澳大利亞大堡礁英文介紹Great Barrier Reef
澳大利亞大堡礁英文導(dǎo)游詞
用英語(yǔ)介紹澳大利亞大堡礁
The Great Barrier Reef is the only living organic collective visible from Earth's orbit. The Great Barrier Reef, off the east coast of Australia, is one of the wonders of the natural world - it is the world's largest coral reef ecosystem. It was declared a World Heritage area in 1981.
The reef is scattered with beautiful islands and idyllic coral cays and covers more than 300,000 square kilometres. The Great Barrier Reef system consists of more than 3000 reefs which range in size from 1 hectare to over 10,000 hectares in area. Dunk Island is one of more than 600 islands of the Great Barrier Reef.
Human activity in the Reef areas has led to increased pollutants and the reef has suffered damage. Protecting the Reef is the responsibility of the Marine Park Authority. In 2003, the previous Australian Government and Queensland Governments, in partnership with a wide range of industry and community groups, developed the Reef Water Quality Protection Reef Plan (the Reef Plan) as a combined effort to protect the Reef.
Of particular concern is wetlands - which have decreased by over 50 per cent since European settlement. The Great Barrier Reef Coastal Wetlands Protection Programme is developing measures for the long term conservation and management of priority wetlands.
大堡礁（Great Barrier Reef Queensland, Australia）是世界上、最長(zhǎng)的珊瑚礁區(qū)，是世界七大自然景觀之一，也是澳大利亞人最引以為自豪的天然景觀。又稱為“透明清澈的海中野生王國(guó)”。
大堡礁位于澳大利亞?wèn)|北部昆士蘭省對(duì)開(kāi)，是一處延綿2000公里的地段，它縱貫蜿蜒于澳大利亞?wèn)|海岸，全長(zhǎng)2011公里，最寬處161公里。南端最遠(yuǎn)離海岸241公里，北端離海岸僅16公里。在落潮時(shí)，部分的珊瑚礁露出水面形成珊瑚島。這里景色迷人、險(xiǎn)峻莫測(cè)，水流異常復(fù)雜，生存著400余種不同類(lèi)型的珊瑚礁，其中有世界上的珊瑚礁，魚(yú)類(lèi)1500種，軟體動(dòng)物達(dá)4000余種，聚集的鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)242種，有著得天獨(dú)厚的科學(xué)研究條件，這里還是某些瀕臨滅絕的動(dòng)物物種（如人魚(yú)和巨型綠龜）的棲息地。
令人不可思議的是，營(yíng)造如此龐大"工程"的"建筑師"，是直徑只有幾毫米的腔腸動(dòng)物珊瑚蟲(chóng)。珊瑚蟲(chóng)體態(tài)玲瓏，色澤美麗，只能生活在全年水溫保持在22-28度的水域，且水質(zhì)必須潔凈、透明度高。澳大利亞?wèn)|北岸外大陸架海域正具備珊瑚蟲(chóng)繁衍生殖的理想條件。珊瑚蟲(chóng)以浮游生物為食，群體生活，能分泌出石灰質(zhì)骨骼。老一代珊瑚蟲(chóng)死后留下遺骸，新一代繼續(xù)發(fā)育繁衍，像樹(shù)木抽枝發(fā)芽一樣，向高處和兩旁發(fā)展。如此年復(fù)一年，日積月累，珊瑚蟲(chóng)分泌的石灰質(zhì)骨骼，連同藻類(lèi)、貝殼等海洋生物殘骸膠結(jié)一起，堆積成一個(gè)個(gè)珊瑚礁體。珊瑚礁的建造過(guò)程十分緩慢，在的條件下，礁體每年不過(guò)增厚3-4厘米。有的礁巖厚度已達(dá)數(shù)百米，說(shuō)明這些"建筑師"們?cè)诖思航?jīng)歷了漫長(zhǎng)的歲月。同時(shí)也說(shuō)明，澳大利亞?wèn)|北海岸地區(qū)在地質(zhì)曾經(jīng)歷過(guò)沉陷過(guò)程，使追求陽(yáng)光和食物的珊瑚不斷向上增長(zhǎng)。在大堡礁，有350多種珊瑚，無(wú)論形狀、大小、顏色都極不相同，有些非常微小，有的可寬達(dá)2米。珊瑚千姿百態(tài)，有扇形、半球形、鞭形、鹿角形、樹(shù)木和花朵狀的。珊瑚棲息的水域顏色從白、青到藍(lán)靛，絢麗多彩．珊瑚也有淡粉紅、深玫瑰紅、鮮黃、藍(lán)相綠色，異常鮮艷。
Coral. Image courtesy of the Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts.
The coral Corals make up the various reefs and cays. These are the basis for the great variety of sea and animal life in the Reef. Coral consists of individual coral polyps - tiny live creatures which join together to form colonies. Each polyp lives inside a shell of aragonite, a type of calcium carbonate which is the hard shell we recognise as coral. The polyps join together to create forests of coloured coral in interesting fan, antler, brain and plate shapes.
The ideal environment for coral is shallow warm water where there is a lot of water movement, plenty of light, where the water is salty and low in nutrients. There are many different types of coral, some are slow growing and live to be hundreds of years old, others are faster growing. The colours of coral are created by algae. Only live coral is coloured. Dead coral is white.
One of the greatest dangers to the habitat is the Crown of Thorns starfish. Since the 1960s the Crown of Thorns has been destroying the corals which make up the reef. Crown of Thorns outbreaks go through a series of stages which can take from 1 to 15 years. The impact of a Crown of Thorns infestation on sea and bird life can be significant as the corals die.
Another scourge of the reef is bleaching, where corals have died in large numbers. This phenomenon is not exclusive to Queensland's Great Barrier Reef, but has been observed on reefs throughout the world. It is thought the bleaching has been caused by rises in water temperature related to the El Nino effect, although the evidence is not conclusive.
The coral has, over the years, brought many ships to grief including Captain James Cook's ship Endeavour. One of the most famous wrecks is that of the HMS Pandora, which foundered in 1791. The Queensland Museum has been leading archaeological digs to the Pandora since 1983 and its most recent was completed in February 1999. There are 30 shipwreck sites known in the marine park.
A turtle swimming in the Great Barrier Reef. Image Courtesy of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.
The habitatThe World Heritage Area hosts many habitats or native environments where animals and plants naturally live.
Different degrees of protection are provided for different habitats in the World Heritage Area. One of the main aims of the Reef Plan is to maintain biodiversity within the larger ecosystem of the Reef as well as different habitats to help sustain the biodiversity of species and population levels.
The Great Barrier Reef area abounds with wildlife, including dugong and green turtles, varieties of dolphins and whales, more than 1500 species of fish, 4000 types of mollusc and more than 200 species of bird life.
Tourists on the Great Barrier Reef. Image Courtesy of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.
However, in 2006 it was reported that over the last 40 years, 'numbers of nesting loggerhead turtles have declined by between 50 percent and 80 percent; and 'estimates of dugong populations ... indicate that they are currently only about 3 percent of what they were in the early 1960s'. Since 2004, rezoning different areas of the reef was introduced to try and recognise important habitats as well as identify different species of fish as key targets of protection.
TourismMore than two million people visit the reef each year generating more than $AU2 billion in tourism dollars, making tourism a major earner for the north-eastern Australian economy. Tourists are carried to the reef system by more than 500 commercial vessels, and tourism is permitted through nearly all the Park.
Most of the Reef is part of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and various parts of it are protected in certain ways. For example, fishing is restricted in some areas and particular animals - like whales, dolphins, green turtles and dugong - are protected.
Tourism may also have a negative impact, with fragile corals broken by reef walking, dropped anchors or by boats dropping fuel and other sorts of pollution. Even the number of people in the water with the associated run-off of sweat and suntan lotions may well have a negative impact on the fragile reef environment.
Before visiting the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, it is important you study the zoning mapfor the area you are visiting to be sure of the activities that you can do and where you can do them.
The Marine Park Authority also recognises the need to protect the cultural and heritage values held by traditional owners. Since 2004, Indigenous traditional owners and government agencies are working together in relation to the traditional use of marine resources.
澳大利亞大堡礁英文導(dǎo)游詞
用英語(yǔ)介紹澳大利亞大堡礁
The Great Barrier Reef is the only living organic collective visible from Earth's orbit. The Great Barrier Reef, off the east coast of Australia, is one of the wonders of the natural world - it is the world's largest coral reef ecosystem. It was declared a World Heritage area in 1981.
The reef is scattered with beautiful islands and idyllic coral cays and covers more than 300,000 square kilometres. The Great Barrier Reef system consists of more than 3000 reefs which range in size from 1 hectare to over 10,000 hectares in area. Dunk Island is one of more than 600 islands of the Great Barrier Reef.
Human activity in the Reef areas has led to increased pollutants and the reef has suffered damage. Protecting the Reef is the responsibility of the Marine Park Authority. In 2003, the previous Australian Government and Queensland Governments, in partnership with a wide range of industry and community groups, developed the Reef Water Quality Protection Reef Plan (the Reef Plan) as a combined effort to protect the Reef.
Of particular concern is wetlands - which have decreased by over 50 per cent since European settlement. The Great Barrier Reef Coastal Wetlands Protection Programme is developing measures for the long term conservation and management of priority wetlands.
大堡礁（Great Barrier Reef Queensland, Australia）是世界上、最長(zhǎng)的珊瑚礁區(qū)，是世界七大自然景觀之一，也是澳大利亞人最引以為自豪的天然景觀。又稱為“透明清澈的海中野生王國(guó)”。
大堡礁位于澳大利亞?wèn)|北部昆士蘭省對(duì)開(kāi)，是一處延綿2000公里的地段，它縱貫蜿蜒于澳大利亞?wèn)|海岸，全長(zhǎng)2011公里，最寬處161公里。南端最遠(yuǎn)離海岸241公里，北端離海岸僅16公里。在落潮時(shí)，部分的珊瑚礁露出水面形成珊瑚島。這里景色迷人、險(xiǎn)峻莫測(cè)，水流異常復(fù)雜，生存著400余種不同類(lèi)型的珊瑚礁，其中有世界上的珊瑚礁，魚(yú)類(lèi)1500種，軟體動(dòng)物達(dá)4000余種，聚集的鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)242種，有著得天獨(dú)厚的科學(xué)研究條件，這里還是某些瀕臨滅絕的動(dòng)物物種（如人魚(yú)和巨型綠龜）的棲息地。
令人不可思議的是，營(yíng)造如此龐大"工程"的"建筑師"，是直徑只有幾毫米的腔腸動(dòng)物珊瑚蟲(chóng)。珊瑚蟲(chóng)體態(tài)玲瓏，色澤美麗，只能生活在全年水溫保持在22-28度的水域，且水質(zhì)必須潔凈、透明度高。澳大利亞?wèn)|北岸外大陸架海域正具備珊瑚蟲(chóng)繁衍生殖的理想條件。珊瑚蟲(chóng)以浮游生物為食，群體生活，能分泌出石灰質(zhì)骨骼。老一代珊瑚蟲(chóng)死后留下遺骸，新一代繼續(xù)發(fā)育繁衍，像樹(shù)木抽枝發(fā)芽一樣，向高處和兩旁發(fā)展。如此年復(fù)一年，日積月累，珊瑚蟲(chóng)分泌的石灰質(zhì)骨骼，連同藻類(lèi)、貝殼等海洋生物殘骸膠結(jié)一起，堆積成一個(gè)個(gè)珊瑚礁體。珊瑚礁的建造過(guò)程十分緩慢，在的條件下，礁體每年不過(guò)增厚3-4厘米。有的礁巖厚度已達(dá)數(shù)百米，說(shuō)明這些"建筑師"們?cè)诖思航?jīng)歷了漫長(zhǎng)的歲月。同時(shí)也說(shuō)明，澳大利亞?wèn)|北海岸地區(qū)在地質(zhì)曾經(jīng)歷過(guò)沉陷過(guò)程，使追求陽(yáng)光和食物的珊瑚不斷向上增長(zhǎng)。在大堡礁，有350多種珊瑚，無(wú)論形狀、大小、顏色都極不相同，有些非常微小，有的可寬達(dá)2米。珊瑚千姿百態(tài)，有扇形、半球形、鞭形、鹿角形、樹(shù)木和花朵狀的。珊瑚棲息的水域顏色從白、青到藍(lán)靛，絢麗多彩．珊瑚也有淡粉紅、深玫瑰紅、鮮黃、藍(lán)相綠色，異常鮮艷。
Coral. Image courtesy of the Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts.
The coral Corals make up the various reefs and cays. These are the basis for the great variety of sea and animal life in the Reef. Coral consists of individual coral polyps - tiny live creatures which join together to form colonies. Each polyp lives inside a shell of aragonite, a type of calcium carbonate which is the hard shell we recognise as coral. The polyps join together to create forests of coloured coral in interesting fan, antler, brain and plate shapes.
The ideal environment for coral is shallow warm water where there is a lot of water movement, plenty of light, where the water is salty and low in nutrients. There are many different types of coral, some are slow growing and live to be hundreds of years old, others are faster growing. The colours of coral are created by algae. Only live coral is coloured. Dead coral is white.
One of the greatest dangers to the habitat is the Crown of Thorns starfish. Since the 1960s the Crown of Thorns has been destroying the corals which make up the reef. Crown of Thorns outbreaks go through a series of stages which can take from 1 to 15 years. The impact of a Crown of Thorns infestation on sea and bird life can be significant as the corals die.
Another scourge of the reef is bleaching, where corals have died in large numbers. This phenomenon is not exclusive to Queensland's Great Barrier Reef, but has been observed on reefs throughout the world. It is thought the bleaching has been caused by rises in water temperature related to the El Nino effect, although the evidence is not conclusive.
The coral has, over the years, brought many ships to grief including Captain James Cook's ship Endeavour. One of the most famous wrecks is that of the HMS Pandora, which foundered in 1791. The Queensland Museum has been leading archaeological digs to the Pandora since 1983 and its most recent was completed in February 1999. There are 30 shipwreck sites known in the marine park.
A turtle swimming in the Great Barrier Reef. Image Courtesy of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.
The habitatThe World Heritage Area hosts many habitats or native environments where animals and plants naturally live.
Different degrees of protection are provided for different habitats in the World Heritage Area. One of the main aims of the Reef Plan is to maintain biodiversity within the larger ecosystem of the Reef as well as different habitats to help sustain the biodiversity of species and population levels.
The Great Barrier Reef area abounds with wildlife, including dugong and green turtles, varieties of dolphins and whales, more than 1500 species of fish, 4000 types of mollusc and more than 200 species of bird life.
Tourists on the Great Barrier Reef. Image Courtesy of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.
However, in 2006 it was reported that over the last 40 years, 'numbers of nesting loggerhead turtles have declined by between 50 percent and 80 percent; and 'estimates of dugong populations ... indicate that they are currently only about 3 percent of what they were in the early 1960s'. Since 2004, rezoning different areas of the reef was introduced to try and recognise important habitats as well as identify different species of fish as key targets of protection.
TourismMore than two million people visit the reef each year generating more than $AU2 billion in tourism dollars, making tourism a major earner for the north-eastern Australian economy. Tourists are carried to the reef system by more than 500 commercial vessels, and tourism is permitted through nearly all the Park.
Most of the Reef is part of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and various parts of it are protected in certain ways. For example, fishing is restricted in some areas and particular animals - like whales, dolphins, green turtles and dugong - are protected.
Tourism may also have a negative impact, with fragile corals broken by reef walking, dropped anchors or by boats dropping fuel and other sorts of pollution. Even the number of people in the water with the associated run-off of sweat and suntan lotions may well have a negative impact on the fragile reef environment.
Before visiting the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, it is important you study the zoning mapfor the area you are visiting to be sure of the activities that you can do and where you can do them.
The Marine Park Authority also recognises the need to protect the cultural and heritage values held by traditional owners. Since 2004, Indigenous traditional owners and government agencies are working together in relation to the traditional use of marine resources.