四、冠詞和數(shù)詞
【考點(diǎn)直擊】
1.不定冠詞a與an的用法
2.定冠詞the的用法
3."零"冠詞
4.基數(shù)詞的用法
5.序數(shù)詞的用法
【點(diǎn)睛】
一. 冠詞的用法
冠詞是虛詞，放在名詞之前，用來(lái)說(shuō)明名詞指的人或事物。冠詞有兩種。
A(an)叫不定冠詞，the叫定冠詞。A用在輔音之前，an用在元音之前。
1. 不定冠詞的用法
(1) a和an均用在單數(shù)名詞之前，表示某一類人或事物。例如：
John is a student.
Mary is an English teacher.
(2) 指某一類人或事物中的任何一個(gè)。例如:
A steel worker makes steel.
Pass me an apple, please.
(3) 指某人或某物，但不具體說(shuō)明何人或和物。例如：
A student wants to see you.
A girl is waiting for you outside.
(4) 表示“每一”的意思，相當(dāng)于every。例如：
Take the medicine three times a day.
They go to see their parents once a week.
2. 定冠詞用法
(1) 特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。例如：
The book on the desk is an English dictionary.
Beijing is the capital of China.
(2) 指說(shuō)話人和聽(tīng)話人都熟悉的人或事物。例如：
Open the door, please.
Jack is in the library.
(3) 上文提到過(guò)的人或事物。例如：
Yesterday John’s father bought him a new bike. The bike cost him 200 yuan.
(4) 表示世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物。例如：
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
(5) 用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞級(jí)之前。例如：
Shanghai is the biggest city in China.
January is the first month of the year.
(6) 用在某些形容詞之前，表示某一類人或事物。例如：
The nurse is kind to the sick.
We should take good care of the old.
(7) 用在某些專有名詞之前和某些習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中。例如：
the Great Wall, the Summer palace, in the morning, in the open air等。
(8) 用在姓氏復(fù)數(shù)之前，表示“某某一家人”，“某某夫婦”。例如：
the Browns, the whites等。
3. 不用冠詞的情況
(1) 某些專有名詞，抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞前一般不用冠詞。例如：
China, Canada, Japanese, glass, water, love等。
(2) 名詞前已有作定語(yǔ)用的this, that, my, your, whose, some, any, no, each, every等代詞時(shí)，不用冠詞。例如：
That is my cap.
I have some questions.
Go down this street.
(3) 復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示一類人或事物時(shí)，不用冠詞。
They are workers.
We are students.
(4) 稱呼語(yǔ)前不用冠詞，表示頭銜和職務(wù)的名詞前也不加冠詞。例如：
I don’t feel well today, Mother.
Bush was made president of the U.S.
(5) 三餐飯的名稱前，球類活動(dòng)，學(xué)科和節(jié)目名詞前，常不用冠詞。例如：
I have lunch at home.
He often plays football after class.
We have English and maths every day.
(6) 在某些固定詞組里，名詞之前常不用冠詞。例如：
By air, at night, at home, go to bed, go to school, on foot, from morning till night 等。
二. 數(shù)詞的用法
數(shù)詞分基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞?；鶖?shù)詞表示數(shù)目，序數(shù)詞表示順序。
1. 基數(shù)詞的用法
(1) 基數(shù)詞在句中主要用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)，例如：
Thirty of them are Party members.（主語(yǔ)）
--- How many would you like？
--- Three ，please．（作賓語(yǔ)）
The nine boys are from Tianjing.（定語(yǔ)）
Six plus four is ten.（表語(yǔ)）
We four will go with you.（同位語(yǔ)）
(2) 表示一個(gè)具體數(shù)字時(shí)，hundred, thousand, million一律不用復(fù)數(shù)；在表示一個(gè)不確定數(shù)字時(shí)則用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
Our country has a population of 1,300 million people.
There are three thousand students in our school.
After the war, thousands of people became homeless.
Maize is the most important food crop for millions of people in the world.
They arrived in twos and threes．
(3) 表示“……十”的數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式可用來(lái)表示人的歲數(shù)或年代，例如：
He is in his early thirties．
He died still in his forties．
This took place in 1930s．
(4) 表示時(shí)刻用基數(shù)詞。例如：
We get up at six.
The workers begin work at eight.
表示“幾點(diǎn)過(guò)幾分”，用介詞past,但須在半小時(shí)以內(nèi)。例如：
ten past ten,
a quarter past nine,
half past twelve
表示“幾點(diǎn)差幾分”用介詞to, 但分?jǐn)?shù)須在半小時(shí)以上。例如：
twenty to nine,
five to eight,
a quarter to ten
表示“幾點(diǎn)幾分”還可直接用基數(shù)詞。例如：
seven fifteen,
eleven thirty,
nine twenty
2. 序數(shù)詞的用法
（1）序數(shù)詞主要用作定語(yǔ)，前面要加定冠詞，例如：
The first truck is carrying a foot baskets．
John lives on the fifteenth floor．
（2）序數(shù)詞有時(shí)前面可加不定冠詞來(lái)表示“再一”，“又一”這樣的意思，例如：
We'll have to do it a second time．
Shall I ask him a third time？
When I sat down，a fourth man rose to speak．
（3）由幾個(gè)序數(shù)詞和基數(shù)詞在拼寫時(shí)不對(duì)應(yīng)，很容易寫錯(cuò)，應(yīng)特別注意。它們是：one---first, two---second, three---third, five---fifth, eight---eighth, nine---ninth, twelve---twelfth。
（4）表示年，月，日時(shí)， 年用基數(shù)詞表示，日用序數(shù)詞表示。例如：
1949年十月一日讀作: October (the) first, nineteen sixty
2004年九月十日讀作：September (the) tenth, two thousand and four
（5）表示分?jǐn)?shù)時(shí)，分子用基數(shù)詞表示，分母用序數(shù)詞表示。分子大于1時(shí)，分母加-s。例如：
three fourths,
one second,
two fifths
（6）序數(shù)詞有時(shí)用縮寫形式：
first→1st second→2nd
third→3rd fourth→4th
twenty-second→22nd
【實(shí)例解析】
1. (2004年上海市徐匯區(qū)中考試題)
About ________ students in our class can describe that place in English.
A. three-fifths B. three-fifth C. third-five D. third-fifths
答案：A。該題考查的是分?jǐn)?shù)的表示法。分子用基數(shù)詞表示，分母用序數(shù)詞表示。分子大于1時(shí)，分母應(yīng)加-s，因此應(yīng)選A。
2. (2004年河北省中考試題)
Nine _______ pounds a week? That’s very good.
A. hundred of B. hundreds of
C. hundreds D. hundred
答案：D。該題考查的是數(shù)詞的用法。Nine hundred是一個(gè)具體的數(shù)量，這是數(shù)詞不能用復(fù)數(shù)形式，后面也不能加of。所以應(yīng)選D。
3. (2004年北京市海淀區(qū)中考試題)
We often have sports after class, and I like to play _______ basketball.
A. a B. an C. the D. 不填
答案：D。該題考查的是冠詞的用法。球類運(yùn)動(dòng)之前不加冠詞，因此應(yīng)選D。
4. (2004年江西省中考試題)
This is _______ song I’ve told you about. Isn’t it _______ beautiful one?
A. the; the B. a; a C. the; a D. a; the
答案：C。該題考查的是冠詞的用法。第一個(gè)空是特指，特指我給你說(shuō)過(guò)的那首歌，第二個(gè)空是表示某一個(gè)類別。所以應(yīng)選C。
【中考演練】
一. .單項(xiàng)填空
1. This morning I had ________ egg and a bottle of milk for my breakfast.
A. an B. a C. the D./
2. ---What’s the matter with you?
---I caught ________ bad cold and had to stay in ________.
A. a;/ B. a; the C. a; a D. the; the
3. ---Have you seen _______ pen? I left it here this morning.
---Is it ________ black one? I think I saw it somewhere.
A. a; the B. the; the C. the; a D. a; a
4. _______ sun is shining brightly.
A. A B. An C. The D. /
5. There is _______ “h” in the word hour.
A. a B. the C. an D./
6. Did you enjoy your stay in Xian?
Yes. I had _______ wonderful time.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
7. ______ sun is bigger than _______ earth.
A. A; the B. A; an C. The; an D. The; the
8. There is _______ apple and some pears on the table.
A. the B./ C. a D. an
9. David has _______ cat. It’s very nice.
A. a B. an C. the D./
10. I’m reading _______ novel. It is _______ interesting story.
A. a; an B. a; a C. the; the D. /; an
11. It is said that SARS has killed more than ________ people worldwide.
A. three hundreds B. three hundreds’
C. three hundred’s D. three hundred
12. ---How many workers are there in your factory?
---There are two __________.
A. hundreds B. hundred C. hundred of D. hundreds of
13. ---Which is the smallest number of the four?
---_______________.
A. Two-thirds B. A half C. A quarter D. Three-fourths
14. ---What do you think of a war, Li Ming?
---I’ve no idea. But it’s a fact that _______ people had to leave their hometown during the War on Iraq.
A. three thousands B. thousand of
C. thousands of D. several thousands
15. We all think that the _______ century will bring us more hopes.
A. twenty-first B. twentieth-first
C. twenty-one D. twentieth-one
16. ---Can you write the number eighty-five thousand, six hundred and twenty-six?
---Yes, it is __________.
A. 856620 B. 85626 C. 58662 D. 58626
17. When was the PRC founded? It was founded on _________.
A. July 1, 1921 B. October 1, 1949
C. August 1, 1927 D. May 1, 1922
18. I was 8 years old when my father was 31. This year my father is twice my age. How old am I?
A. 21 B. 22 C. 23 D. 24
19. _______ Chinese are looking for ways to learn English well before Beijing 2008 Olympics.
A. Thousand B. Thousands C. Thousand of D. Thousands of
20. Both of the two rulers are broken. I want to buy a _______one.
A. three B. third C. forth D. /
二. 句子改錯(cuò)：下面各句A, B, C, D中有一處錯(cuò)誤，請(qǐng)指出并改正。
1. May is a fifth month of the year.
A B C D
2. The film has been on for half a hour.
A B C D
3. The boys and the girls often play the foot ball in the afternoon.
A B C D
4. It looks rain. Why not take a umbrella with you?
A B C D
5. Li Mei often gives us some good information by the e-meil.
A B C D
6. We’ve planted two hundreds trees in the centre of our city this year.
A B C D
7. Five million of dollars is a lot of money.
A B C D
8. There are thousand of children in the park now.
A B C D
9. By the end of twenty century, the world population had passed six billion.
A B C D
10. Over three fifth of the world’s books and newspapers are written in English.
A B C D
【練習(xí)答案】
一. 1.A 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.D 8.D 9.A 10.A11.D 12.B 13.C 14.C 15.A 16.B 17.B 18.C 19.D 20.B
二. 1.B a→the 2.D a→an 3.C 去掉the 4.C a→an 5.D去掉the 6.B two hundreds→two hundred 7.B 去掉of 8.B thousand→thousands 9.B twenty→twentieth 10.A three fifth→three fifths
【考點(diǎn)直擊】
1.不定冠詞a與an的用法
2.定冠詞the的用法
3."零"冠詞
4.基數(shù)詞的用法
5.序數(shù)詞的用法
【點(diǎn)睛】
一. 冠詞的用法
冠詞是虛詞，放在名詞之前，用來(lái)說(shuō)明名詞指的人或事物。冠詞有兩種。
A(an)叫不定冠詞，the叫定冠詞。A用在輔音之前，an用在元音之前。
1. 不定冠詞的用法
(1) a和an均用在單數(shù)名詞之前，表示某一類人或事物。例如：
John is a student.
Mary is an English teacher.
(2) 指某一類人或事物中的任何一個(gè)。例如:
A steel worker makes steel.
Pass me an apple, please.
(3) 指某人或某物，但不具體說(shuō)明何人或和物。例如：
A student wants to see you.
A girl is waiting for you outside.
(4) 表示“每一”的意思，相當(dāng)于every。例如：
Take the medicine three times a day.
They go to see their parents once a week.
2. 定冠詞用法
(1) 特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。例如：
The book on the desk is an English dictionary.
Beijing is the capital of China.
(2) 指說(shuō)話人和聽(tīng)話人都熟悉的人或事物。例如：
Open the door, please.
Jack is in the library.
(3) 上文提到過(guò)的人或事物。例如：
Yesterday John’s father bought him a new bike. The bike cost him 200 yuan.
(4) 表示世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物。例如：
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
(5) 用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞級(jí)之前。例如：
Shanghai is the biggest city in China.
January is the first month of the year.
(6) 用在某些形容詞之前，表示某一類人或事物。例如：
The nurse is kind to the sick.
We should take good care of the old.
(7) 用在某些專有名詞之前和某些習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中。例如：
the Great Wall, the Summer palace, in the morning, in the open air等。
(8) 用在姓氏復(fù)數(shù)之前，表示“某某一家人”，“某某夫婦”。例如：
the Browns, the whites等。
3. 不用冠詞的情況
(1) 某些專有名詞，抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞前一般不用冠詞。例如：
China, Canada, Japanese, glass, water, love等。
(2) 名詞前已有作定語(yǔ)用的this, that, my, your, whose, some, any, no, each, every等代詞時(shí)，不用冠詞。例如：
That is my cap.
I have some questions.
Go down this street.
(3) 復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示一類人或事物時(shí)，不用冠詞。
They are workers.
We are students.
(4) 稱呼語(yǔ)前不用冠詞，表示頭銜和職務(wù)的名詞前也不加冠詞。例如：
I don’t feel well today, Mother.
Bush was made president of the U.S.
(5) 三餐飯的名稱前，球類活動(dòng)，學(xué)科和節(jié)目名詞前，常不用冠詞。例如：
I have lunch at home.
He often plays football after class.
We have English and maths every day.
(6) 在某些固定詞組里，名詞之前常不用冠詞。例如：
By air, at night, at home, go to bed, go to school, on foot, from morning till night 等。
二. 數(shù)詞的用法
數(shù)詞分基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞?；鶖?shù)詞表示數(shù)目，序數(shù)詞表示順序。
1. 基數(shù)詞的用法
(1) 基數(shù)詞在句中主要用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)，例如：
Thirty of them are Party members.（主語(yǔ)）
--- How many would you like？
--- Three ，please．（作賓語(yǔ)）
The nine boys are from Tianjing.（定語(yǔ)）
Six plus four is ten.（表語(yǔ)）
We four will go with you.（同位語(yǔ)）
(2) 表示一個(gè)具體數(shù)字時(shí)，hundred, thousand, million一律不用復(fù)數(shù)；在表示一個(gè)不確定數(shù)字時(shí)則用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
Our country has a population of 1,300 million people.
There are three thousand students in our school.
After the war, thousands of people became homeless.
Maize is the most important food crop for millions of people in the world.
They arrived in twos and threes．
(3) 表示“……十”的數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式可用來(lái)表示人的歲數(shù)或年代，例如：
He is in his early thirties．
He died still in his forties．
This took place in 1930s．
(4) 表示時(shí)刻用基數(shù)詞。例如：
We get up at six.
The workers begin work at eight.
表示“幾點(diǎn)過(guò)幾分”，用介詞past,但須在半小時(shí)以內(nèi)。例如：
ten past ten,
a quarter past nine,
half past twelve
表示“幾點(diǎn)差幾分”用介詞to, 但分?jǐn)?shù)須在半小時(shí)以上。例如：
twenty to nine,
five to eight,
a quarter to ten
表示“幾點(diǎn)幾分”還可直接用基數(shù)詞。例如：
seven fifteen,
eleven thirty,
nine twenty
2. 序數(shù)詞的用法
（1）序數(shù)詞主要用作定語(yǔ)，前面要加定冠詞，例如：
The first truck is carrying a foot baskets．
John lives on the fifteenth floor．
（2）序數(shù)詞有時(shí)前面可加不定冠詞來(lái)表示“再一”，“又一”這樣的意思，例如：
We'll have to do it a second time．
Shall I ask him a third time？
When I sat down，a fourth man rose to speak．
（3）由幾個(gè)序數(shù)詞和基數(shù)詞在拼寫時(shí)不對(duì)應(yīng)，很容易寫錯(cuò)，應(yīng)特別注意。它們是：one---first, two---second, three---third, five---fifth, eight---eighth, nine---ninth, twelve---twelfth。
（4）表示年，月，日時(shí)， 年用基數(shù)詞表示，日用序數(shù)詞表示。例如：
1949年十月一日讀作: October (the) first, nineteen sixty
2004年九月十日讀作：September (the) tenth, two thousand and four
（5）表示分?jǐn)?shù)時(shí)，分子用基數(shù)詞表示，分母用序數(shù)詞表示。分子大于1時(shí)，分母加-s。例如：
three fourths,
one second,
two fifths
（6）序數(shù)詞有時(shí)用縮寫形式：
first→1st second→2nd
third→3rd fourth→4th
twenty-second→22nd
【實(shí)例解析】
1. (2004年上海市徐匯區(qū)中考試題)
About ________ students in our class can describe that place in English.
A. three-fifths B. three-fifth C. third-five D. third-fifths
答案：A。該題考查的是分?jǐn)?shù)的表示法。分子用基數(shù)詞表示，分母用序數(shù)詞表示。分子大于1時(shí)，分母應(yīng)加-s，因此應(yīng)選A。
2. (2004年河北省中考試題)
Nine _______ pounds a week? That’s very good.
A. hundred of B. hundreds of
C. hundreds D. hundred
答案：D。該題考查的是數(shù)詞的用法。Nine hundred是一個(gè)具體的數(shù)量，這是數(shù)詞不能用復(fù)數(shù)形式，后面也不能加of。所以應(yīng)選D。
3. (2004年北京市海淀區(qū)中考試題)
We often have sports after class, and I like to play _______ basketball.
A. a B. an C. the D. 不填
答案：D。該題考查的是冠詞的用法。球類運(yùn)動(dòng)之前不加冠詞，因此應(yīng)選D。
4. (2004年江西省中考試題)
This is _______ song I’ve told you about. Isn’t it _______ beautiful one?
A. the; the B. a; a C. the; a D. a; the
答案：C。該題考查的是冠詞的用法。第一個(gè)空是特指，特指我給你說(shuō)過(guò)的那首歌，第二個(gè)空是表示某一個(gè)類別。所以應(yīng)選C。
【中考演練】
一. .單項(xiàng)填空
1. This morning I had ________ egg and a bottle of milk for my breakfast.
A. an B. a C. the D./
2. ---What’s the matter with you?
---I caught ________ bad cold and had to stay in ________.
A. a;/ B. a; the C. a; a D. the; the
3. ---Have you seen _______ pen? I left it here this morning.
---Is it ________ black one? I think I saw it somewhere.
A. a; the B. the; the C. the; a D. a; a
4. _______ sun is shining brightly.
A. A B. An C. The D. /
5. There is _______ “h” in the word hour.
A. a B. the C. an D./
6. Did you enjoy your stay in Xian?
Yes. I had _______ wonderful time.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
7. ______ sun is bigger than _______ earth.
A. A; the B. A; an C. The; an D. The; the
8. There is _______ apple and some pears on the table.
A. the B./ C. a D. an
9. David has _______ cat. It’s very nice.
A. a B. an C. the D./
10. I’m reading _______ novel. It is _______ interesting story.
A. a; an B. a; a C. the; the D. /; an
11. It is said that SARS has killed more than ________ people worldwide.
A. three hundreds B. three hundreds’
C. three hundred’s D. three hundred
12. ---How many workers are there in your factory?
---There are two __________.
A. hundreds B. hundred C. hundred of D. hundreds of
13. ---Which is the smallest number of the four?
---_______________.
A. Two-thirds B. A half C. A quarter D. Three-fourths
14. ---What do you think of a war, Li Ming?
---I’ve no idea. But it’s a fact that _______ people had to leave their hometown during the War on Iraq.
A. three thousands B. thousand of
C. thousands of D. several thousands
15. We all think that the _______ century will bring us more hopes.
A. twenty-first B. twentieth-first
C. twenty-one D. twentieth-one
16. ---Can you write the number eighty-five thousand, six hundred and twenty-six?
---Yes, it is __________.
A. 856620 B. 85626 C. 58662 D. 58626
17. When was the PRC founded? It was founded on _________.
A. July 1, 1921 B. October 1, 1949
C. August 1, 1927 D. May 1, 1922
18. I was 8 years old when my father was 31. This year my father is twice my age. How old am I?
A. 21 B. 22 C. 23 D. 24
19. _______ Chinese are looking for ways to learn English well before Beijing 2008 Olympics.
A. Thousand B. Thousands C. Thousand of D. Thousands of
20. Both of the two rulers are broken. I want to buy a _______one.
A. three B. third C. forth D. /
二. 句子改錯(cuò)：下面各句A, B, C, D中有一處錯(cuò)誤，請(qǐng)指出并改正。
1. May is a fifth month of the year.
A B C D
2. The film has been on for half a hour.
A B C D
3. The boys and the girls often play the foot ball in the afternoon.
A B C D
4. It looks rain. Why not take a umbrella with you?
A B C D
5. Li Mei often gives us some good information by the e-meil.
A B C D
6. We’ve planted two hundreds trees in the centre of our city this year.
A B C D
7. Five million of dollars is a lot of money.
A B C D
8. There are thousand of children in the park now.
A B C D
9. By the end of twenty century, the world population had passed six billion.
A B C D
10. Over three fifth of the world’s books and newspapers are written in English.
A B C D
【練習(xí)答案】
一. 1.A 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.D 8.D 9.A 10.A11.D 12.B 13.C 14.C 15.A 16.B 17.B 18.C 19.D 20.B
二. 1.B a→the 2.D a→an 3.C 去掉the 4.C a→an 5.D去掉the 6.B two hundreds→two hundred 7.B 去掉of 8.B thousand→thousands 9.B twenty→twentieth 10.A three fifth→three fifths