Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected Americans. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not Americans, who have become anti-intellectual.
First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? （46） I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic（蘇格拉底） way about moral problems .He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. （47） His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.
This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals —— the average scientist for one 48） I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties.—— he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. （49） But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.
The definition also excludes the majority of factors, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living （50） They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment .This description even fits the majority eminent scholars .“Being learned in some branch of human knowledge in one thing, living in public and industrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say ,“is something else.”
Unit13 翻譯題解
46. I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic（蘇格拉底） way about moral problems
［參考譯文］我會把知識分子定義為這樣的人：他把用蘇格拉底方式思考道德問題作為人生的主要任務(wù)和樂趣。
47.His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.
［參考譯文］知識分子的作用與法官相似，他必須接受一種義務(wù)，那就是在盡可能清楚的事情中揭示導(dǎo)致其做出決定的推理過程。
48.I have excluded him /because, （while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, ）he has not been charges with the task /of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.
［參考譯文］我之所以把普通科學(xué)家排除在外，是因?yàn)楸M管他的成就可能有助于解決道德問題，但他還沒承擔(dān)起研究道德問題事實(shí)方面以外的任何責(zé)任。
49. But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.
［參考譯文］但是，普通科學(xué)家的主要任務(wù)并非思考指導(dǎo)其行為的道德規(guī)范，正如我們并不指望商人把精力投入到商業(yè)行為的探索一樣。
50. They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.
［參考譯文］知識分子可能很會教書，而且不僅僅是掙工資，但是他們大部分人對涉及道德判斷的人類問題很少或者根本不進(jìn)行獨(dú)立思考。
First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? （46） I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic（蘇格拉底） way about moral problems .He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. （47） His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.
This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals —— the average scientist for one 48） I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties.—— he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. （49） But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.
The definition also excludes the majority of factors, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living （50） They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment .This description even fits the majority eminent scholars .“Being learned in some branch of human knowledge in one thing, living in public and industrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say ,“is something else.”
Unit13 翻譯題解
46. I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic（蘇格拉底） way about moral problems
［參考譯文］我會把知識分子定義為這樣的人：他把用蘇格拉底方式思考道德問題作為人生的主要任務(wù)和樂趣。
47.His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.
［參考譯文］知識分子的作用與法官相似，他必須接受一種義務(wù)，那就是在盡可能清楚的事情中揭示導(dǎo)致其做出決定的推理過程。
48.I have excluded him /because, （while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, ）he has not been charges with the task /of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.
［參考譯文］我之所以把普通科學(xué)家排除在外，是因?yàn)楸M管他的成就可能有助于解決道德問題，但他還沒承擔(dān)起研究道德問題事實(shí)方面以外的任何責(zé)任。
49. But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.
［參考譯文］但是，普通科學(xué)家的主要任務(wù)并非思考指導(dǎo)其行為的道德規(guī)范，正如我們并不指望商人把精力投入到商業(yè)行為的探索一樣。
50. They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.
［參考譯文］知識分子可能很會教書，而且不僅僅是掙工資，但是他們大部分人對涉及道德判斷的人類問題很少或者根本不進(jìn)行獨(dú)立思考。