職稱英語基礎:介詞(2)

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介詞in front of和behind指前、后的相對位置。
    She always looks in front of and behind the car before she starts it.
    介詞round, pass指“繞過”;其中pass指“從……旁邊經(jīng)過”;through指“從……之中
    穿過“。
    The movie theater is round the corner.
    He lives in the village past the bus stop through the park.
    3.表示原因的介詞
    for常常表示褒貶、獎懲的原因或心理原因。
    They will reward you for your help.
    due to常常用來引導形容詞性的短語,作定語或表語。
    Mistakes due to carelessness may have serious consequences.
    from和out of常常表示動機或原因;through表示消極或間接的原因。
    He feels weak from lack of sleep.
    He broke down through overwork.
    4.表示目的的介詞
    for表示擬定的接收人或目的;to表示實際的接收人或目的。
    I bought the gift for my little sister.
    I gave the gift to my little sister.
    for和to都可以引導目的地。For跟在含有出發(fā)或開始意義的動詞后,如:leave, set out,
    start, depart, sail等;to跟在含有來來往往地行動的意義的動詞后,如:go, come, run ,walk,
    move, fly, drive, ride等。
    We have left for Hong Kong.
    He flew to America via Hong Kong.
    at表示起因;on表示依據(jù)。
    She is quite pleased at his help.
    Ken was arrested on a charge of that.
    at還可引導行為的目標或精力的集中點。
    He shot at the bird.
    5.表示“關于……”的介詞
    一般about用于比較隨便的談話或非正式的文體;on用于正式的講話、著作或報告中;of用于動詞talk, read, know, say, hear, boast等的后面。如:
    What are you talking about?
    A paper on serfdom in Russian
    In terms of natural resources
    6.表示原料的介詞
    of和out of表示制成品的材料仍保持原材料的性質;with表示制成產(chǎn)品的一種成分;from表示制成品已失去了原材料的性質;in表示制成品的材料的色調或特殊性。
    His house was built of brick.
    She made these toys out of old cigar-boxes.
    A fruitcake is made with fruit.
    Steel is made from iron.
    We have furniture of this design in oak and in walnut.
    7.表示價格的介詞
    at和for都可表示價格,at僅表示價格,for還表示“交換”,如:
    Eggs are sold at 95 cents a dozen here.
    I bought it for five pounds.
    8.表示其它意義的介詞
    in spite of, despite, for(all…), with(all…)等表示讓步意義的介詞。其中:despite較為正式,
    in spite of較為普遍,for/with(all…)較為口語化。
    In spite of / despite the bad weather 盡管天氣不好
    For / with all his shortcomings 盡管他有許多缺點
    Except和but表示不包含的意義,只是單純地將其后面所接的人或事物排除在外,一般不用于句首,多跟在表示一個集體的名詞或代詞后作定語。
    He gets up early every day except Sunday.
    Who would do such a thing but Peter?
    Except for和apart from表示不包含的意義,所引導的短語,主要用于狀語,以修飾全句,意為“除了有……之外”,“只是……”等,用于引出一個相反的細節(jié)或原因,因而部分
    地修正了全句的主要意思。
    Except for Jack, the whole class passed the test.
    Apart from its cost, the plan was a good one.
    Except for和but for表示不包含的意義,可以引導有否定意義的條件狀語從句。
    Except for / But for the storm we should have arrived earlier.
    except 指從整體中除去一部分,而besides則表示“除……之外還有……”的意義。
    Nobody was late except me.
    He had few friends besides us.
    表示超過或不足的介詞有:above, beyond, over, past; below, beneath, under等,如:
    beyond description 難以形容
    below / under the average 低于平均水平
    表示狀態(tài)的介詞有:at, off, in, under, out of等,如:
    on fire 著火
    off duty 下班
    out of fashion 過時
    表示支持的with, for和表示反對的against.
    I‘m with you in all you say.
    Are you for or against the plan?
    介詞的搭配
    1.介詞與動詞的搭配
    同一介詞可以與不同的動詞搭配,表示不同的意思。以of為例:
    Jack reminds her grandma of her husband because he looks just like him. (使……想起)
    Have you ever heard of such a thing? (聽說)
    She often spoke of her life in China. (談起)
    The lady was robbed of 10 dollars on her way home. (搶劫)
    Thanks for thinking of me. (思念)
    同一動詞可以與不同的介詞搭配使用,表示不同的意思。以look為例:
    Look after the children. (照顧)
    He looked at the timetable. (看)
    What are you looking for? (尋找)
    The police are looking into the case. (調查)
    在許多動詞 + 介詞的結構中,介詞實際上是動詞的一部分,與動詞一起構成短語動詞。
    2.介詞與形容詞的搭配
    介詞短語是形容詞補語的一種,下面介紹幾個常與形容詞搭配的介詞。
    at⑴ 表示對某種因素在情緒上的反應,如:I am angry at their not telling me. 這類形容詞還有:amazed, pleased, hurt, disappointed, excited, delighted, worried等;⑵表示在某方面的能力,如: He‘s good at tennis. 這類形容詞還有:adept, expert, show, hopeless, useless等。
    in表示方面,如:He is successful in everything he does.這類形容詞還有:lacking, interested, efficient, lucky等。
    about表示對象,如:I am curious about her motives.這類形容詞還有:certain, careful,
    careless, happy, pleased, sure, anxious等。
    to表示目標,如:Your arguments are contrary to reason.這類形容詞還有:acceptable,
    answerable, equal, hateful, kind, natural, painful, peculiar, pleasant, polite, rude, similar, strange, used等。
    with 表示伴隨,如:Your arguments are not consistent with your previous remarks.這類形容詞還有:complete, content, angry ,busy, consistent, horrified, pleased, upset等。
    for⑴表示對象,如:We are eager for news.這類形容詞還有:bound, adequate, famous, fit,
    necessary, sorry, ready等;⑵表示分離,如:She was absent from the meeting.這類形容詞還有:
    free, different, separate, safe等。
    3.介詞與名詞的搭配
    介詞與名詞的搭配常常用在由動詞、形容詞等轉換而來的名詞的后面。如:
    We can‘t ignore their concern for the matter.
    His absence from school was caused by illness.