托福聽力題目的背景常識一直是很多人感興趣的方面，出國留學網(wǎng)托福欄目小編整理了相關(guān)的資料，希望可以幫助考生度過考試的難關(guān)，下面是小編搜集的托福聽力背景知識：埃及象形文字的相關(guān)資訊，歡迎參考!
托福聽力背景知識：埃及象形文字
Introduction：
Egyptian Hieroglyphs
距今 5000 多年前,古埃及出現(xiàn)了象形文字,后來被歐洲人稱作 Hie?rpglyphe——這是希臘語 “神圣”與“銘刻”組成的復合詞,即“神的文字”。古埃及人認為他們的文字是月神、計算與學問之神圖特(Thoth)造的,和中國人“倉頡造字”的傳說很相似。古埃及語屬于閃-含語系埃及-科普特語族。這個語族最早的語言是古埃及語,就是我們見到的象形文字所記載的語言,到大約 4 世紀,它演變?yōu)榭破仗卣Z?，F(xiàn)在,科普特語還用在宗教儀式上。
Background information：
Egyptian hieroglyphs were a formal writingsystem used by the ancient Egyptians that combined logographic and alphabeticelements. Egyptians used cursive hieroglyphs for religious literature onpapyrus and wood. Less formal variations of the script, called hieratic anddemotic, are technically not hieroglyphs.
Hieroglyphs consist of three kinds ofglyphs: phonetic glyphs, including single-consonant characters that functionlike an alphabet; logographs, representing morphemes; and determinatives, whichnarrow down the meaning of logographic or phonetic words.
As writing developed and became morewidespread among the Egyptian people, simplified glyph forms developed,resulting in the hieratic (priestly) and demotic (popular) scripts. Thesevariants were also more suited than hieroglyphs for use on papyrus.Hieroglyphic writing was not, however, eclipsed, but existed alongside theother forms, especially in monumental and other formal writing. The RosettaStone contains three parallel scripts – hieroglyphic, demotic, and Greek.
Knowledge points：
1. 埃及象形文字是由古埃及人使用的一種正式書寫系統(tǒng),包含了語標和字母元素。2. 紙莎紙和木頭上的宗教文學埃及人會使用草書的象形文字。其他非正式的手跡,被稱為通俗文字,一般不被認為是象形文字。
3. 象形字包含三種類型:語音象形,語標象形以及定性象形。
4. Rosetta 石頭上有三種手跡:象形文字,通俗文字以及希臘語。
Vocabulary prediction：
Hieroglyph 象形文字
Demotic 古埃及通俗文字
Decipher 破譯
Alphabet 字母表
Phonetic 語音的
Coptic 埃及古語
Test Point – TPO25L3
Egyptian Hieroglyphs are the ancientEgyptian writings found in ancient Egypt on walls, monuments and on the insideand outside of temples. Hieroglyphic writing ended abruptly about 1600 yearsago. And it mystified the most brilliant minds in the study of Egyptianartifacts and archaeology for many many centuries. Finally, the possibility ofdeciphering hieroglyphs came about with the discovery, in 1799, of the RosettaStone.
The Rosetta Stone is arguably the mostfamous archaeological artifact ever discovered. It contains the same exact textwritten in three different alphabets: Greek, demotic, hieroglyphic.
But we didn't even know at first that thethree texts on the Rosetta Stone contain the same information. And two of thethree alphabets are ancient Egyptian scripts that stop being used: thehieroglyphic and the demotic. The demotic script found on the Rosetta Stone,well, demotic was not as elaborate as hieroglyphic writing. It was used formore mundane matters, oh, like administrative documents. These ancient Egyptianscripts were replaced by Coptic scripts. But eventually, the Arabic languagereplaced Coptic and this cut off the linguistic link between ancient and modernEgypt.
Knowledge points
埃及象形文字是在古埃及墻壁上,紀念碑和寺廟的一種書寫形式。
1799 年,Rosetta 石頭發(fā)現(xiàn)為破譯象形文字提供了新的可能。
古埃及通俗文字沒有象形文字復雜詳細,通俗文字用于行政文件。
最終阿拉伯密碼代替了埃及古語,切斷了古代和現(xiàn)代之間的語言連接。
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