閱讀考試在托福考試中，是非常重要的，那么你知道即將到來(lái)的托?？荚嚳赡軙?huì)考到什么嗎？一起來(lái)看看2021年10月23日托福閱讀考試真題預(yù)測(cè)，僅供參考，歡迎閱讀。
2021年10月23日托福閱讀考試真題預(yù)測(cè)
Title：Sociality in Animals
Social insects represent the high point of invertebrate evolution. Some specieslive in communities of millions， coordinating their building and foraging， their reproduction， and their offspring care. Yet sociality is found in only a few species of insects， and is rare among vertebrates as well： wildebeest （large antelope）and lions are the exception rather than the rule. Nearly all fish， amphibians， reptiles， birds， and mammals are solitary， except when courting and mating. Birds and mammals usually rear their young， but year-round family groups are almost unknown， though they are intensely studied where they do exist. The same is true for insects.
We know， or think we know， that social groups are good. Wolves are better predators when they hunt in packs， and pigeons escape from falcons far more often when feeding in flocks. Group building projects—the dams beavers build to block a body of water that provides them with relative safety from predators and the lodges they build for shelter， for instance—can provide a high level of protection and comfort. Why， then， are social species so very rare？ In fact， living socially presents inevitable problems that transcend habitat needs so that only when these costs are offset by corresponding benefits is group living a plus.
The most obvious cost is competition. All the members of a species share the same habitat； when they live together， they are trying to eat the same food and occupy the same nesting sites. In general， there is far less competition away from a group， and selection should favor any individual who （all things being equal） sets off on its own， leaving the members of its group behind to compete among themselves for limited resources. Another difficulty is that concentrations of individuals facilitate disease and parasite transmission. On the whole， social animals carry more parasites and species-specific diseases than do solitary animals. Parasites and diseases diminish the strength and limit the growth of animals， and among highly social creatures， epidemics can devastate whole populations. Distemper （a viral disease） has been known to wipe out entire colonies of seals， for instance. So the penalty of social life is potentially huge.
But in some instances， the payoffs can be even greater. Two have already been mentioned： cooperative hunting and defensive groups. Social hunting is likely to evolve where prey is too large to be taken by individuals operating alone. To capture wildebeest some members of a group of lions follow their prey and herd them toward others lying in ambush. In other species， individuals forage or hunt simultaneously and share the food. Vampire bats that have had a bad day， for instance， are fed by more successful members of the community， but they are expected to return the favor in the future. Cooperation can even involve sharing information about the location of food. Some colonial birds， such as bank swallows， use the departure direction of a successful forager （food hunter） to locate concentrations of prey. Information transfer can be unintentional though some species make use of special assembly calls or behavior.
Cooperation in group defense， such as we see in circles of musk oxen or elephants， is quite rare among vertebrates but is prevalent among the social insects. The strategy of employing many eyes to watch for danger， on the other hand， is widespread in birds and mammals. A herd of gazelles （small antelope） is far more likely to spot a lurking lion or a concealed cheetah than is a lone individual， and at a greater distance. In fact， a group enters into a kind of time-sharing arrangement in which individual antelope alternate biting off a mouthful of grass with a period of erect and watchful chewing. A larger group can afford more bites per individual per minute， there being more eyes to scan for danger. For a small antelope living in a forest where visibility is limited， however， remaining hidden is probably a better bet than assembling into noisyherds.
Among the millions of species of insects， only a few thousand are social. Those rarities are generally confined to termites and Hymenoptera. All termites are social： their diet （cellulose） requires that each generation feed a special kind of bacteria or fungi to the next generation to aid in its digestion. Of the numerous hymenopterans， some are social—including all ants and a few bees and wasps—but many are solitary
Paragraph 1
Social insects represent the high point of invertebrate evolution. Some specieslive in communities of millions， coordinating their building and foraging， their reproduction， and their offspring care. Yet sociality is found in only a few species of insects， and is rare among vertebrates as well： wildebeest （large antelope）and lions are the exception rather than the rule. Nearly all fish， amphibians， reptiles， birds， and mammals are solitary， except when courting and mating. Birds and mammals usually rear their young， but year-round family groups are almost unknown， though they are intensely studied where they do exist. The same is true for insects.
1. According to paragraph 1， which of the following is true of sociality among animal species？
? Sociality is much more common among invertebrates than among vertebrates.
? Very few animals are considered social because most spend the majority of their lives alone.
? An animal group must contain more than one family unit for the species tobe considered social.
? All animals that rear their young are considered to be social.
Paragraph 2
We know， or think we know， that social groups are good. Wolves are better predators when they hunt in packs， and pigeons escape from falcons far more often when feeding in flocks. Group building projects—the dams beavers build to block a body of water that provides them with relative safety from predators and the lodges they build for shelter， for instance—can provide a high level of protection and comfort. Why， then， are social species so very rare？ In fact， living socially presents inevitable problems that transcend habitat needs so that only when these costs are offset by corresponding benefits is group living a plus.
2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage？ Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
? Group living allows some animals to transcend problems of habitat.
? Group living is only advantageous when benefits outweigh inevitable problems.
? Problems resulting from living socially extend beyond the habitat.
? It is difficult to determine whether the benefits of social living offset its costs
Paragraph 3
The most obvious cost is competition. All the members of a species share the same habitat； when they live together， they are trying to eat the same food and occupy the same nesting sites. In general， there is far less competition away from a group， and selection should favor any individual who （all things being equal） sets off on its own， leaving the members of its group behind to compete among themselves for limited resources. Another difficulty is that concentrations of individuals facilitate disease and parasite transmission. On the whole， social animals carry more parasites and speciesspecific diseases than do solitary animals. Parasites and diseases diminish the strength and limit the growth of animals， and among highly social creatures， epidemics can devastate whole populations. Distemper （a viral disease） has been known to wipe out entire colonies of seals， for instance. So the penalty of social life is potentiallyhuge.
3. What does paragraph 3 say about the relationship between natural selection and animals that live apart from other members of their species？
? Natural selection does not favor living apart because individuals are unable to obtain resources equal to those of group members.
? Natural selection does not favor living apart because of the intense competition for resources among individuals apart from a group.
? Natural selection favors living apart because individuals are unlikely to attract the attention of predators.
? Natural selection favors living apart because group living increases competition for limited resources of food and nesting sites.
4. The word ＂devastate ＂ in the passage is closest in meaning to
? alter
? spread to
? destroy
? involve
5. In paragraph 3， why does the author mention distemper and its effect on seals？
? To explain why sociality is now relatively rare in seals ?
To prove that parasites prevent animals from growing healthy and strong
? To show how easily social animals transmit potentially deadly diseases
? To provide an example of a species-specific disease that affects solitary animals
托福閱讀備考怎么提速
1、托福閱讀備考提速先從詞匯基礎(chǔ)開(kāi)始
首先，對(duì)于閱讀來(lái)說(shuō)，最為基礎(chǔ)的環(huán)節(jié)還是建立在足夠的單詞量環(huán)節(jié)中的。所以，在托福閱讀練習(xí)準(zhǔn)備過(guò)程中，詞匯累積是必不可少的。那么，當(dāng)然也會(huì)有很多同學(xué)會(huì)問(wèn)到，如果要順利閱讀一篇托福文章，多少詞匯才是行呢？其實(shí)很簡(jiǎn)單，如果認(rèn)認(rèn)真真大的背了一遍托福詞匯書(shū)，如果你發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的已經(jīng)可以掌握了其中70%-80%，也許你會(huì)自然發(fā)現(xiàn)閱讀理解對(duì)你來(lái)說(shuō)，并不是一件什么特別困難的事情了。而僅僅對(duì)于托福閱讀來(lái)說(shuō)，我們還是需要透過(guò)詞義來(lái)理解句子的內(nèi)容，所以，在有些方面也不必過(guò)分糾結(jié)每個(gè)單詞的詳細(xì)含義，帶著句子去理解詞匯含義，才是最佳的方法。
2、托福閱讀備考語(yǔ)法也很重要
而想要提升自己的托福閱讀速度，詞匯僅僅只是一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)的環(huán)節(jié)，而在很多時(shí)候語(yǔ)法也是非常重要的。在托福閱讀的時(shí)候，特別是遇到一些長(zhǎng)難句的情況下，不能僅僅只是明白大意就好，要通過(guò)詞匯與語(yǔ)法的互相結(jié)合，精準(zhǔn)定位，準(zhǔn)確找到答案。對(duì)于這些需要結(jié)合語(yǔ)法完成理解的句子，建議大家，可以找到一些長(zhǎng)句和復(fù)雜句進(jìn)行反復(fù)練習(xí)，為自己找到方法，然后運(yùn)用在整篇文章的閱讀中。
3、托福閱讀備考不良閱讀習(xí)慣要糾正
而想要托福閱讀的效率，有時(shí)一些不良的閱讀習(xí)慣也是給大家的練習(xí)很大的影響。比如，在托福閱讀的過(guò)程中，我們通常都會(huì)習(xí)慣于逐字逐句閱讀、出聲閱讀等等，因?yàn)?，這些都會(huì)拖延閱讀時(shí)間。而想要提高自己閱讀的效率，建議大家要學(xué)會(huì)對(duì)于文章中的一些邏輯關(guān)系詞提高敏感度，比如，因果關(guān)系（because， so， therefore）； 遞進(jìn)關(guān)系（also， furthermore），這樣不但能夠大大的提升的閱讀速度，同時(shí)對(duì)于之后的答題也會(huì)帶來(lái)很多幫助。