16.During the Second World War, about 375,000 civilians died in the United States and about 408,000 members of the United States armed forces died overseas. On the basis of those figures, it can be concluded that it was not much more dangerous to be overseas in the armed forces during the Second World War than it was to stay at home as a civilian.Which of the following would reveal most clearly the absurdity of the conclusion drawn above?
（A） Counting deaths among members of the armed forces who served in the United States in addition to deaths among members of the armed forces serving overseas
（B） Expressing the difference between the numbers of deaths among civilians and members of the armed forces as a percentage of the total number of deaths
（C） Separating deaths caused by accidents during service in the armed forces from deaths caused by combat injuries
（D） Comparing death rates per thousand members of each group rather than comparing total numbers of deaths
（E） Comparing deaths caused by accidents in the United States to deaths caused by combat in the armed forces
17.One state adds a 7 percent sales tax to the price of most products purchased within its jurisdiction. This tax, therefore, if viewed as tax on income, has the reverse effect of the federal income tax: the lower the income, the higher the annual percentage rate at which the income is taxed.The conclusion above would be properly drawn if which of the following were assumed as a premise?
（A） The amount of money citizens spend on products subject to the state tax tends to be equal across income levels.
（B） The federal income tax favors citizens with high incomes, whereas the state sales tax favors citizens with low incomes.
（C） Citizens with low annual incomes can afford to pay a relatively higher percentage of their incomes in state sales tax, since their federal income tax is relatively low.
（D） The lower a state's sales tax, the more it will tend to redistribute income from the more affluent citizens to the rest of society.
（E） Citizens who fail to earn federally taxable income are also exempt from the state sales tax.
18.The average age of chief executive officers （CEO's） in a large sample of companies is 57. The average age of CEO's in those same companies 20 years ago was approximately eight years younger. On the basis of those data, it can be concluded that CEO's in general tend to be older now.Which of the following casts the most doubt on the conclusion drawn above?
（A） The dates when the CEO's assumed their current positions have not been specified.
（B） No information is given concerning the average number of years that CEO's remain in office.
（C） The information is based only on companies that have been operating for at least 20 years.
（D） Only approximate information is given concerning the average age of the CEO's 20 years ago.
（E） Information concerning the exact number of companies in the sample has not been given.
Questions 19-20 are based on the following.
Surveys show that every year only 10 percent of cigarette smokers switch brands. Yet the manufacturers have been spending an amount equal to 10 percent of their gross receipts on cigarette promotion in magazines. It follows from these figures that inducing cigarette smokers to switch brands did not pay, and that cigarette companies would have been no worse off economically if they had dropped their advertising.
19.Of the following, the best criticism of the conclusion that inducing cigarette smokers to switch brands did not pay is that the conclusion is based on
（A） computing advertising costs as a percentage of gross receipts, not of overall costs
（B） past patterns of smoking and may not carry over to the future
（C） the assumption that each smoker is loyal to a single brand of cigarettes at any one time
（D） the assumption that each manufacturer produces only one brand of cigarettes
（E） figures for the cigarette industry as a whole and may not hold for a particular company
20.Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion that cigarette companies could have dropped advertising without suffering economically?
（A） Cigarette advertisements provide a major proportion of total advertising revenue for numerous magazines.
（B） Cigarette promotion serves to attract first-time smokers to replace those people who have stopped smoking.
（C） There exists no research conclusively demonstrating that increases in cigarette advertising are related to increases in smoking.
（D） Advertising is so firmly established as a major business activity of cigarette manufacturers that they would be unlikely to drop it.
（E） Brand loyalty is typically not very strong among those who smoke inexpensive cigarettes.
參考答案：
1. A 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. B
6. B 7. B 8. D 9. D 10.E
11.C 12.E 13.C 14.B 15.C
16.D 17.A 18.C 19.E 20.B
（A） Counting deaths among members of the armed forces who served in the United States in addition to deaths among members of the armed forces serving overseas
（B） Expressing the difference between the numbers of deaths among civilians and members of the armed forces as a percentage of the total number of deaths
（C） Separating deaths caused by accidents during service in the armed forces from deaths caused by combat injuries
（D） Comparing death rates per thousand members of each group rather than comparing total numbers of deaths
（E） Comparing deaths caused by accidents in the United States to deaths caused by combat in the armed forces
17.One state adds a 7 percent sales tax to the price of most products purchased within its jurisdiction. This tax, therefore, if viewed as tax on income, has the reverse effect of the federal income tax: the lower the income, the higher the annual percentage rate at which the income is taxed.The conclusion above would be properly drawn if which of the following were assumed as a premise?
（A） The amount of money citizens spend on products subject to the state tax tends to be equal across income levels.
（B） The federal income tax favors citizens with high incomes, whereas the state sales tax favors citizens with low incomes.
（C） Citizens with low annual incomes can afford to pay a relatively higher percentage of their incomes in state sales tax, since their federal income tax is relatively low.
（D） The lower a state's sales tax, the more it will tend to redistribute income from the more affluent citizens to the rest of society.
（E） Citizens who fail to earn federally taxable income are also exempt from the state sales tax.
18.The average age of chief executive officers （CEO's） in a large sample of companies is 57. The average age of CEO's in those same companies 20 years ago was approximately eight years younger. On the basis of those data, it can be concluded that CEO's in general tend to be older now.Which of the following casts the most doubt on the conclusion drawn above?
（A） The dates when the CEO's assumed their current positions have not been specified.
（B） No information is given concerning the average number of years that CEO's remain in office.
（C） The information is based only on companies that have been operating for at least 20 years.
（D） Only approximate information is given concerning the average age of the CEO's 20 years ago.
（E） Information concerning the exact number of companies in the sample has not been given.
Questions 19-20 are based on the following.
Surveys show that every year only 10 percent of cigarette smokers switch brands. Yet the manufacturers have been spending an amount equal to 10 percent of their gross receipts on cigarette promotion in magazines. It follows from these figures that inducing cigarette smokers to switch brands did not pay, and that cigarette companies would have been no worse off economically if they had dropped their advertising.
19.Of the following, the best criticism of the conclusion that inducing cigarette smokers to switch brands did not pay is that the conclusion is based on
（A） computing advertising costs as a percentage of gross receipts, not of overall costs
（B） past patterns of smoking and may not carry over to the future
（C） the assumption that each smoker is loyal to a single brand of cigarettes at any one time
（D） the assumption that each manufacturer produces only one brand of cigarettes
（E） figures for the cigarette industry as a whole and may not hold for a particular company
20.Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion that cigarette companies could have dropped advertising without suffering economically?
（A） Cigarette advertisements provide a major proportion of total advertising revenue for numerous magazines.
（B） Cigarette promotion serves to attract first-time smokers to replace those people who have stopped smoking.
（C） There exists no research conclusively demonstrating that increases in cigarette advertising are related to increases in smoking.
（D） Advertising is so firmly established as a major business activity of cigarette manufacturers that they would be unlikely to drop it.
（E） Brand loyalty is typically not very strong among those who smoke inexpensive cigarettes.
參考答案：
1. A 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. B
6. B 7. B 8. D 9. D 10.E
11.C 12.E 13.C 14.B 15.C
16.D 17.A 18.C 19.E 20.B