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Can a Muslim woman be denied a job because of her headscarf?
穆斯林婦女就該因?yàn)轭^巾而遭遇求職被拒嗎?
SAMANTHA ELAUF, a young Muslim woman, did well in her interview for a job at a children's branch of Abercrombie & Fitch, a casual-clothing store, in Tulsa, Oklahoma. But when the interviewer told a manager about Ms Elauf's black headscarf, she was instructed to lower the applicant's “appearance” score and deny her the job. According to the company's “look policy”, employees must align their dress with the “preppy look of the Ivy League” and must not wear “caps” or black clothing. In fact Abercrombie is best-known for the half-naked (but preppy) hunks that adorn its shopping bags.
薩曼莎·埃勞夫是一名穆斯林少女，曾在Abercrombie & Fitch休閑服裝公司(位于奧克拉何馬州吐桑市)的童裝分公司面試中表現(xiàn)不錯(cuò)。然而，當(dāng)面試者和經(jīng)理談起埃勞夫小姐的黑色頭巾時(shí)，埃勞夫小姐的“形象分”便大打折扣，而且她的求職也被拒絕了。根據(jù)該公司的“外貌政策(look policy)”，雇員著裝要求必須符合“常青藤學(xué)院派風(fēng)格”，不能戴“帽子”，不能穿黑色衣服。事實(shí)上，A&F公司卻是因印刷在購(gòu)物袋上半裸(但具學(xué)院風(fēng))的大塊頭而聞名于世。
Ms Elauf turned to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), which sued the store on her behalf. A federal district court in Oklahoma ruled that in refusing to hire Ms Elauf because of her religious practice, Abercrombie had violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. On appeal, the Tenth Circuit Court held for the company. If Ms Elauf wanted a religious accommodation, the appeals court said, she should have asked for it.
埃勞夫小姐向公平就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)委員會(huì)(EEOC)求助，該委員會(huì)代表她起訴了A&F。奧克拉荷馬州的聯(lián)邦地區(qū)法院裁決，A&F公司因宗教習(xí)俗而拒絕雇傭埃勞夫小姐，違反了1964年《民權(quán)法案》第七章條例。經(jīng)過(guò)上訴，第十巡回法院適用該公司。如果埃勞夫小姐想要一個(gè)宗教住房，上訴法庭表示她應(yīng)該申請(qǐng)一個(gè)的。
On February 25th the Supreme Court heard arguments in the case. The chief justice, John Roberts, worried that the EEOC's view would lead an interviewer to grill a bearded applicant with a “Middle Eastern appearance” about possible “religious reasons” for his facial hair while asking no other applicants about grooming. “It seems that your solution causes more problems,” he told the government's lawyer.
2月25日，最高法院主張對(duì)案件開辯論庭。公平就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)委員會(huì)(EEOC)的觀點(diǎn)會(huì)促使面試者對(duì)有著“中東外貌”、長(zhǎng)滿胡子的求職者進(jìn)行“嚴(yán)刑拷問(wèn)”，內(nèi)容包括與他的臉部毛發(fā)相關(guān)的“宗教原因”，相比之下此類美容問(wèn)題不會(huì)問(wèn)及其他求職者;首席大法官約翰·羅伯茨對(duì)此表示擔(dān)憂。“看起來(lái)，你的解決之道招致更多麻煩，”他對(duì)政府律師說(shuō)道。
The toughest question for the other side came from Justice Samuel Alito, author of a decision earlier this term protecting the right of a Muslim inmate to grow a beard. Imagine that “a Sikh man wearing a turban”, “a Hasidic man wearing a hat”, “a Muslim woman wearing a hijab” and “a Catholic nun in a habit” come in for an interview. In order to be accommodated, would these individuals have to say, “I'm dressed this way for a religious reason”? Abercrombie's lawyer admitted that some “religious outfits” are “more obvious than others”. But the significance of Ms Elauf's headscarf, he said, was “ambiguous”.
另一派的“燙手山芋”源于塞繆爾·阿里托法官，曾主張維護(hù)一名穆斯林囚犯蓄胡子的權(quán)利。假想一下：一名錫克教男子戴著頭巾，抑或哈希德派人戴帽子，抑或一名穆斯林婦女戴著希賈布(頭巾)，又或修行的天主教修女，走進(jìn)來(lái)面試。這些人為了適應(yīng)大環(huán)境可能會(huì)說(shuō)“我穿成這樣是處于宗教信仰”嗎?A&F公司的律師承認(rèn)，“一些宗教服飾”比“其他人的更加明顯招搖”。但是他補(bǔ)充道，埃勞夫小姐頭巾的意義是“不明確的”。
Putting the onus on employers without “actual knowledge” of applicants' religious scruples would be “unadministrable”, the store's lawyer argued, and would lead to stereotyping. The government's lawyer disaGREed: the interviewer just needed to explain the “look policy”, and ask applicants if they had trouble complying with it. Most of the justices seemed to sympathise with Ms Elauf. A decision is expected by the end of June.
律師繼續(xù)說(shuō)道，雇主對(duì)求職者的“宗教顧忌”“不知情”卻要一切承擔(dān)罪責(zé)，這么做是“處理不當(dāng)”的，而且還會(huì)引發(fā)陳腔濫調(diào)。政府律師反駁道：固執(zhí)只需要解釋“外貌政策(look policy)”，并且詢問(wèn)求職者是否有困難遵守條例。大部分法官似乎同情埃勞夫小姐，將于六月底做出決議。
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