DAY44
Reading comprehension
Direction： In this part， there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements， each with four suggested answers marked A， B， C and D. Choose the one that you think is the correct answer.
Passage 1As mentioned above， clarification of the groundwater flow mechanism in the entire plain， including recharge. Discharge， runoff， water level variation， etc， is a very important step in land subsidence modeling. The groundwater system in the Saga plain is composed of unconfined water and confined water. Unconfined water is mostly stored in a shallow position in the Ariake（阿里克） clay layer， and confined water is stored in diluvial formations. The confined water is subject to seasonal pumping and its water level variation pattern is influenced by groundwater extraction. Confined water is recharged mostly from a horizontal direction starting at the edges of the plain， the gravel composition of which makes it easy for surface water to infiltrate， while in the vertical direction there is a continuously distributed Ariake clay layer with an average thickness of 20 m， which serves as an aquitard in most areas. On the other hand， the shallow unconfined water level is as a depth of about 0.5， under the surface in most areas （Environmental Bureau of Japan 1982） and its water level change is influenced by surface water infiltration. To apply an unconfinedconfined groundwater flow simulation it is necessary to estimate the surface water infiltration by a hydrological cycle simulation. Considering that large spatial data storage and processing are necessary for surface water hydrological cycle simulation， and groundwater flow and land subsidence modeling， GIS is adopted to provide a platform and tool for all spatial data processing and analysis. The concept of the GISbased spatial and temporal prediction system for land subsidence is shown. The system consists of the following three parts：
1.Surface water hydrological cycle simulation. The purpose is to make clear the temporal and spatial distribution of surface water infiltration quantity. Each factor relating to the surface water hydrological cycle， such as land use， precipitation， agricultural irrigation etc， will be built as a GIS data layer （vector data and raster data）。 The spatial distribution pattern can be analyzed and the relationship between all factors can also be grasped. Using the GIS layer operation， the temporal and spatial distribution of infiltration quantity can be obtained and provided for groundwater flow simulation.
2.Groundwater flow simulation. All necessary data， such as geology， terrain， hydro conductivity and specific yield parameter distribution， initial water contour， infiltration quantity， etc.， will be built as GIS data layers and used for groundwater flow model establishment and flow simulation. The data transformation from GIS to the groundwater flow simulation code will be realized by GIS data export and some Visual Basic programs.
3.Land subsidence simulation. The groundwater flow simulation results are used for subsidence calculation considering the deformation of aquifers and aquifers. GIS displays result and overlay them with other data themes to produce a new hazard map for decisionmaking support.
1. The purpose of the author to write this article is
A. to explain methodology of GISbased system establishment.
B. to introduce the source of the underground water.
C. to classify the confined water and unconfined water.
D. to give the basic impression of the GISbased system establishment.
2. The unconfined water level is influenced by
A. confined water.
B. the level of the general underground water level.
C. the surface water infiltration.
D. the gravel position.
3. Why the GISsystem is adopted to provide a platform and tool for all spatial data processing and analysis？
A. The project need a very large space to contain the water.
B. The imitation of the cycling surface water.
C. The falling down of the land.
D. The level of the underground water.
4. Which is nothing to do with the second part of the system？
A. To measure the depth of the unconfined water level.
B. To have a large pace for water storing.
C. To estimate the surface water infiltration.
D. To do something to support the ground after the project.
5. From the second passage we can learn that except
A. The unconfined water usually stored in a shallow position.
B. Confined water is not recharged from the vertical direction.
C. The ground water is mainly consisted by the confined water and the unconfined water.
D. Confined water is stored in diluvial.
Passage 2About two thousand years ago， the Celts were still in their primitive society and Britain was still covered with dense forests and swamps. They knew nothing of a written language， although they could utter different sounds to exchange simple ideas. But the Celts created their own civilization of which the most shining example was the historical Stonehenge in Wiltshire. The Stonehenge， still in existence now， was a circular arrangement of monoliths built by the ancient Britons for purposes still unknown to modern historians. The Celtic language didnt disappeared completely， either. Some of the Celtic words or sounds were later assimilated into the English language. Some people in Scotland and Wales now still speak a language of Celtic origin. It is believed that the Celts were related with the ancient people in what is now France and they， perhaps， offered some help in the struggle to resist Julius Caesar when he invaded France. The Roman army， commanded by Julius Caesar， invaded England in the first century B. C. In the first Century A. D.， the Romans went across the English Channel and invaded Britain for the second time. They did not meet with much resistance on the part of the natives and soon got possession of what is now known as England by driving many of the native Celts to mountainous Scotland and Wales.
The Romans brought other things with them besides their swords. They introduced their Roman civilization into England. They built towns， temples， theatres and fine buildings， better ones than the Britons had ever dreamed of. They drained marshes， cleared away forests， built roads and taught the Britons to cultivate their land in a better way. They introduced a system of organized government in towns，which usually took on names ending in “shire”。 They remained in England for about 350 years until 410 A. D. when the Germanic races started invading Rome. The invasion made it necessary to withdraw the Roman soldiers from England to defend their home country. The island of Britain was again returned to the control of the native inhabitants.
But the natives had been ruled and protected so long by the Roman troops that they did not know how to protect themselves， the island， therefore， became a tempting and easy prey to the tribes within easy reach. Invaders from Ireland and Scotland began to plunder and kill the weak and defenseless Britons in England. The Britons hardly knew what to do and they， in despair， asked the Romans to send back their soldiers to protect them Rome could not do this as she had more serious business on hand. Just at this time， a band of newcomers landed in the southern part of England， in what is now the county of Kent. These newcomers were known in history as the Jutes， Angles， and Saxons who had come from Northern Europe. They were aggressive rovers and pirates ready to plunder or to fight. To them the Britons turned for assistance. They asked the newcomers to join in the war against their fierce neighbors. The result was a victory for the combined Britons and AngloSaxons.
1. The passage is mainly about
A. How the Celts language came.
B. Why the Roman was driven out of Britain.
C. The reason why Britain was ruled by AngloSaxons.
D. How AngloSaxons fought with Romans.
2. The Celts helped France to resist
A. AngloSaxons.B. Caesar.
C. Germanic.D. Ireland.
3. Which of the following statement is not true？
A. The historical Stonehenge in Wiltshire was the most shining example of the Celts created civilization.
B. The purposes of the ancient Britons to build the Stonehenge still unknown to modern historians.
C. The Roman army， commanded by Julius Caesar， invaded England in the first century B.C.
D. The Rome invaders drove the Celts to the mountains Scotland and Ireland.
4. What is the meaning of “shire” in Para？ 2？
A. 城市B. 國家
C. 政府D. 郡縣
5. The tone of the whole passage is
A. neutral. B. optimistic.
C. praising. D. critical.
Passage 3During the passed four decades the fishery scientists of the West have studied the dynamics of fish population with the objective of determining the relation between the amount of fishing and the sustainable catch. They have developed a substantial body of theory that has been applied successfully to a large number of animal populations and has led to a major improvement in the management of some of the major marine fisheries.
The theory has been developed for single species populations with man as a predator. Much of it is based on the Darwinian concept of a constant overpopulation of young that is reduced by density dependent mortality resulting from intraspecific competition. The unfished population tends towards a maximum equilibrium（平衡） size with relatively high portion of large， old individuals. As fishing increased and natural mortality is reduced， death from fishing eventually takes the place of most natural mortality. If the amount of fishing is increased too much， the individual will tend to be taken before realizing their potential growth， and total yield will be reduced. The maximum sustainable yields can be taken at an intermediate population size that in populations is about onethird the unfished population size.
G.V.Nikolskii， of Moscow State University， develops his theory from a different approach. He is nonDarwinian and is （he says） a nonmathematical； rather he considers himself as ecologist and morphologist. He argues that Darwins concept of a variety as an incipient species have led to extensive mathematical analysis of racial characters. Nikolskii considers the main laws of population dynamics to be concerned with the succession of generation； their birth， growth and death. The details are governed by the relative rate of adaptation and environmental change. The mass and age structure of a population are the result of adaptation to the food supply. The rate of growth of individuals， the time of sexual maturity， and the accumulation of reserves vary according to the food supply. These factors in turn influence the success of reproduction in ways that tend to bring the size of the population into balance with the food supply.
1. Nikolskii theories that fish population is controlled mainly by the
A. size of the fish caught within a species. B. racial characteristics of the species.
C. amount of food available to the species. D. death rate within a species.
2. The author indicates the main difference between the theories of Darwin and Nikolskii is the
A. effect of food supply on the size of the fish. B. the amount of fish that can be harvested.
C. methods used to catch fish. D. cause of population variation in fish.
3. The theories based on the concept of Darwin assume that fish population is controlled by the
A. size of the fish caught within a species. B. amount of fishing pressure of the species.
C. racial characteristics of the species. D. life expectancy within the species.
4. The researchers discussed in the passage were mainly concerned with
A. species of fish faced with extinction.B. the ecology of fishing.
C. the effects of pollution of fishing. D. commercial fishing.
5. The underlined word the third paragraph “morphologist” means “”。
A. 生態(tài)學(xué)家B. 環(huán)境學(xué)家
C. 形態(tài)學(xué)家D. 經(jīng)濟學(xué)家
Passage 4 Surprisingly， no one knows how many children receive education in English hospitals， still less the content or quality of that education. Proper records are just not kept.
We know that more than 850，000 children go through hospital each year， and that every child of school age has a legal right to continue to receive education while in hospital. We also know there is only one hospital teacher to every 1，000 children in hospital.
Little wonder that latest survey concludes that the extents and types of hospital teaching available differ a great deal across the country. It is found that half the hospitals in England which admit children to have no teacher. A further quarter has only a parttime teacher. The special childrens hospitals in major cities do best； general hospitals in the country and holiday areas are worst off.
From this survey， one can estimate that fewer than one in five children have some contact with a hospital teacher — and that contact may be as little as two hours a day. Most children interviewed were surprised to find a teacher in hospital at all. They had not prepared for it by parents or their own school. If there was a teacher they were much more likely to read books and do maths or number work； without a teacher they would only play games.
Reasons for hospital teaching range from preventing a child falling behind and maintaining the habit of school to keeping a child occupied， and the latter is often all that the teacher can do. The position and influence of many teachers are summed up when the parents refer to them as the “l(fā)ibrary lady”or just “the helper”。
Children tend to rely on concerned school friends to keep in touch with school work. Several parents spoke of requests for work being ignored or refused by the school. Once back at school， children rarely get extra teaching， and are told to catch up as best as they can.
Many shortstay childpatients catch up quickly. But schools do very little to ease the anxiety about falling behind expressed by many of the children interviewed.
1. The author points out at the beginning that
A. every child in hospital receives some teaching.
B. not enough is known about hospital teaching.
C. hospital teaching is of poor quality.
D. the special childrens hospital are worst off.
2. It can be inferred from the last survey that
A. hospital teaching across the country is similar.
B. each hospital has at least one parttime teacher.
C. all hospital surveyed offer education to children.
D. only oneforth of the hospitals have full — time teachers.
3. Children in hospital usually turn to in order to catch up with their school work.
A. hospital teachersB. school mates
C. parentsD. school teachers
4. The underlined word “occupied” in the fifth paragraph means “”
A. 預(yù)定 B. 占領(lǐng)
C. 帶走D. 使……充實
5. We can conclude from the passage that the author is
A. unfavorable towards children receiving education in hospital.
B. in favor of the present state of teaching in hospital.
C. unsatisfied with the present state of hospital teaching.
D. satisfied with the result of the last survey.
Keys and notes for the passage reading：Passage 1
文章介紹了GISbased 系統(tǒng)對于地下水源的解決問題，地下水源分為固定性水源和非固定性水源。為了得到充分的水源制定的三個步驟。
1. The confined water is subject to seasonal pumping and its water level variation pattern is influenced by groundwater extraction. 限制性水源取決于季節(jié)水量變化而得，它的水位變化受到地下水的抽取量的影響。
2. Considering that large spatial data storage and processing are necessary for surface water hydrological cycle simulation， and groundwater flow and land subsidence modeling， GIS is adopted to provide a platform and tool for all spatial data processing and analysis. 考慮到他龐大的存儲空間，必要的模擬表面水文循環(huán)，以及地下水的流動和地面的下沉，GIS系統(tǒng)會提供操作平臺和數(shù)據(jù)處理和分析。
1. 「A」根據(jù)文章的總體意思，文章介紹的是整個GIS基礎(chǔ)系統(tǒng) 對于水的來源的處理。
2. 「C」在第一段的第十四行中很明顯可以看出非限制性水源正是由表面水的滲透所決定的。
3. 「D」文中可以看出前3個答案。
4. 「D」第二部分的測量需要A，不固定水源的深度。B，較大的存儲量。C，地表水的滲入。
5. 「B」“限制性水源”是由 “水平方向”和“豎直方向”一起影響的 ，只是水平方向的影響要比“豎直方向”的影響大很多。
Passage 2
在兩千年前凱爾特人在不列顛居住，后來愷撒帶領(lǐng)羅馬士兵入侵并在那里建立了一系列的制度，后凱爾特人尋求保護找到了盎格魯撒克遜人。
1. It is believed that the Celts were related with the ancient people in what is now France and they， perhaps， offered some help in the struggle to resist Julius Caesar when he invaded France. 一般認(rèn)為，凱爾特人和古代的法國人有一些聯(lián)系，也許因此在愷撒侵略法國的時候，他們對法國提供了一些幫助。
2. They introduced a system of organized government in towns which usually took on names ending in “shire”。 他們帶來了一種組織政權(quán)的方式，這種方式通常被稱為“郡”。
1. 「C」凱爾特的語言問題只是在第一段中略有所提，并不是重點，所以不選A；羅馬是因為自己國家受到了侵略而退走，并不是被趕出不列顛所以B、D是錯的；而盎格魯撒克遜人是被邀請來的就是統(tǒng)治的原因。
2. 「B」愷撒帶領(lǐng)羅馬侵略法國的時候是凱爾特提供了幫助。
3. 「D」羅馬把凱爾特趕到了蘇格蘭和威爾士。
4. 「D」第二段的第五句說明shire 在英語中是郡的意思。
5. 「A」著者是本著很客觀的敘述凱爾特人的，沒有什么個人看法。
Passage 3
本文主要介紹了在研究影響魚群數(shù)量的因素方面，不同的科學(xué)學(xué)派的不同結(jié)論。達爾文的理論認(rèn)為，其最根本的影響因素是種族內(nèi)部的競爭。而俄羅斯學(xué)者尼古爾斯基認(rèn)為最主要因素是外部因素，即食物的供給狀況。
1. They have developed a substantial body of theory that has been applied successfully to a large number of animal population and has led to a major improvement in the management of some of the major marine fisheries. 他們發(fā)展了一套堅實的理論有機整體，并在多種生物群體的運用中取得成功。這一理論也導(dǎo)致了部分主要海洋漁業(yè)中管理問題的重大改善。
2. The unfished population tends towards a maximum equilibrium（平衡） size with relatively high portion of large， old individuals. As fishing increased and natural mortality is reduced， death from fishing eventually takes the place of most natural mortality. 未捕撈的魚群增加到平衡程度，其中年歲高的大魚占更大比例。當(dāng)捕撈量增加，自然死亡率下降時，捕撈造成的數(shù)量減少被自然減少所代替。
3. If the amount of fishing is increased too much， the individual will tend to be taken before realizing their potential growth， and total yield will be reduced. 當(dāng)捕撈量過大，魚群還來不及實現(xiàn)其潛在的自然增長時就被捕撈，魚群總的產(chǎn)量就會減小。
1. 「C」第三段第七八九句指出，魚群及其年齡結(jié)構(gòu)的形成取決于食物的數(shù)量。魚的成長率、成熟期（sexual maturity ）的長短、數(shù)量的多少the accumulations of reserves 都取決于食物的多少。這些因素又影響到繁殖的成功率，最終使魚的數(shù)量和食物的數(shù)量呈正比。
2. 「D」第二段第二句指出，它在很大程度上是以達爾文的理論為基礎(chǔ)的。達爾文認(rèn)為，幼子（young）的不斷增加會被由同一物種內(nèi)的競爭 （intraspecific competition）所導(dǎo)致的密度死亡率（density dependent mortality）所抵消。即所謂的物競天擇，適者生存。這與尼古爾斯基的觀點不一樣。換言之，達爾文及其信奉者認(rèn)為導(dǎo)致魚數(shù)量多少在于魚群內(nèi)部，而尼古爾斯基則認(rèn)為來自外部：食物的多少。
3. 「B」第二段第三四句見難句解釋。實際上，這種理論認(rèn)為，決定魚的數(shù)量的多寡的原因有二：一是捕撈量，即所謂人為原因；二是自然死亡，包括魚之間的斗爭。
4. 「B」本文第一句是全文的主旨，該句為：在過去的40年中，西方漁業(yè)科學(xué)家研究魚群的動態(tài)發(fā)展關(guān)系（dynamics of fish populations），目的在于確定捕撈量和持久捕撈量（sustainable catch）之間的關(guān)系。由此可見，他們研究主要是與商業(yè)性捕魚相關(guān)。
5. 「C」“morphologist”的意思是形態(tài)學(xué)家。
Passage 4
本文主要介紹了英國目前醫(yī)院內(nèi)為學(xué)齡住院患兒提供的教學(xué)條件的情況。作者在文中表現(xiàn)出十分失望的態(tài)度，呼吁社會對此表示關(guān)心，并希望及時改變現(xiàn)狀。
Reason for hospital teaching range from preventing a child falling behind and maintaining the habit of school to keeping a child occupied， and the latter is often all the teacher do. 醫(yī)院教學(xué)的目的包括防止學(xué)生掉隊和讓他們保持學(xué)校生活的習(xí)慣從而充實他們的生活。
1. 「B」提示詞“at the beginning”提示相關(guān)信息在文章起始位置，相關(guān)語句為“Proper records are just not kept”。說明人們對醫(yī)院內(nèi)教學(xué)了解甚少。
2. 「D」根據(jù)提示詞“the last survey”可在文章第三段找到相關(guān)信息。綜合分析可知，全國醫(yī)院內(nèi)教學(xué)狀況不盡相同。一半醫(yī)院承認(rèn)沒有老師，四分之一的醫(yī)院只有兼職老師。因此可推理出只有四分之一的醫(yī)院有專職老師。
3. 「B」本題詢問細(xì)節(jié)，相關(guān)語句為第六段的“Children tend to rely on concerned school friends to keep in touch with school work”。
4. 「D」“occupied”的意思是使……充實
5. 「C」本題詢問作者對醫(yī)院內(nèi)教學(xué)狀況的態(tài)度。全文表明，目前醫(yī)院內(nèi)教學(xué)狀況不盡如人意。有教師的醫(yī)院教學(xué)質(zhì)量也不令人滿意。
Reading comprehension
Direction： In this part， there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements， each with four suggested answers marked A， B， C and D. Choose the one that you think is the correct answer.
Passage 1As mentioned above， clarification of the groundwater flow mechanism in the entire plain， including recharge. Discharge， runoff， water level variation， etc， is a very important step in land subsidence modeling. The groundwater system in the Saga plain is composed of unconfined water and confined water. Unconfined water is mostly stored in a shallow position in the Ariake（阿里克） clay layer， and confined water is stored in diluvial formations. The confined water is subject to seasonal pumping and its water level variation pattern is influenced by groundwater extraction. Confined water is recharged mostly from a horizontal direction starting at the edges of the plain， the gravel composition of which makes it easy for surface water to infiltrate， while in the vertical direction there is a continuously distributed Ariake clay layer with an average thickness of 20 m， which serves as an aquitard in most areas. On the other hand， the shallow unconfined water level is as a depth of about 0.5， under the surface in most areas （Environmental Bureau of Japan 1982） and its water level change is influenced by surface water infiltration. To apply an unconfinedconfined groundwater flow simulation it is necessary to estimate the surface water infiltration by a hydrological cycle simulation. Considering that large spatial data storage and processing are necessary for surface water hydrological cycle simulation， and groundwater flow and land subsidence modeling， GIS is adopted to provide a platform and tool for all spatial data processing and analysis. The concept of the GISbased spatial and temporal prediction system for land subsidence is shown. The system consists of the following three parts：
1.Surface water hydrological cycle simulation. The purpose is to make clear the temporal and spatial distribution of surface water infiltration quantity. Each factor relating to the surface water hydrological cycle， such as land use， precipitation， agricultural irrigation etc， will be built as a GIS data layer （vector data and raster data）。 The spatial distribution pattern can be analyzed and the relationship between all factors can also be grasped. Using the GIS layer operation， the temporal and spatial distribution of infiltration quantity can be obtained and provided for groundwater flow simulation.
2.Groundwater flow simulation. All necessary data， such as geology， terrain， hydro conductivity and specific yield parameter distribution， initial water contour， infiltration quantity， etc.， will be built as GIS data layers and used for groundwater flow model establishment and flow simulation. The data transformation from GIS to the groundwater flow simulation code will be realized by GIS data export and some Visual Basic programs.
3.Land subsidence simulation. The groundwater flow simulation results are used for subsidence calculation considering the deformation of aquifers and aquifers. GIS displays result and overlay them with other data themes to produce a new hazard map for decisionmaking support.
1. The purpose of the author to write this article is
A. to explain methodology of GISbased system establishment.
B. to introduce the source of the underground water.
C. to classify the confined water and unconfined water.
D. to give the basic impression of the GISbased system establishment.
2. The unconfined water level is influenced by
A. confined water.
B. the level of the general underground water level.
C. the surface water infiltration.
D. the gravel position.
3. Why the GISsystem is adopted to provide a platform and tool for all spatial data processing and analysis？
A. The project need a very large space to contain the water.
B. The imitation of the cycling surface water.
C. The falling down of the land.
D. The level of the underground water.
4. Which is nothing to do with the second part of the system？
A. To measure the depth of the unconfined water level.
B. To have a large pace for water storing.
C. To estimate the surface water infiltration.
D. To do something to support the ground after the project.
5. From the second passage we can learn that except
A. The unconfined water usually stored in a shallow position.
B. Confined water is not recharged from the vertical direction.
C. The ground water is mainly consisted by the confined water and the unconfined water.
D. Confined water is stored in diluvial.
Passage 2About two thousand years ago， the Celts were still in their primitive society and Britain was still covered with dense forests and swamps. They knew nothing of a written language， although they could utter different sounds to exchange simple ideas. But the Celts created their own civilization of which the most shining example was the historical Stonehenge in Wiltshire. The Stonehenge， still in existence now， was a circular arrangement of monoliths built by the ancient Britons for purposes still unknown to modern historians. The Celtic language didnt disappeared completely， either. Some of the Celtic words or sounds were later assimilated into the English language. Some people in Scotland and Wales now still speak a language of Celtic origin. It is believed that the Celts were related with the ancient people in what is now France and they， perhaps， offered some help in the struggle to resist Julius Caesar when he invaded France. The Roman army， commanded by Julius Caesar， invaded England in the first century B. C. In the first Century A. D.， the Romans went across the English Channel and invaded Britain for the second time. They did not meet with much resistance on the part of the natives and soon got possession of what is now known as England by driving many of the native Celts to mountainous Scotland and Wales.
The Romans brought other things with them besides their swords. They introduced their Roman civilization into England. They built towns， temples， theatres and fine buildings， better ones than the Britons had ever dreamed of. They drained marshes， cleared away forests， built roads and taught the Britons to cultivate their land in a better way. They introduced a system of organized government in towns，which usually took on names ending in “shire”。 They remained in England for about 350 years until 410 A. D. when the Germanic races started invading Rome. The invasion made it necessary to withdraw the Roman soldiers from England to defend their home country. The island of Britain was again returned to the control of the native inhabitants.
But the natives had been ruled and protected so long by the Roman troops that they did not know how to protect themselves， the island， therefore， became a tempting and easy prey to the tribes within easy reach. Invaders from Ireland and Scotland began to plunder and kill the weak and defenseless Britons in England. The Britons hardly knew what to do and they， in despair， asked the Romans to send back their soldiers to protect them Rome could not do this as she had more serious business on hand. Just at this time， a band of newcomers landed in the southern part of England， in what is now the county of Kent. These newcomers were known in history as the Jutes， Angles， and Saxons who had come from Northern Europe. They were aggressive rovers and pirates ready to plunder or to fight. To them the Britons turned for assistance. They asked the newcomers to join in the war against their fierce neighbors. The result was a victory for the combined Britons and AngloSaxons.
1. The passage is mainly about
A. How the Celts language came.
B. Why the Roman was driven out of Britain.
C. The reason why Britain was ruled by AngloSaxons.
D. How AngloSaxons fought with Romans.
2. The Celts helped France to resist
A. AngloSaxons.B. Caesar.
C. Germanic.D. Ireland.
3. Which of the following statement is not true？
A. The historical Stonehenge in Wiltshire was the most shining example of the Celts created civilization.
B. The purposes of the ancient Britons to build the Stonehenge still unknown to modern historians.
C. The Roman army， commanded by Julius Caesar， invaded England in the first century B.C.
D. The Rome invaders drove the Celts to the mountains Scotland and Ireland.
4. What is the meaning of “shire” in Para？ 2？
A. 城市B. 國家
C. 政府D. 郡縣
5. The tone of the whole passage is
A. neutral. B. optimistic.
C. praising. D. critical.
Passage 3During the passed four decades the fishery scientists of the West have studied the dynamics of fish population with the objective of determining the relation between the amount of fishing and the sustainable catch. They have developed a substantial body of theory that has been applied successfully to a large number of animal populations and has led to a major improvement in the management of some of the major marine fisheries.
The theory has been developed for single species populations with man as a predator. Much of it is based on the Darwinian concept of a constant overpopulation of young that is reduced by density dependent mortality resulting from intraspecific competition. The unfished population tends towards a maximum equilibrium（平衡） size with relatively high portion of large， old individuals. As fishing increased and natural mortality is reduced， death from fishing eventually takes the place of most natural mortality. If the amount of fishing is increased too much， the individual will tend to be taken before realizing their potential growth， and total yield will be reduced. The maximum sustainable yields can be taken at an intermediate population size that in populations is about onethird the unfished population size.
G.V.Nikolskii， of Moscow State University， develops his theory from a different approach. He is nonDarwinian and is （he says） a nonmathematical； rather he considers himself as ecologist and morphologist. He argues that Darwins concept of a variety as an incipient species have led to extensive mathematical analysis of racial characters. Nikolskii considers the main laws of population dynamics to be concerned with the succession of generation； their birth， growth and death. The details are governed by the relative rate of adaptation and environmental change. The mass and age structure of a population are the result of adaptation to the food supply. The rate of growth of individuals， the time of sexual maturity， and the accumulation of reserves vary according to the food supply. These factors in turn influence the success of reproduction in ways that tend to bring the size of the population into balance with the food supply.
1. Nikolskii theories that fish population is controlled mainly by the
A. size of the fish caught within a species. B. racial characteristics of the species.
C. amount of food available to the species. D. death rate within a species.
2. The author indicates the main difference between the theories of Darwin and Nikolskii is the
A. effect of food supply on the size of the fish. B. the amount of fish that can be harvested.
C. methods used to catch fish. D. cause of population variation in fish.
3. The theories based on the concept of Darwin assume that fish population is controlled by the
A. size of the fish caught within a species. B. amount of fishing pressure of the species.
C. racial characteristics of the species. D. life expectancy within the species.
4. The researchers discussed in the passage were mainly concerned with
A. species of fish faced with extinction.B. the ecology of fishing.
C. the effects of pollution of fishing. D. commercial fishing.
5. The underlined word the third paragraph “morphologist” means “”。
A. 生態(tài)學(xué)家B. 環(huán)境學(xué)家
C. 形態(tài)學(xué)家D. 經(jīng)濟學(xué)家
Passage 4 Surprisingly， no one knows how many children receive education in English hospitals， still less the content or quality of that education. Proper records are just not kept.
We know that more than 850，000 children go through hospital each year， and that every child of school age has a legal right to continue to receive education while in hospital. We also know there is only one hospital teacher to every 1，000 children in hospital.
Little wonder that latest survey concludes that the extents and types of hospital teaching available differ a great deal across the country. It is found that half the hospitals in England which admit children to have no teacher. A further quarter has only a parttime teacher. The special childrens hospitals in major cities do best； general hospitals in the country and holiday areas are worst off.
From this survey， one can estimate that fewer than one in five children have some contact with a hospital teacher — and that contact may be as little as two hours a day. Most children interviewed were surprised to find a teacher in hospital at all. They had not prepared for it by parents or their own school. If there was a teacher they were much more likely to read books and do maths or number work； without a teacher they would only play games.
Reasons for hospital teaching range from preventing a child falling behind and maintaining the habit of school to keeping a child occupied， and the latter is often all that the teacher can do. The position and influence of many teachers are summed up when the parents refer to them as the “l(fā)ibrary lady”or just “the helper”。
Children tend to rely on concerned school friends to keep in touch with school work. Several parents spoke of requests for work being ignored or refused by the school. Once back at school， children rarely get extra teaching， and are told to catch up as best as they can.
Many shortstay childpatients catch up quickly. But schools do very little to ease the anxiety about falling behind expressed by many of the children interviewed.
1. The author points out at the beginning that
A. every child in hospital receives some teaching.
B. not enough is known about hospital teaching.
C. hospital teaching is of poor quality.
D. the special childrens hospital are worst off.
2. It can be inferred from the last survey that
A. hospital teaching across the country is similar.
B. each hospital has at least one parttime teacher.
C. all hospital surveyed offer education to children.
D. only oneforth of the hospitals have full — time teachers.
3. Children in hospital usually turn to in order to catch up with their school work.
A. hospital teachersB. school mates
C. parentsD. school teachers
4. The underlined word “occupied” in the fifth paragraph means “”
A. 預(yù)定 B. 占領(lǐng)
C. 帶走D. 使……充實
5. We can conclude from the passage that the author is
A. unfavorable towards children receiving education in hospital.
B. in favor of the present state of teaching in hospital.
C. unsatisfied with the present state of hospital teaching.
D. satisfied with the result of the last survey.
Keys and notes for the passage reading：Passage 1
文章介紹了GISbased 系統(tǒng)對于地下水源的解決問題，地下水源分為固定性水源和非固定性水源。為了得到充分的水源制定的三個步驟。
1. The confined water is subject to seasonal pumping and its water level variation pattern is influenced by groundwater extraction. 限制性水源取決于季節(jié)水量變化而得，它的水位變化受到地下水的抽取量的影響。
2. Considering that large spatial data storage and processing are necessary for surface water hydrological cycle simulation， and groundwater flow and land subsidence modeling， GIS is adopted to provide a platform and tool for all spatial data processing and analysis. 考慮到他龐大的存儲空間，必要的模擬表面水文循環(huán)，以及地下水的流動和地面的下沉，GIS系統(tǒng)會提供操作平臺和數(shù)據(jù)處理和分析。
1. 「A」根據(jù)文章的總體意思，文章介紹的是整個GIS基礎(chǔ)系統(tǒng) 對于水的來源的處理。
2. 「C」在第一段的第十四行中很明顯可以看出非限制性水源正是由表面水的滲透所決定的。
3. 「D」文中可以看出前3個答案。
4. 「D」第二部分的測量需要A，不固定水源的深度。B，較大的存儲量。C，地表水的滲入。
5. 「B」“限制性水源”是由 “水平方向”和“豎直方向”一起影響的 ，只是水平方向的影響要比“豎直方向”的影響大很多。
Passage 2
在兩千年前凱爾特人在不列顛居住，后來愷撒帶領(lǐng)羅馬士兵入侵并在那里建立了一系列的制度，后凱爾特人尋求保護找到了盎格魯撒克遜人。
1. It is believed that the Celts were related with the ancient people in what is now France and they， perhaps， offered some help in the struggle to resist Julius Caesar when he invaded France. 一般認(rèn)為，凱爾特人和古代的法國人有一些聯(lián)系，也許因此在愷撒侵略法國的時候，他們對法國提供了一些幫助。
2. They introduced a system of organized government in towns which usually took on names ending in “shire”。 他們帶來了一種組織政權(quán)的方式，這種方式通常被稱為“郡”。
1. 「C」凱爾特的語言問題只是在第一段中略有所提，并不是重點，所以不選A；羅馬是因為自己國家受到了侵略而退走，并不是被趕出不列顛所以B、D是錯的；而盎格魯撒克遜人是被邀請來的就是統(tǒng)治的原因。
2. 「B」愷撒帶領(lǐng)羅馬侵略法國的時候是凱爾特提供了幫助。
3. 「D」羅馬把凱爾特趕到了蘇格蘭和威爾士。
4. 「D」第二段的第五句說明shire 在英語中是郡的意思。
5. 「A」著者是本著很客觀的敘述凱爾特人的，沒有什么個人看法。
Passage 3
本文主要介紹了在研究影響魚群數(shù)量的因素方面，不同的科學(xué)學(xué)派的不同結(jié)論。達爾文的理論認(rèn)為，其最根本的影響因素是種族內(nèi)部的競爭。而俄羅斯學(xué)者尼古爾斯基認(rèn)為最主要因素是外部因素，即食物的供給狀況。
1. They have developed a substantial body of theory that has been applied successfully to a large number of animal population and has led to a major improvement in the management of some of the major marine fisheries. 他們發(fā)展了一套堅實的理論有機整體，并在多種生物群體的運用中取得成功。這一理論也導(dǎo)致了部分主要海洋漁業(yè)中管理問題的重大改善。
2. The unfished population tends towards a maximum equilibrium（平衡） size with relatively high portion of large， old individuals. As fishing increased and natural mortality is reduced， death from fishing eventually takes the place of most natural mortality. 未捕撈的魚群增加到平衡程度，其中年歲高的大魚占更大比例。當(dāng)捕撈量增加，自然死亡率下降時，捕撈造成的數(shù)量減少被自然減少所代替。
3. If the amount of fishing is increased too much， the individual will tend to be taken before realizing their potential growth， and total yield will be reduced. 當(dāng)捕撈量過大，魚群還來不及實現(xiàn)其潛在的自然增長時就被捕撈，魚群總的產(chǎn)量就會減小。
1. 「C」第三段第七八九句指出，魚群及其年齡結(jié)構(gòu)的形成取決于食物的數(shù)量。魚的成長率、成熟期（sexual maturity ）的長短、數(shù)量的多少the accumulations of reserves 都取決于食物的多少。這些因素又影響到繁殖的成功率，最終使魚的數(shù)量和食物的數(shù)量呈正比。
2. 「D」第二段第二句指出，它在很大程度上是以達爾文的理論為基礎(chǔ)的。達爾文認(rèn)為，幼子（young）的不斷增加會被由同一物種內(nèi)的競爭 （intraspecific competition）所導(dǎo)致的密度死亡率（density dependent mortality）所抵消。即所謂的物競天擇，適者生存。這與尼古爾斯基的觀點不一樣。換言之，達爾文及其信奉者認(rèn)為導(dǎo)致魚數(shù)量多少在于魚群內(nèi)部，而尼古爾斯基則認(rèn)為來自外部：食物的多少。
3. 「B」第二段第三四句見難句解釋。實際上，這種理論認(rèn)為，決定魚的數(shù)量的多寡的原因有二：一是捕撈量，即所謂人為原因；二是自然死亡，包括魚之間的斗爭。
4. 「B」本文第一句是全文的主旨，該句為：在過去的40年中，西方漁業(yè)科學(xué)家研究魚群的動態(tài)發(fā)展關(guān)系（dynamics of fish populations），目的在于確定捕撈量和持久捕撈量（sustainable catch）之間的關(guān)系。由此可見，他們研究主要是與商業(yè)性捕魚相關(guān)。
5. 「C」“morphologist”的意思是形態(tài)學(xué)家。
Passage 4
本文主要介紹了英國目前醫(yī)院內(nèi)為學(xué)齡住院患兒提供的教學(xué)條件的情況。作者在文中表現(xiàn)出十分失望的態(tài)度，呼吁社會對此表示關(guān)心，并希望及時改變現(xiàn)狀。
Reason for hospital teaching range from preventing a child falling behind and maintaining the habit of school to keeping a child occupied， and the latter is often all the teacher do. 醫(yī)院教學(xué)的目的包括防止學(xué)生掉隊和讓他們保持學(xué)校生活的習(xí)慣從而充實他們的生活。
1. 「B」提示詞“at the beginning”提示相關(guān)信息在文章起始位置，相關(guān)語句為“Proper records are just not kept”。說明人們對醫(yī)院內(nèi)教學(xué)了解甚少。
2. 「D」根據(jù)提示詞“the last survey”可在文章第三段找到相關(guān)信息。綜合分析可知，全國醫(yī)院內(nèi)教學(xué)狀況不盡相同。一半醫(yī)院承認(rèn)沒有老師，四分之一的醫(yī)院只有兼職老師。因此可推理出只有四分之一的醫(yī)院有專職老師。
3. 「B」本題詢問細(xì)節(jié)，相關(guān)語句為第六段的“Children tend to rely on concerned school friends to keep in touch with school work”。
4. 「D」“occupied”的意思是使……充實
5. 「C」本題詢問作者對醫(yī)院內(nèi)教學(xué)狀況的態(tài)度。全文表明，目前醫(yī)院內(nèi)教學(xué)狀況不盡如人意。有教師的醫(yī)院教學(xué)質(zhì)量也不令人滿意。