英語講義【54】具副詞功能的過去分詞短語

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和現(xiàn)在分詞及短語一樣,過去分詞(past participles)或過去分詞短語(past participial phrases)也可以充當副詞,修飾謂語動詞。
    過去分詞短語可以表達下列四種意思:
    ㈠方法或活動方式,如:
    ● He walked up and down, lost in thought.
    ● I sat before the desk until after mid-night, absorbed in writing.
    ● Surrounded by a host of fans, the film star left the airport excitedly.
    ㈡原因,如:
    ● Greatly disappointed, some staff decided to leave the place.
    ● Taken by surprise, the enemy surrendered.
    ㈢時間,如:
    ● Born and bred in a turbulent age, the older generation of people experienced all sorts of hardships.
    ● Thrown to the floor, the boy regained his footing a few minutes later.
    ㈣條件,如:
    ● Given more time, the slow learners would have done better.
    ● Criticised by someone else, Tony would not have flared up like that.
    除了直接修飾動詞之外,過去分詞或短語也可以和連詞合組成短語,表示下列四種意思:
    ⒈由 when, whenever, while, until 等連詞引導,表示“ 時間”,如:
    ● When asked about his previous job, Bill said he had been a motor mechanic.
    ● Susan seldom speaks in class until spoken to.
    ⒉由 where, wherever 連詞引導,表示“地點”,如:
    ● Mosquitoes should be completely exterminated where found.
    ● Retirees in good health should be invited to return to work wherever needed.
    ⒊由 if, unless 引導,表示“條件”,如:
    ● If kept for too long, some medicines will lose their effectiveness.
    ● We have made a point of not attacking unless attacked.
    ⒋由 though, although, even though 連詞引導,表示“讓步 ”,如:
    ● Though warned of the danger, they still went mountaineering.
    ● Even though defeated for a second time, our team did not give up hope for the ultimate victory.
    此外,過去分詞短語還可以和介詞“with”或“without”連用,具副詞作用。如:
    ● With the water pipe choked, there wasn't any more water for use.
    ● Without anything left in the kitchen, the Wangs decided to eat out.
    最后,過去分詞短語,在適當情況下,可以有自己的主語而變成獨立結(jié)構(gòu)(the absolute construction),如:
    ● The old man listened, his head inclined to one side.