第二節(jié)、文章結(jié)構(gòu)(三段式寫(xiě)法)
一.段落的特性
1. 單一：Pollution has become a serious problem about which we worry. Wherever we turn we find pollution: polluted air, polluted water, polluted food and polluted environment. As we know, this is threatening the very survival of the human race.
2.連貫：In order to know what the weather will be, special people are hired to provide this information. These people are called weathermen. They work in a weather station every day. Some of them observe the weather; the others analyze weather information; and still others make forecast about the weather. It is known that their work can save thousands of lives and millions of dollars in property damage.
3.過(guò)渡：The traditional husband is different form modern husband in certain aspects. First of all, the traditional husband usually made the big decisions about spending money. However, the modern husband shares these decisions with his working wife. In addition, the traditional husband did not help with housework. In contrast, the modern husband helps his working wife at home. He may do some of the household jobs, and it is not unusual for him to cook.
二.段落的構(gòu)成
1.開(kāi)頭段的表達(dá)方法
1)主題句法(use of topic sentence)
Now people become increasingly aware of the importance of acquiring a mastery of a foreign language. To them, the knowledge of a foreign language, say, English, often means a good opportunity for one’s career, even a passport to a prosperous future. Many of them equate success in life with the ability of speaking a foreign language.
2)使用具體詳實(shí)的數(shù)字或數(shù)據(jù)(use figures or statistics)
In the past 5 years there has been a marked decline in the number of young married couples who want to have children, coupled with a growing trend toward delayed childbearing. According to official statistics, in 2003, about 28 percent of married couples with wives under 35 gave no birth to children, compared with the 1993 level of 8 percent.
3)使用引語(yǔ)(use a quotation)
“Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.” Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success.
4)給出背景(offer relevant background)
Once in a newspaper I read a crowd of people who remained appallingly indifferent to the plea of a mother. As she failed to offer the required amount of cash as a price to save her drowning son, the woman at last watched her son sink to death. The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV, and the casualness and detachment our people now have developed has aroused nationwide concern.
It was reported in the newspaper that a student killed four of his classmates just because of a trivial matter. It can be easily seen that pressure has become a serious issue we cannot neglect.
5)提出問(wèn)題(ask a question)
What do you want from your work? Money? Promotions? Interesting challenges? Continual learning? Work-based friendships? The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provides more than material things.
2.中間段的展開(kāi)方法
1)列舉法(Listing)
常用詞語(yǔ)：first, second, third...last
firstly, secondly, thirdly...finally
to begin with, what’s more, in the end
first of all, then, next, moreover, furthermore...
in the first place, in the second place, last but not least
Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives, and co-workers may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others despite our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with informational support. They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them. Third, we typically find social companionship supportive. Engaging in leisure-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time distracting us from our worries and troubles. Finally, other people may give us instrumental support—financial aid, material resources, and needed services—that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.
2)比較對(duì)比法(Comparison and Contrast)
常用詞語(yǔ)：just as, in comparison, like, similarly, likewise, correspondingly, similar to,
in contrast, on the other hand, on the contrary, unlike, whereas, but, however, yet, while
常用句型：There are some similarities/differences between...
We can compare...with...
...has something in common with...
By contrasting...and...
...has little in common with...
...are different in many ways...
Alfred Nobel, the Swedish inventor and industrialist, was a man of many sharp contrasts. (1) He was the son of a bankrupt, but became a millionaire; (2) a scientist with a love of literature, (3) an industrialist who managed to remain an idealist. (4) He made a fortune but lived a simple life, (5) and although cheerful in company he was often sad in private. (6) A lover of mankind, he never had a wife or family to love him; (7) a patriotic son of his native land, he died alone on foreign soil. (8) He invented a new explosive, dynamite, to improve the peacetime industries of mining and road building, but saw it used as a weapon of war to kill and injure his fellow men.
3)舉例法(Exemplification)
常 用詞語(yǔ)：show, exemplify, illustrate, prove, indicate, exhibit, demonstrate, for example, for instance, take...as an example, such as, like, a good case in point
常用句型：There are many examples to prove...Here I will cite just a few.
There is enough/convincing/sufficient evidence to prove...
Take...as an example.
An analysis of the above-mentioned cases may be useful in explaining...
Before you get the idea that economics is relevant only for politics or business, we should mention that economics focuses on all the choices the personal and social consequences of these choices. Some choices involve money, but many do not. Even seemingly non-economic decisions fall within the realm of economics. Most decisions involve attempts to balance costs against benefits, which may or may not be measurable with money. For example, many costs and benefits are primarily psychological.
4)因果法(Cause and Effect)
常用詞語(yǔ)：cause, result in, lead to, produce, bring about, contribute to, based on,
because, since, now that, therefore, thus, consequently, owing to, due to,
through, because of, on account of, as a result, as a consequence
常用句型：There are several reasons for...
The reasons why...can be traced to...
The causes for...are as follows...
Therefore, we can draw/arrive at/reach/make the following conclusions...
Professors will help students who need it, but prefer that their students not be overly dependent on them. In the United States, professors have other duties besides teaching. Often they are responsible for administrative work within their departments. In addition, they may be obliged to publish articles and books. Therefore the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is limited. If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either approach a professor during office hours or make an appointment.
5)分類(lèi)法(Classification)
常 用詞語(yǔ)：arrange in two/three categories, be classified into a number of groups, fall into the following kinds, be put into several groups
常用句型：...consists of...
...may be classified according to/on the basis of/depending on
...may be divided into...
There are two ways in which one can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you pay for clothes and furniture. But this act of purchase is only the prelude to possession. Full ownership comes only when you have made it a part of yourself, and the best way to make it a part of yourself is by illustration may make the point clear. You buy a beefsteak and transfer it from the butcher’s icebox to your own. But you do not own the beefsteak until you consume it and get it into your stomach. I am arguing that books, too, must be absorbed in your stomach to do you any good
一.段落的特性
1. 單一：Pollution has become a serious problem about which we worry. Wherever we turn we find pollution: polluted air, polluted water, polluted food and polluted environment. As we know, this is threatening the very survival of the human race.
2.連貫：In order to know what the weather will be, special people are hired to provide this information. These people are called weathermen. They work in a weather station every day. Some of them observe the weather; the others analyze weather information; and still others make forecast about the weather. It is known that their work can save thousands of lives and millions of dollars in property damage.
3.過(guò)渡：The traditional husband is different form modern husband in certain aspects. First of all, the traditional husband usually made the big decisions about spending money. However, the modern husband shares these decisions with his working wife. In addition, the traditional husband did not help with housework. In contrast, the modern husband helps his working wife at home. He may do some of the household jobs, and it is not unusual for him to cook.
二.段落的構(gòu)成
1.開(kāi)頭段的表達(dá)方法
1)主題句法(use of topic sentence)
Now people become increasingly aware of the importance of acquiring a mastery of a foreign language. To them, the knowledge of a foreign language, say, English, often means a good opportunity for one’s career, even a passport to a prosperous future. Many of them equate success in life with the ability of speaking a foreign language.
2)使用具體詳實(shí)的數(shù)字或數(shù)據(jù)(use figures or statistics)
In the past 5 years there has been a marked decline in the number of young married couples who want to have children, coupled with a growing trend toward delayed childbearing. According to official statistics, in 2003, about 28 percent of married couples with wives under 35 gave no birth to children, compared with the 1993 level of 8 percent.
3)使用引語(yǔ)(use a quotation)
“Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.” Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success.
4)給出背景(offer relevant background)
Once in a newspaper I read a crowd of people who remained appallingly indifferent to the plea of a mother. As she failed to offer the required amount of cash as a price to save her drowning son, the woman at last watched her son sink to death. The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV, and the casualness and detachment our people now have developed has aroused nationwide concern.
It was reported in the newspaper that a student killed four of his classmates just because of a trivial matter. It can be easily seen that pressure has become a serious issue we cannot neglect.
5)提出問(wèn)題(ask a question)
What do you want from your work? Money? Promotions? Interesting challenges? Continual learning? Work-based friendships? The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provides more than material things.
2.中間段的展開(kāi)方法
1)列舉法(Listing)
常用詞語(yǔ)：first, second, third...last
firstly, secondly, thirdly...finally
to begin with, what’s more, in the end
first of all, then, next, moreover, furthermore...
in the first place, in the second place, last but not least
Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives, and co-workers may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others despite our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with informational support. They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them. Third, we typically find social companionship supportive. Engaging in leisure-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time distracting us from our worries and troubles. Finally, other people may give us instrumental support—financial aid, material resources, and needed services—that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.
2)比較對(duì)比法(Comparison and Contrast)
常用詞語(yǔ)：just as, in comparison, like, similarly, likewise, correspondingly, similar to,
in contrast, on the other hand, on the contrary, unlike, whereas, but, however, yet, while
常用句型：There are some similarities/differences between...
We can compare...with...
...has something in common with...
By contrasting...and...
...has little in common with...
...are different in many ways...
Alfred Nobel, the Swedish inventor and industrialist, was a man of many sharp contrasts. (1) He was the son of a bankrupt, but became a millionaire; (2) a scientist with a love of literature, (3) an industrialist who managed to remain an idealist. (4) He made a fortune but lived a simple life, (5) and although cheerful in company he was often sad in private. (6) A lover of mankind, he never had a wife or family to love him; (7) a patriotic son of his native land, he died alone on foreign soil. (8) He invented a new explosive, dynamite, to improve the peacetime industries of mining and road building, but saw it used as a weapon of war to kill and injure his fellow men.
3)舉例法(Exemplification)
常 用詞語(yǔ)：show, exemplify, illustrate, prove, indicate, exhibit, demonstrate, for example, for instance, take...as an example, such as, like, a good case in point
常用句型：There are many examples to prove...Here I will cite just a few.
There is enough/convincing/sufficient evidence to prove...
Take...as an example.
An analysis of the above-mentioned cases may be useful in explaining...
Before you get the idea that economics is relevant only for politics or business, we should mention that economics focuses on all the choices the personal and social consequences of these choices. Some choices involve money, but many do not. Even seemingly non-economic decisions fall within the realm of economics. Most decisions involve attempts to balance costs against benefits, which may or may not be measurable with money. For example, many costs and benefits are primarily psychological.
4)因果法(Cause and Effect)
常用詞語(yǔ)：cause, result in, lead to, produce, bring about, contribute to, based on,
because, since, now that, therefore, thus, consequently, owing to, due to,
through, because of, on account of, as a result, as a consequence
常用句型：There are several reasons for...
The reasons why...can be traced to...
The causes for...are as follows...
Therefore, we can draw/arrive at/reach/make the following conclusions...
Professors will help students who need it, but prefer that their students not be overly dependent on them. In the United States, professors have other duties besides teaching. Often they are responsible for administrative work within their departments. In addition, they may be obliged to publish articles and books. Therefore the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is limited. If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either approach a professor during office hours or make an appointment.
5)分類(lèi)法(Classification)
常 用詞語(yǔ)：arrange in two/three categories, be classified into a number of groups, fall into the following kinds, be put into several groups
常用句型：...consists of...
...may be classified according to/on the basis of/depending on
...may be divided into...
There are two ways in which one can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you pay for clothes and furniture. But this act of purchase is only the prelude to possession. Full ownership comes only when you have made it a part of yourself, and the best way to make it a part of yourself is by illustration may make the point clear. You buy a beefsteak and transfer it from the butcher’s icebox to your own. But you do not own the beefsteak until you consume it and get it into your stomach. I am arguing that books, too, must be absorbed in your stomach to do you any good