試用這么小的規(guī)模去描述氣候。
一般情況下，全部倒裝會在閱讀中出現(xiàn)，只需要看出結構就可以了;部分倒裝在翻譯題中也會進行考查，在備考過程中還是要特別的關注。
英語四級高級語法講解
全部否定和部分否定
eg. All the birds can not fly.
Not all the birds can fly. 不是所有的鳥都會飛。
1. 部分否定
eg. All the birds can not fly. 并非所有的鳥都會飛。
None of the birds can fly. 所有的鳥都不會飛。
代詞或副詞如all, both,every,everybody, every day, everyone, everything, everywhere等與not搭配使用時，表示部分否定，意思為“并非都是"等。
eg. All is not gold that glitters. 發(fā)光的并非都是金子。= Not all is gold that glitters.
2. 全部否定
英語中常用not, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither, never等表示全部否定的概念。
eg. Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it. 世上無難事，只怕有心人。
eg. W: Daddy, I 've decided to give up science and go to business school.
M: Well, it is your choice as long as pay your own way, but I should warn you that not everyone with a business degree will make a successful manager.
Q: What do we learn from the conversation?
A. The man doesn't have money for his daughter's graduate studies.
B. The man doesn't think his daughter will get a business degree.
C. The man insists that his daughter should pursue her studies in science.
D. The man advises his daughter to think carefully before making her decision.
雙重否定
1.在閱讀當中出現(xiàn)的頻率更高一些。在一個句子中出現(xiàn)兩個否定詞：not, never, hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, few, little, none等，雙重否定表示肯定的概念。
eg. No one can command others who cannot command himself.
A perpson can command others who command himself. 正人先正己。
eg. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they can not fully participate in our democracy.
如果沒有能力進行批判性思維，維護自己的觀點，并理解他人的觀點，他們就不能充分的參與我們的民主政治中來。
2.形式否定，意義肯定
eg. A man can never have too many ties. 一個男人可以擁有很多的領帶。
A woman can never have too many dresses. 一個女人擁有再多的衣服也不為過。
eg. We can hardly praise his achievement too much. 對他的成就我們無論怎樣贊揚也不過分。
eg. A mother can never be patient enough with her child. 一個母親對她的孩子再怎
么耐心也不為過。
A teacher can never be strict enough with his students. 一個老師對他的學生再怎么嚴格也不為過。
這種形式主要運用于閱讀當中。
3. 形式肯定，意義否定
①more A than B 意思為“是A 不是B ;與其說是B ，不如說是A”
eg. The book seems to be more a dictionary than a grammar. 這本書看起來與其說是一本語法書，不如說是一本詞典。
He is more a composer than a singer. 與其說他是一個歌唱家不如說他是一個創(chuàng)作者。
② anything but 意思為“一點都不是，根本不是，絕對不是”
eg. I am anything but a teacher. 我一定不是一個老師。
eg. I will do anything but that. 我決不干那件事。
③ no more .... than與 not more ....than
no more ...than意為“兩者都不....”
eg. This book is no more interesting than thay one. 這本書和那本書一樣特別沒趣。
not more....than 意為“兩者都肯定，前者不如后者”
eg. This book is not more interesting than that one. 這本書不如那本書有趣。
eg. This boy is not more honest than that one. 這兩男孩都很誠實，前面的男孩不如后面的男孩誠實。
This boy is no more honest than that one. 這兩個男孩都不誠實。
④ no more than與 not more than
no more than 強調(diào)“少”，譯作“只有、不過、僅僅”
eg. He said no more than we had expected. 他只是說了我們所預料的而已。
eg. Though they think it takes no more than three days to fulfill the mission, I believe it takes not less than six days. 雖然他們認為完成這任務只需三天，但我卻認為至少需要六天。
not more than 是客觀敘述，意為“不超過”。
eg. He has not more than five dollars on him. 他身上帶的錢不超過五美元。
eg. He is not more than 10 years old. 他最多不超過10歲。
實例練習
1.
M: Wow, that's a big assignment we've got for the psychology class. W: Well , it's not as bad as it looks. It isn't due until Thursday morning. Q: What does the women mean?。
A. The assignment looks easy but actually it's quite difficult.
B. The assighment is too difficult for them to complete on time. C. They cannot finish the assighment until Thursday. D.They have plenty of time to work on the assighment.
2.
M: I ran into our friend Mark yesterday on the street and he said he hadn't heard from you for two months.
W: Yes, I know. But I've been too busy to phone him.
Q: What can be inferred from the conversation?
A. The man saw Mark on the street two months ago. B. The woman had forgotten Mark's phone number. C. The woman made a phone call to Mark yesterday. D.Mark and the woman had not been in touch for some time.
閱讀當中： eg. Researchers documented claims of environmental friendliness made by about 2,000 products and found many too wague or too misleading to meet ISO standards.(0506閱讀)
調(diào)查者將約2，000種產(chǎn)品上所標有的環(huán)保聲明記錄了下來，發(fā)現(xiàn)許多聲明要么過于模糊，要么誤導性太強，都不符合ISO 標準。
eg. "Humans should not try to avoid stress any more than they would shun food, love or exercise." said Dr.Hans Selye, the first physician to document the effects of stress on the body.(0512閱讀)
人們不應該躲避壓力就像他們不應該躲避食物、愛情或鍛煉身體一樣， no more .... than...= not....any more than...
eg. But those captured were anything but terrorists, most of them illegal immigrants from Central or South America.(0606閱讀)
這些被捕獲的人絕對不是恐怖分子，他們之中大多數(shù)人只是中南美洲的非法移民。
eg. Sticking to the low end of government estimates, the National Resources Defense Council says there may be no more than 3.2 billion barrels of economically recoverable oil in the coastal plain of ANWR, a drop in the bucket that would do virtually nothing to ease America's energy problems.(0506閱讀)
國家資源防御委員會堅信政府勘探預測中數(shù)據(jù)的下限，認為在ANWR的沿岸平原地帶可以經(jīng)濟性開采的石油只有32億桶。這個數(shù)量對于緩解美國的能源問題實際上起不到什么作用，簡直是滄海一粟。
總結：
1.部分否定
2.全部否定
3. 雙重否定：①在一個句子中出現(xiàn)兩個否定詞;②形式否定，意義肯定
4. 形式肯定，意義否定
5. no more .... than與 not more ....than ;no more than與 not more than
英語四級高級語法講解
實例練習
長句： eg. Yale professor and Harvard Hughes Medical Institute investigator Tian Xu directs a research center focused on the genetics of human disease at Shanghai's Fudan University in collaboration with faculty colleagues from both schools.(0712閱讀)
由徐天教授(耶魯大學教授，霍華德.休斯醫(yī)學院研究員)負責的人類疾病遺傳學研究中心坐落在上海的復旦大學，但其工作人員卻由耶魯和復旦兩所大學共同派人組成。
eg. Assuming you make it to the end of your natural term, about 78 years for men in Australia , you'll die on average five years before a woman.(0812閱讀)
假定你有幸活到生命的自然盡頭--在澳大利亞男性大概是活到78歲--你平均也要比女性早去世五年。
eg. When we begin to question our assumptions and challenge what we think we have learnd from our past, from the media , peers, family, friends, etc., we begin to realize that some of our conclusions are flawed(有缺陷的) or contrary to our fundamental values.(0906閱讀)
分析：when引導的是時間狀語從句，question(質(zhì)疑);challenge的賓語從句;這個句子就是一個when引導的時間狀語從句，又分別在主從句當中各嵌入了一個賓語從句。
譯文：當我們開始質(zhì)疑問我們的假設，并且向我們所認為的我們從過去的經(jīng)歷、媒體、同輩、家人及朋友那里學到的東西發(fā)出挑戰(zhàn)的時候，我們就會開始意識到我們的獨斷決定是有缺陷的，或者說與我們的基本價值是相違背的。
eg. Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human well-being.
分析：這個句子有三點需要搞清楚。首先，這個句子是一個倒裝結構;句子真正的主語是appreciatio- n，其次，要弄清楚to the health....中的to是與哪個詞構成邏輯語義聯(lián)系。它是與前面的名詞importance 構成呼應，即the importance of .... to the health..., 即“對...健康的重要意義?！弊詈螅纓he num -ber of species in a particular ecosystem 的作用是充當同位語，解釋biological diversity這個概念。
譯文：人們對物種及其棲息地正加速喪失表示擔憂，與此同時，人們一直越來越意識到生物多樣性--即在一個特定生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中物種的總數(shù)--對于地球乃至我們?nèi)祟惤】档闹匾饬x。
英語四級高級語法講解
插入語
插入語通常是說話者對所表達意思的一種補充、強調(diào)、解釋或者是說話人的一種態(tài)度。它的位置比較靈活，常常會用逗號或者破折號和其他部分隔開，但是在語法上不會影響其他成分。
插入語六大用法小結
例1 _____the more expensive the camera， the better its quality.
A.General speaking B.Speaking general
C.Generally speaking D.Speaking generally
小結：許多分詞短語可以用作插入語，這樣的分詞短語有：strictly speaking(嚴格地說)，generally considering(一般認為)， judging from……(根據(jù)……判斷)等。
例2 Two middle-aged passengers fell into the sea. ____，neither of them could swim.
A.In fact B.Luckily C.Unfortunately D.Naturally
小結：常用作插入語的副詞或副詞短語有：indeed(的確)，surely(無疑)，however(然而)，frankly(坦率地說)，obviously(顯然)，naturally(天然地)，luckily (happily) for sb.(算某人幸運)，fortunately(幸好)，strangely(奇怪)，briefly(簡單地說)等。
例3 Your performance in the driving test didn’t reach the required standard，_____， you failed.
A.in the end B.after all C.in other words D.at the same time
小結：常用作插入語的介詞短語有：in conclusion(總之)，in a word(簡而言之)，in short(簡而言之)，in general(一般說來)，in a sense(在某種意義上)，in my view(在我看來)，in his opinion(按照他的看法)，in fact(事實上)，at first(首先)， in addition(此外)，of course(當然)，to my surprise(使我驚奇的)，to her regret(使她遺憾的)，for example(例如)等。
例4 It is so nice to hear from her._____，we last met more than thirty years ago.
A.What‘s more B.That is to say C.In other words D.Believe it or not
小結：用簡短的句子結構作插入語，它們常置于句中或句末。這類簡短的句子有：I am sure(我可以肯定地說)，I believe(我相信)，do you know(你知道嗎)，you see(你明白)，I’m afraid(恐怕)，it is said(據(jù)說)，I suppose(我想)，what’s more(而且)，what’s worse(更糟糕的是)，that is(也就是說)，what is important(重要的是)等。
例5 _____ with you，I have no money to spare.
A.To be frank B.What’s more C.In addition D.However
小結：常用作插入語的不定式短語有：to be sure(無疑地)，to sum up(概括地說)，to tell the truth(老實說)等。
例6 _____， he should have done such a thing.
A.Speaking general B.Strange to say C.Luckily D.Of course
小結：常用作插入語的形容詞或其短語有：true(真的)，funny(真可笑)，needless to say(不用說)，most important of all(最為重要)，worse still(更糟糕的)，even better(更好)等。
Bill Gates, the billionaire Microsoft chairman without a single earned university degree, is by his success raising new doubts about the worth of the business world’s favorite academic title: the MBA (Master of Business Administration).
The problem, most participants in the debate acknowledge, is that the MBA has acquired an aura (光環(huán)) of future riches and power far beyond its actual importance and usefulness.
Opinion surveys in the world’s two largest economies—Japan and the United States—show consumerist definitions of success becoming ever more prevalent.
英語四級高級語法講解
非謂語動詞
幾種做句子成分的情況
1.不定式和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別
(1)動名詞作主語時，通常用以表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗。
不定式短語通常用來表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(經(jīng)驗)
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰時刻開車令人厭煩。(經(jīng)驗)
(2)不定式做主語，一般用it當形式主語，把作主語的不定式短語后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
2.不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語的區(qū)別
(1)不定式作表語
1)不定式作表語一般表示具體動作，特別是表示將來的動作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither.一次做兩件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建議是立刻開始干。
2)如果主語是不定式(表示條件)，表語也是不定式(表示結果)。
To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。
(2)動名詞作表語：動名詞作表語，表示抽象的一般性的行為。
Our work is serving the people.我們的工作是為人民服務。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的愛好是集郵。
(3)分詞作表語
分詞做表語有兩種情況，一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，一種是過去分詞做表語，這兩者區(qū)別是考試中經(jīng)?？嫉降牡胤健?BR> interesting使人感到高興--interested感到高興的
exciting令人激動的--excited感到激動的
puzzling令人費解的--puzzled感到費解的
satisfying令人滿意的---satisfied感到滿意的
旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲勞。Travelling is interesting but tiring.
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.如果要學生學得太多，他們會感到糊涂的。
The argument is very convincing.他的論點很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news.聽到這個消息，他們非常激動。
3.不定式和動名詞作賓語的區(qū)別
begin開始 determine決定 manage設法 agree同意 love 喜歡 fail不能 plan計劃
(2)有少數(shù)動詞只能用動名詞作賓語
acknowledge承認，admit 承認 dislike不喜歡，討厭 advocate：提倡，主張 complete完成
appreciate 感激，欣賞 avoid避免 enjoy享有，喜愛 delay延遲 escape逃跑，逃避 deny否認
consider 考慮 fancy幻想，愛好 mind 介意 miss錯過 finish完成，結束不得 resist抵抗，阻止 imagine設想 postpone延遲，延期 practise 實行，實踐 suggest建議 prevent阻止
keep保持 quit放棄停止 loathe非常討厭，厭惡 recall回想
例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
我很感激兩年前給我出國學習的機會。
(3)有些動詞后使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語的差別
1)forget to do 忘記要去做某事(此事未做)
forget doing忘記做過某事(此事已做過或已發(fā)生)
2)stop to do 停止、中斷(某件事)，目的是去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事
3)remember to do 記住去做某事(未做)
remember doing記得做過某事(已做)
4) regret to do對要做的事遺憾
regret doing對做過的事遺憾、后悔
5)try to do努力、企圖做某事
try doing試驗、試一試某種辦法
6) mean to do打算，有意要…
mean doing意味著
7)need, want, deserve +動名詞表被動意義;+不定式被動表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?
You must remember to leave tomorrow.你可要記著是明天動身。
I regret to have to do this， but I have no choice.我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實在沒辦法。
You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。
Let's try doing the work some other way.讓我們試一試用另外一種辦法來做這工作。
4.不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作定語的區(qū)別
The child standing over there is my brother.站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。
The room facing south is our classroom.朝南的房間是我們的教室。
The book writen by professor Smith is very popular in China now. 由史密斯教授寫的那本書在中國非常受歡迎
I have find my watch lost.
5.不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別
(1)現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區(qū)別。
1)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時，現(xiàn)在分詞的動作就是句子主語的動作，它們之間的關系是主動關系。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知如何辦是好，他去找父母幫忙。
2)過去分詞作狀語時，過去分詞表示的動作是句子主語承受的動作，它們之間的關系是被動關系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
6.非謂語動詞常考的其它結構
(1)疑問詞+不定式結構
疑問詞who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可構成一種特殊的不定式短語。它在句中可以用作主語、賓語、表語和雙重賓語。
When to start has not been decided.何時動身尚未決定。(主語)
I don't know what to do.我不知道該怎么辦。(賓語)
The difficulty was how to cross the river.困難在于如何過河。(表語)
I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告訴你哪里可以買到此書。(雙重賓語)
(2)不帶to的不定式
1)在表示生理感覺的動詞后的不定式不帶to。
這類詞有： feel 覺得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear聽到 watch注視 listen to聽 perceive察覺，感知 notice注意 see看見 look at看 hear聽
On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.
2)另一類是某些使役動詞，如make, let，have等。
Let him do it.讓他做吧。
I would have you know that I am ill.我想讓你知道我病了。
①上述感覺動詞與使役動詞轉換為被動結構時.其后的不定式一般需帶to，
He was seen to come. The boy was made to go to bed early.
3)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)結構中。
例如：Last night I did nothing but watch TV.昨天晚上，我除了看電視別的什么也沒有干。
但是，如果謂語動詞不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶。
The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙，其它什么都沒有說。
There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent.除了保持沉默以外，他們沒有別的辦法。
7.非謂語動詞中的有關句型
(1)動名詞作主語的句型
1)It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名詞+doing sth. It is no use crying.哭沒有用。
It is no good objecting.反對也沒有用。
It is a great fun playing football.打籃球很有趣。
2) It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容詞)+ doing sth.
It is useless speaking.光說沒用。
It is nice seeing you again.真高興又遇到了你。
It is good playing chess after supper.晚飯后弈棋挺好。
英語四級高級語法講解
全部倒裝：
①當首句為方位或時間副詞，謂語動詞為go，come等時通常用全部倒裝。
② 如果句首出現(xiàn)了地點狀語，句子也可以進行全部倒裝。
③ 當句子當中出現(xiàn)分詞結構的時候，可以把現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞和地點狀語聯(lián)系在一起放在句首，把be 動詞留在中間當作謂語動詞，主語放在后面。
部分倒裝：
1、當句首狀語為否定詞或帶有否定意義的詞語時，這個句子就需要部分倒裝。
2、當句首為only加狀語的時候，這個句子需要部分倒裝。
3、so......that 結構中的so位于句首時，常引起部分倒裝。
4、句子開頭的as 處在第二個單詞的位置上，表示雖然的意思。
5、常見的固定搭配結構中需要用倒裝的情況。
hardly.....when....; scarcely .....when..... ;no sooner....than.....：
hardly，scarcely，no sooner 后面一定要用過去完成時，when 后面用一般過去時;the more ......the more... 越....越.... ;
實例練習(1)
1.直到他完成使命(Not until he had fufilled/finished his mission)did he realize that he was seriously ill. (08.06)
2. The witness was told that under no circumstance ( should he lie to the court ) 他都不應該對法庭撒謊。(07.12)
3. Only in the small town( does he feel secure and relaxed) 他才感覺安全和放松。he feels secure and relaxed. (07.6)
4. Not only ( did he charge me too much ) 他向我收費過高, but he didn't do a good repair job either. (06.6)
5. Only after I found out the truth( did I realize (that) he was innocent ) 我才意識到他是無辜的。
6. Not until the game had begun ( did he arrive at the sports ground )他才到達運動場。
閱讀中的倒裝：
1. Among the report are more outrageous(令人無法容忍的)findings - a Geman fertilizer described itself as "earthworm-friendly", a brand of flour said it was " non- polluting", and a British toilet paper claimed to be "environmentally friendlier".(05.06閱讀)
該報道當中，有很多讓人無法忍受的發(fā)現(xiàn)，如：一種德國肥料被描繪成“對蚯蚓無害”;一種新的品牌的面粉寫道“沒有任何污染”;還有一家英國公司的衛(wèi)生紙被宣稱為“環(huán)保者”。
2. Then one day a few years ago, out of my mouth came a sentence that would eventually become me reply to any and all provocations: I don't talk about that anymore.(07.06閱讀)
幾年前的一天，我說了一句話并最終成為我對任何和全部挑釁的回答：關于那個問題我再也不討論了。
3. Deeply involved with this new technology is a breed of modern business people who have a growing respect for the economic value of doing business abroad. (03.01閱讀)
與新技術息息相關的是一些現(xiàn)代商人，他們?nèi)找婵粗貒馍獾慕?jīng)濟價值。
實例練習(2)
1. Reaching new peaks of popularity in North America is Iceberg Water, which is harvested from icebergs off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada.(06.12閱讀)
萃取自加拿大紐芬蘭沿岸冰山的“冰水”在北美的受歡迎程度一再創(chuàng)出新高。
閱讀當中遇到的句型：
一般情況下開始出現(xiàn)了地點狀語或者是分詞引導的一個狀語結構，中間出現(xiàn)了謂語動詞，后面出現(xiàn)一個主語，主語后面接上一些限定(包括從句、補充說明等)，這種形式就是出現(xiàn)的全部倒裝的形式。
2. Not only has the highway systerm affected the American economy by providing shipping routs, it has led to the growth of spin-off industries like service stations, motels, restaurants, and shopping centers/malls. (0606閱讀)
公路系統(tǒng)不但為美國經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展提供了運輸路線，還帶動了一批諸如加油站、汽車旅館、酒店、購物中心等相關行業(yè)的發(fā)展。
3. Only when it's gone do you wish you've done more to protect it.(0806閱讀)
當你失去的時候，你才會希望自己原來能夠多做點事情以保護好它。
only后面必須接狀語的時候，句子才可以部分倒裝。 eg. Only you can do this job.
4. Not only do we evaluate the cause of the pain, which can help us treat the pain better, but we also help provide comprehensive therapy for deprssion and other psychological and social issues related to chronic pain.(0706閱讀)
我們不僅要找出疼痛的病因，幫助我們更好地治療;還要提供綜合療法，治療與慢性疼痛相關的抑郁癥和其他心理與社交問題。
5. Had I not attended this workshop, I would have automatically assumed the man was the best candidate because the position required quite a bit of extensive travel.(0906閱讀)
如果我不是參加了這次講習班，我肯定會不由自主地認為那位男士候選人更合適，因為我們這個空缺的崗位需要頻繁出差。
6. It is said that never before has man been so highly successful in his attempts to modify the weather on a very small scale.
據(jù)說人們從來沒有過這么大的成功嘗試用這么小的規(guī)模去描述氣候。
一般情況下，全部倒裝會在閱讀中出現(xiàn)，只需要看出結構就可以了;部分倒裝在翻譯題中也會進行考查，在備考過程中還是要特別的關注。
英語四級高級語法講解
全部否定和部分否定
eg. All the birds can not fly.
Not all the birds can fly. 不是所有的鳥都會飛。
1. 部分否定
eg. All the birds can not fly. 并非所有的鳥都會飛。
None of the birds can fly. 所有的鳥都不會飛。
代詞或副詞如all, both,every,everybody, every day, everyone, everything, everywhere等與not搭配使用時，表示部分否定，意思為“并非都是"等。
eg. All is not gold that glitters. 發(fā)光的并非都是金子。= Not all is gold that glitters.
2. 全部否定
英語中常用not, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither, never等表示全部否定的概念。
eg. Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it. 世上無難事，只怕有心人。
eg. W: Daddy, I 've decided to give up science and go to business school.
M: Well, it is your choice as long as pay your own way, but I should warn you that not everyone with a business degree will make a successful manager.
Q: What do we learn from the conversation?
A. The man doesn't have money for his daughter's graduate studies.
B. The man doesn't think his daughter will get a business degree.
C. The man insists that his daughter should pursue her studies in science.
D. The man advises his daughter to think carefully before making her decision.
雙重否定
1.在閱讀當中出現(xiàn)的頻率更高一些。在一個句子中出現(xiàn)兩個否定詞：not, never, hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, few, little, none等，雙重否定表示肯定的概念。
eg. No one can command others who cannot command himself.
A perpson can command others who command himself. 正人先正己。
eg. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they can not fully participate in our democracy.
如果沒有能力進行批判性思維，維護自己的觀點，并理解他人的觀點，他們就不能充分的參與我們的民主政治中來。
2.形式否定，意義肯定
eg. A man can never have too many ties. 一個男人可以擁有很多的領帶。
A woman can never have too many dresses. 一個女人擁有再多的衣服也不為過。
eg. We can hardly praise his achievement too much. 對他的成就我們無論怎樣贊揚也不過分。
eg. A mother can never be patient enough with her child. 一個母親對她的孩子再怎
么耐心也不為過。
A teacher can never be strict enough with his students. 一個老師對他的學生再怎么嚴格也不為過。
這種形式主要運用于閱讀當中。
3. 形式肯定，意義否定
①more A than B 意思為“是A 不是B ;與其說是B ，不如說是A”
eg. The book seems to be more a dictionary than a grammar. 這本書看起來與其說是一本語法書，不如說是一本詞典。
He is more a composer than a singer. 與其說他是一個歌唱家不如說他是一個創(chuàng)作者。
② anything but 意思為“一點都不是，根本不是，絕對不是”
eg. I am anything but a teacher. 我一定不是一個老師。
eg. I will do anything but that. 我決不干那件事。
③ no more .... than與 not more ....than
no more ...than意為“兩者都不....”
eg. This book is no more interesting than thay one. 這本書和那本書一樣特別沒趣。
not more....than 意為“兩者都肯定，前者不如后者”
eg. This book is not more interesting than that one. 這本書不如那本書有趣。
eg. This boy is not more honest than that one. 這兩男孩都很誠實，前面的男孩不如后面的男孩誠實。
This boy is no more honest than that one. 這兩個男孩都不誠實。
④ no more than與 not more than
no more than 強調(diào)“少”，譯作“只有、不過、僅僅”
eg. He said no more than we had expected. 他只是說了我們所預料的而已。
eg. Though they think it takes no more than three days to fulfill the mission, I believe it takes not less than six days. 雖然他們認為完成這任務只需三天，但我卻認為至少需要六天。
not more than 是客觀敘述，意為“不超過”。
eg. He has not more than five dollars on him. 他身上帶的錢不超過五美元。
eg. He is not more than 10 years old. 他最多不超過10歲。
實例練習
1.
M: Wow, that's a big assignment we've got for the psychology class. W: Well , it's not as bad as it looks. It isn't due until Thursday morning. Q: What does the women mean?。
A. The assignment looks easy but actually it's quite difficult.
B. The assighment is too difficult for them to complete on time. C. They cannot finish the assighment until Thursday. D.They have plenty of time to work on the assighment.
2.
M: I ran into our friend Mark yesterday on the street and he said he hadn't heard from you for two months.
W: Yes, I know. But I've been too busy to phone him.
Q: What can be inferred from the conversation?
A. The man saw Mark on the street two months ago. B. The woman had forgotten Mark's phone number. C. The woman made a phone call to Mark yesterday. D.Mark and the woman had not been in touch for some time.
閱讀當中： eg. Researchers documented claims of environmental friendliness made by about 2,000 products and found many too wague or too misleading to meet ISO standards.(0506閱讀)
調(diào)查者將約2，000種產(chǎn)品上所標有的環(huán)保聲明記錄了下來，發(fā)現(xiàn)許多聲明要么過于模糊，要么誤導性太強，都不符合ISO 標準。
eg. "Humans should not try to avoid stress any more than they would shun food, love or exercise." said Dr.Hans Selye, the first physician to document the effects of stress on the body.(0512閱讀)
人們不應該躲避壓力就像他們不應該躲避食物、愛情或鍛煉身體一樣， no more .... than...= not....any more than...
eg. But those captured were anything but terrorists, most of them illegal immigrants from Central or South America.(0606閱讀)
這些被捕獲的人絕對不是恐怖分子，他們之中大多數(shù)人只是中南美洲的非法移民。
eg. Sticking to the low end of government estimates, the National Resources Defense Council says there may be no more than 3.2 billion barrels of economically recoverable oil in the coastal plain of ANWR, a drop in the bucket that would do virtually nothing to ease America's energy problems.(0506閱讀)
國家資源防御委員會堅信政府勘探預測中數(shù)據(jù)的下限，認為在ANWR的沿岸平原地帶可以經(jīng)濟性開采的石油只有32億桶。這個數(shù)量對于緩解美國的能源問題實際上起不到什么作用，簡直是滄海一粟。
總結：
1.部分否定
2.全部否定
3. 雙重否定：①在一個句子中出現(xiàn)兩個否定詞;②形式否定，意義肯定
4. 形式肯定，意義否定
5. no more .... than與 not more ....than ;no more than與 not more than
英語四級高級語法講解
實例練習
長句： eg. Yale professor and Harvard Hughes Medical Institute investigator Tian Xu directs a research center focused on the genetics of human disease at Shanghai's Fudan University in collaboration with faculty colleagues from both schools.(0712閱讀)
由徐天教授(耶魯大學教授，霍華德.休斯醫(yī)學院研究員)負責的人類疾病遺傳學研究中心坐落在上海的復旦大學，但其工作人員卻由耶魯和復旦兩所大學共同派人組成。
eg. Assuming you make it to the end of your natural term, about 78 years for men in Australia , you'll die on average five years before a woman.(0812閱讀)
假定你有幸活到生命的自然盡頭--在澳大利亞男性大概是活到78歲--你平均也要比女性早去世五年。
eg. When we begin to question our assumptions and challenge what we think we have learnd from our past, from the media , peers, family, friends, etc., we begin to realize that some of our conclusions are flawed(有缺陷的) or contrary to our fundamental values.(0906閱讀)
分析：when引導的是時間狀語從句，question(質(zhì)疑);challenge的賓語從句;這個句子就是一個when引導的時間狀語從句，又分別在主從句當中各嵌入了一個賓語從句。
譯文：當我們開始質(zhì)疑問我們的假設，并且向我們所認為的我們從過去的經(jīng)歷、媒體、同輩、家人及朋友那里學到的東西發(fā)出挑戰(zhàn)的時候，我們就會開始意識到我們的獨斷決定是有缺陷的，或者說與我們的基本價值是相違背的。
eg. Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human well-being.
分析：這個句子有三點需要搞清楚。首先，這個句子是一個倒裝結構;句子真正的主語是appreciatio- n，其次，要弄清楚to the health....中的to是與哪個詞構成邏輯語義聯(lián)系。它是與前面的名詞importance 構成呼應，即the importance of .... to the health..., 即“對...健康的重要意義?！弊詈螅纓he num -ber of species in a particular ecosystem 的作用是充當同位語，解釋biological diversity這個概念。
譯文：人們對物種及其棲息地正加速喪失表示擔憂，與此同時，人們一直越來越意識到生物多樣性--即在一個特定生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中物種的總數(shù)--對于地球乃至我們?nèi)祟惤】档闹匾饬x。