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2021考研英語(yǔ)：閱讀題型的訓(xùn)練技巧四
Many critics of the current welfare system argue that existing welfare regulations lead to family instability.They believe that those regulations，which exclude most poor husband-and-wife families from Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) assistance grants，contribute to the problem of family dissolution.Thus，they conclude that expanding the set of families that can eligibly get such grants would result in a marked strengthening of the low-income family structure.
If all poor families could receive welfare，would the incidence of instability change markedly? The answer to this question depends on the relative importance of three types of potential welfare recipients.The first is the“cheater”—the husband who is reported to have abandoned his family，but in fact disappears only when the social worker is in the neighborhood.The second consists of a loving husband and devoted father who，sensing his own inadequacy as a family supporter，leaves so that his wife and children may enjoy the relative benefit provided by public assistance.There is very little evidence that these two types are significant.
The third type is the unhappily married couple，who remain together out of a sense of economic responsibility for their children，because of the high costs of separation，or because of the consumption benefits of marriage.This group is large.The formation，maintenance，and dissolution of the family is in large part a function of the relative balance between the benefits and costs of marriage as seen by the individual members of the marriage.Since the family performs certain functions society regards as vital，a complex network of social and legal process has evolved to reinforce marriage.Much of the variation in marital stability across income classes can be explained by the variation in costs of dissolution imposed by society，such as division of property，and child support.
Marital stability is related to the costs of achieving an acceptable agreement on family consumption and production and to the prevailing social price of instability in the marriage partners‘social-economic group.Expected income exerts pressures on family instability by reducing the cost of dissolution.To the extent that welfare is a form of government-subsidized AFDC payments，it reduces the costs of separation and guarantees a minimal standard of living for wife and children.So welfare opportunities are a significant determinant of family instability in poor neighborhoods，but this is not the result of AFDC regulations that exclude most intact families from coverage.Rather，welfare-related instability occurs because public assistance lowers both the benefits of marriage and the costs of its breach by providing a system of government-subsidized payments.
1.Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?
[A] Welfare restrictions do not contribute to low-income family instability.
[B] The most significant kind of welfare recipients is not the“cheating”father.
[C] The divorce rate is bound to fall when welfare benefits are cut.
[D] Government welfare payments lead directly to growing divorce rate.
2.The tone of the passage can best be described as____.
[A] confident and optimistic
[B] scientific and detached
[C] discouraged and alarmed
[D] polite and sensitive
3.All of the following are mentioned by the author as factors tending to sustain a marriage EXCEPT____.
[A] the social class of the married couple
[B] the cost involved in divorce
[C] the loss of property upon divorce
[D] the greater consumption possibilities of married people
4.With which of the following statements about marriage would the author most likely agree?
[A] Marriage is largely shaped by powerful but impersonal economic and social forces.
[B] Marriage has a greater value to higher income groups.
[C] Society has no interest in encouraging people to remain married to one another.
[D] Marriage will gradually give way to other forms of social organization.
5.The passage would most likely be found in a____.
[A] basic economics text
[B] book on the history of welfare
[C] religious literature on the importance of marriage
[D] scholarly journal devoted to public policy questions
一、參考答案
1.[A] 文章第一段先引出對(duì)現(xiàn)行福利政策持批評(píng)態(tài)度的人的觀點(diǎn)，他們認(rèn)為現(xiàn)行政策引起了家庭的分裂。第二、三段對(duì)這一問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了具體分析。第四段是全文的結(jié)論，全文旨在說(shuō)明的觀點(diǎn)最清楚地闡述在本段最后兩句。
2.[B] 意為：科學(xué)與客觀的。作者對(duì)福利政策與家庭的穩(wěn)定性的關(guān)系做了具體的分析，認(rèn)為福利政策不是造成低收人家庭關(guān)系破裂的直接原因。分析有理有據(jù)，有說(shuō)服力。
3.[A] 第三段提到第三類(lèi)人，這些人雖然婚姻生活不幸福，但因?yàn)榭紤]到對(duì)孩子的經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任而不離婚，因?yàn)殡x婚代價(jià)太高(選擇項(xiàng)[B]表達(dá)的內(nèi)容)，而生活在一起消費(fèi)上可以有很多好處(選擇項(xiàng)[D]表達(dá)的內(nèi)容)。本段最后一句提到了(離婚時(shí))分財(cái)產(chǎn)的問(wèn)題。
4.[A] 參閱第三段第三、四、五句，尤其是第四段第一句。第四段第一句提到?jīng)Q定婚姻穩(wěn)定與否的兩個(gè)方面：經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)因素。[D]中g(shù)ive way to意為：讓位于。
5.[D] 意為：用于探討政府政策問(wèn)題的學(xué)術(shù)雜志。本文探討了政府的福利政策對(duì)婚姻穩(wěn)定性的影響，分析有理有據(jù)，文章的措辭很富有學(xué)術(shù)味道。
2021考研英語(yǔ)：閱讀題型的訓(xùn)練技巧三
The income-tax deadline approaches and some taxpayers‘thoughts turn to it.Test time approaches and some students’thoughts turn to it.Temptation appears and some spouses consider it.Nowadays，cheating is on the rise.“You want something you can‘t get by behaving within the rules，and you want it badly enough，you’ll do it regardless of any guilt or regret，and you‘re willing to run the risk of being caught.”That’s how Ladd Wheeler，psychology professor at the University of Rochester in New York，defines cheating.
Cheating represents the triumph of the“Brazen Rule”over the“Golden Rule”，says Terry Pinkard，philosophy professor at Georgetown University in Washington D.C.“The Golden Rule says，‘Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.’The Brazen Rule says，‘Do unto others as they would do unto you if they were in your place.’”Many experts believe cheating is on the rise.“We‘re seeing more of the kind of person who regards the world as a series of things to be manipulated.Whether to cheat depends on whether it’s in the person‘s interest.”He does，however，see less cheating among the youngest students.
Richard Dienstbier，psychology professor at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln，believes that society‘s attitudes account for much of the rise in cheating.“Twenty years ago，if a person cheated in college，society said：”That is extremely serious;you will be dropped for a semester if not kicked out permanently，’“he says.”Nowadays，at the University of Nebraska，for example，it is the stated policy of the College of Arts and Sciences that if a student cheats on an exam，the student must receive an‘F’on what he cheated on.That‘s nothing.If you’re going to fail anyway，why not cheat?“
Cheating is unethical，Pinkard says，whether it‘s massive fraud or failure to tell a store cashier you were undercharged.“You’re treating other people merely as a means for your own ends.You‘re using people in ways they would not consent to.The cheater says，’Let everybody else bear the burden，and I‘ll reap the benefits.’”
Cheaters usually try to justify their actions，says Robert Hogan，chairman of the psychology department at the University of Tulsa in Oklahoma.“They never think it‘s their fault.”Cheaters make justifications because they want to feel good about themselves，adds Wheeler.“They don’t want to label themselves as a cheater.Also，they may be anticipating the possibility of getting caught，so they work on their excuse ahead of time.”The most common justifications，psychologists say，include：
“I had to do it.”
“The test was unfair.”
“Everybody does it，and I have to cheat to get what‘s rightfully mine.”
“The government wastes the money anyway.”
“My wife (or husband) doesn‘t understand me，and we’ve grown apart.”
Cheating is most likely in situations where the stakes are high and the chances of getting caught are low，says social psychologist Lynn Kahle of the University of Oregon in Eugene.In his study，a group of freshmen were allowed to grade their own tests，while secret，pressure-sensitive paper indicated who changed answers.To raise the pressure，students were given an extremely high score as the“average”for the test and told that those who failed would go before an inquiring board of psychologists.About 46 percent of the male students changed answers;among the females，about 30 percent cheated.
Everybody cheats a little，some psychologists say，while others insist that most people are basically honest and some wouldn‘t cheat under any circumstances.
Despite the general rise in cheating，Pinkard sees some cause for hope：“I do find among younger students a much less tolerant attitude toward cheating.”P(pán)erhaps，he says，the upcoming generation is less spoiled than the“baby boom”students who preceded them—and therefore less self-centered.“There seems to be a swing back in the culture.”
1.The purpose of this passage is to____.
[A] convince the reader that cheating is immoral
[B] discuss the varieties of and reasons for cheating
[C] describe how cheaters cheat
[D] suggest how to curtail cheating
2.According to the passage，which of the following is TRUE?
[A] It is ethical to cheat unless money is involved.
[B] Failure to tell a store cashier you were undercharged is not considered cheating.
[C] There has been a general rise in cheating.
[D] Most cheaters are college students.
3.According to the passage，with which of the following would the author probably NOT agree?
[A] Cheating is often the result of intense pressure.
[B] Cheating is cheating，whether on a test or on income tax forms.
[C] Cheating is widespread and society is too tolerant.
[D] The Brazen Rule is a better rule than the Golden Rule.
4.When a person is caught cheating，it is most likely that he____.
[A] pretends to apologize for what he has done
[B] pretends that he has no knowledge of what is going on
[C] ascribes his misconduct to some external motivation
[D] denies the fact in fearful anticipation of escaping punishment
5.Regarding the future of cheating，the author seems to be____.
[A] depressed [B] optimistic
[C] amused [D] bewildered
一、參考答案
1.[B] 第一段提到了各種各樣的欺騙行為;但對(duì)原因的探討貫穿整個(gè)文章。
2.[C] 參閱最后一段第一句，從Despite the general rise in cheating看，的確存在欺騙現(xiàn)象不斷增加的問(wèn)題。
3.[D] 本文對(duì)欺騙行為進(jìn)行了鞭撻，作者對(duì)鼓勵(lì)欺騙的厚顏無(wú)恥原則(the Brazen Rule)持批評(píng)態(tài)度。
4.[C] 意為：將他的不良行為歸因于某種外在動(dòng)機(jī)。即：不承認(rèn)自己內(nèi)心想欺騙。參閱第五段。
5.[B] 參閱最后一段。在作者看來(lái)，在新的一代人中，欺騙行為將減少。
2021考研英語(yǔ)：閱讀題型的訓(xùn)練技巧二
President Arling has put his long awaited economic restructuring program before the Congress. It provides a coordinated program of investment credits， research grants， education reforms， and tax changes designed to make American industry more competitive. This is necessary to reverse the economic slide into unemployment， lack of growth， and trade deficits that have plagued the economy for the past six years.
The most liberal wing of the President‘s party has called for stronger and more direct action. They want an incomes policy to check inflation while federal financing helps rebuild industry behind a wall of protective tariffs.
The Republicans， however， decry even the modest， graduated tax increases in the President‘s program. They want tax cuts and more open market. They say if federal money has to be injected into the economy， let it through defence spending.
Both these alternatives ignore the unique nature of the economic problem before us. It is not simply a matter of markets or financing. The new technology allows vastly increased production for those able to master it. But it also threatens those who fail to adopt it with permanent second-class citizenship in the world economy. If an industry cannot lever itself up to the leading stage of technological advances， then it will not be able to compete effectively. If it cannot do this， no amount of government protectionism or access to foreign markets can keep it profitable for long. Without the profits and experience of technological excellence to reinvest， that industry can only fall still further behind its foreign competitors.
So the crux is the technology and that is where the President‘s program focused. The danger is not that a plan will not be passed， it is that the ideologues of right and left will distort the bill with amendments that will blur its focus on technology. The economic restructuring plan should be passed intact. If we fail to restructure our economy now， we may not get a second chance.
1.The focus of the President‘s program is on
[A] investment.
[B] economy.
[C] technology.
[D] tax.
2.What is the requirement of the most liberal wing of the Democratic-party?
[A] They want a more direct action.
[B] They want an incomes policy to check inflation.
[C] They want to rebuild industry.
[D] They want a wall of protective tariffs.
3.What is the editor‘s attitude?
[A] support.
[B] distaste.
[C] Disapproval.
[D] Compromise.
4.The danger to the plan lies in
[A] the two parties‘ objection.
[B] different idea of the two parties about the plan.
[C] its passage.
[D] distortion.
5.The passage is
[A] a review.
[B] a preface.
[C] a advertisement.
[D] an editorial.
Vocabulary
1.reverse 逆轉(zhuǎn)
2.slide 滑坡
3.plague 瘟疫;折磨，困擾
4.tariff 關(guān)稅
5.decry 譴責(zé)，詆毀
6.lever 杠桿;用杠桿撬動(dòng)
7.crux 癥結(jié)
8.ideologue 空想家，思想家
9.intact 原封不動(dòng)的，完整無(wú)損的
10.investment credit 投資信貸
11.research grant 研究基金
一、難句譯注
1.This is necessary to reverse the economic slide into unemployment， lack of growth， and trade deficits that have plagued the economy for the past six years.
【參考譯文】這對(duì)扭轉(zhuǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)滑坡;滑到失業(yè)高，增長(zhǎng)少和已經(jīng)困擾經(jīng)濟(jì)達(dá)6年之久貿(mào)易赤字來(lái)說(shuō)是必要的。
二、寫(xiě)作方法與文章大意
這是一則有關(guān)總統(tǒng)向國(guó)會(huì)提交的經(jīng)濟(jì)計(jì)劃評(píng)論。作者采用對(duì)比手法來(lái)突出其計(jì)劃之正確性，第一段就講了計(jì)劃的涉及面：投資、研究、教育、稅收等，目的是制止經(jīng)濟(jì)滑坡，提高美國(guó)工業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。
第二、三兩段敘述了計(jì)劃遭兩方面的反對(duì)，總統(tǒng)黨內(nèi)的右翼要求更強(qiáng)硬，更直接的行動(dòng)，而共和黨對(duì)即使逐漸稍稍提高一點(diǎn)稅收都予以譴責(zé)。
第四段提出兩者都忽略我們面臨經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題的獨(dú)特性質(zhì)。它不是市場(chǎng)或財(cái)政問(wèn)題。掌握新技術(shù)的人大量增產(chǎn)，而不能采用新技術(shù)的人面臨在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)中成為二等公民的危險(xiǎn)。工業(yè)不能達(dá)到先進(jìn)水平，就不能有效地競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，那么任何保護(hù)主義或進(jìn)入外國(guó)市場(chǎng)都不能長(zhǎng)期奏效。沒(méi)有技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和利潤(rùn)的再投資，工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)只能依然落后于外國(guó)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手。
最后一段點(diǎn)出總統(tǒng)計(jì)劃的要點(diǎn)就是工藝技術(shù)。作者提出：要求全面通過(guò)這一重新建設(shè)計(jì)劃。如果我們不能重建經(jīng)濟(jì)，我們可能不會(huì)有第二次機(jī)會(huì)。
三、答案詳解
2.C 工藝技術(shù)。最后一段第一句“問(wèn)題的癥結(jié)就在于工藝技術(shù)，這就是總統(tǒng)計(jì)劃的要點(diǎn)所在?！钡谒亩危骸皩?duì)掌握新技術(shù)的人來(lái)說(shuō)，新技術(shù)使他們大大增產(chǎn)，而新技術(shù)對(duì)不能掌握它的人來(lái)說(shuō)，在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)中他們面臨淪為永久性的二等公民的危險(xiǎn)。如果不能做到這一點(diǎn)，那么任何政府保護(hù)主義，進(jìn)入國(guó)際市場(chǎng)都不能有效地競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。如果不能有技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)的利潤(rùn)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)再投資，工業(yè)只能進(jìn)一步落后于國(guó)外競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手?！边@些都說(shuō)明總統(tǒng)計(jì)劃的重點(diǎn)再工藝技術(shù)。
A.投資。D.稅收。只是總統(tǒng)計(jì)劃的涉及面。B.經(jīng)濟(jì)。太籠統(tǒng)了。
3.A 更直接行動(dòng)。第二段“總統(tǒng)的黨內(nèi)幾段自由翼要求更強(qiáng)硬、更直接行動(dòng)。他們要求用收入(稅收)政策來(lái)制止通貨膨脹;聯(lián)邦財(cái)政在關(guān)稅保護(hù)下，幫助重建工業(yè)?！?BR> B.他們需要制止通貨膨脹。C.重建工業(yè)。D.保護(hù)關(guān)稅墻。都只是他們要求中的不分內(nèi)容，不完整。
4.A支持。第四、五段集中了評(píng)論者的觀點(diǎn)，支持的理由和論點(diǎn)。
B.厭惡。C.不贊成。D.調(diào)和妥協(xié)。
5.D歪曲。最后一段第二句：“其危險(xiǎn)不在于計(jì)劃將不被通過(guò)，而在于左和右的思想理論家們用修正案來(lái)歪曲提案，使計(jì)劃要點(diǎn)蒙塵模糊不清，經(jīng)濟(jì)重建計(jì)劃應(yīng)原封不動(dòng)地通過(guò)?！边@是作者的態(tài)度，也是他所擔(dān)心之處。
A.兩黨的反對(duì)。B.兩黨對(duì)計(jì)劃的不同看法。C.它的通過(guò)。
6.D 社論。
A.評(píng)論。社論也是評(píng)論的一種，但它是報(bào)紙主編所撰，常常是有關(guān)國(guó)內(nèi)外大事評(píng)論。B.前言。C.廣告。