賴世雄高級23課
Hello everybody, welcome again to Radio English on Sunday.
/ This is Bruce,
/ and this is Peter.
/ Today we have something unusual for you. We are not visiting a place; we are not looking at an animal or a person, rather in unit twenty three, we're taking a look at paper. Uhh...we're not taking a look at THE paper, the newspaper, or is not the newspaper only, but all kinds of paper. The history of paper, and the many many kinds of paper available to us today. That's why we call today's lesson: Paper's long march.
Remember when the nineteen eightieth brought us the first wave of the modern computer and electronic revolution? At that time, heady young technocrats foresaw "the paperless office." it was claimed that paper would become a thing of the past as everyone would access all information needed from video screens.
__________heady, 在課文中表示“不可一世的，魯莽的，
Intoxicating or stupefying:
易醉的醉人或使人失去感覺的：
heady liqueur.
醉人的烈酒
Tending to upset the mind or the balance of senses:
使人失控的傾向于使頭腦或感覺平衡失控的：
standing on a heady outcrop of rock.
站在一塊露出地表使人頭昏目眩的巖石上
Serving to exhilarate:
振奮的有助于使人振奮的：
the heady news of triumph.
振奮人心的獲勝消息
Impetuous and rash:
魯莽的猛烈和輕率的：
a heady outburst of anger.
猛一聲怒喝
Domineering; overbearing:
蠻橫的盛氣凌人的；專橫的：
too heady to reason with.
太專橫而無法與之理論
Swift and violent; headlong:
猛烈的迅速且猛烈的；匆促的：
a heady current.
一股湍流
Showing intelligence and good judgment; prudent:
慎重的，機智的表現(xiàn)出機智和良好判斷力的；慎重的戰(zhàn)術(shù)的：
heady tactics.
機敏的戰(zhàn)術(shù)
Suffering from a headache:
頭痛：
a heady, throbbing feeling.
頭痛、悸跳的感覺
_______technocrat, 技術(shù)論者，科技主義者，
Well, a lot of vocabulary in this paragraph. In the nineteen eighties in Europe and North America, and a little bit (less though) in Japan, the computer and electronics revolution began. And young technocrats, that is people working in the government who had technical training, thought that the future would bring a paperless office. That is, you wouldn't need paper any more; all information would be digitalized and sent from electronic machine to electronic machine. People wouldn't need paper any more.
/ digitalize,----> digitize,
access, v, 作名詞用的時候與to連用。
to have easy access to sth,
Students of this school have easy access to the library.
Let's continue now the second paragraph.
The reality today is quite different. More paper than ever is being used in offices, schools, and residential homes. One's first possession in life is a birth certificate, made of paper. Childhood immunizations are recorded on paper, and kept in the doctor's office and at home. What will school be like without paper? Paper follows most people throughout their education and into their working life. Wedding invitations and marriage certificates are printed on paper, as are virtually all major life passages and social occasions. Finally, a death certificate on paper will continue to be around long after the person named on it. Perhaps the one item which defines modern civilization more than any other is paper.
This paragraph helps us to realize the importance of paper in our lives, from birth through death; from the birth certificate and immunization record through the report card, and all the paper we need to (possess at) work. Wedding invitations, marriage certificates, even the death certificates, are all printed on paper. So, if you live in a modern civilization, it is impossible to get away from paper.
/ How I wish there were no paper.
/ :D
/ You just mentioned the report card. That, here that, you know made me actually shiver.
/ :D Me too, you were not alone.
/ immunization, immune, adj, 免疫的，與to連用，to be immune to some sort of diseases.
Word has it that some people are immune to AIDS.
/ Yeah, we are studying those people to find out that if we can other people immune to HIV.
/ .., as are virtually all major life passages and social occasions, 這個是倒裝的用法，
She is beautiful, as her sister is.
She is beautiful, as is her sister.
I study hard, as Bruce does.
I study hard, as does Bruce.
/ Right. Either way.
Let's continue now and finish the first page. This is page one hundred eighty eight in case you just joined our program.
The word "paper" derives from papyrus, the name of a riverside plant similar to grass, from which an ancient form of paper was used in Egypt and Mespotinia (地名). It could be argued that these empires were made possible by the use of official records on papyrus. However, paper as we know it today has its origins in the Han Dynasty of China. In about AD one hundred five an official in the imperial court produced the forebear of what has become today the world's most indispensable product. The art of paper making reaches westwards to Baghdad, Iraq, in the eight century at the height of the Islamic culture. From there it entered Europe, where was polished into its contemporary form during the nineteen century.
_______________derive,
v.tr.
To obtain or receive from a source.
得到從某一源泉得到（或取得）
To arrive at by reasoning; deduce or infer:
推理出通過推理或推導得出；推導：
derive a conclusion from facts.
從事實推出結(jié)論
To trace the origin or development of (a word).
追溯追溯（一個詞的）根源或發(fā)展
v.intr.
To issue from a source; originate.
起源于，來自從某一源泉產(chǎn)生；起源
vt.
獲得, 導出(from)
起源于, 出自
推論, 推究(from)
溯源
【化】衍生
derive itself from
由...而來, 源出
derive knowledge from books
從書中獲得知識
Many English words are derived from Latin.
許多英語詞匯源于拉丁文。
______papyrus,
A tall, aquatic, Mediterranean sedge (Cyperus papyrus) having numerous drooping rays grouped in umbels.
紙莎草一種高的地中海水生蘆葦 （紙莎草 莎草屬），有很多下垂的成傘狀花序排列的舌狀花
Also called: Egyptian paper rush paper plant
A material on which to write made from the pith or the stems of this sedge, used especially by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans.
紙莎草紙一種由這種蘆葦?shù)那o或髓制成的書寫材料，尤其為古代埃及人、希臘人和羅馬人使用
_________indispensable,
Not to be dispensed with; essential.
不可缺少的；絕對必要的
Obligatory; unavoidable:
責無旁貸的必須履行的；不可避開的：
the routine but indispensable ceremonies of state.
國家例行而不可避免的儀式
indispensable
n.
One that is indispensable.
絕對必要的人或事物
adj.
不可缺少的, 絕對必要的, 重要的(to, for)
避免不了的; 責無旁貸的
an indispensable obligation
不能避免的義務(wù)
Water is indispensable to plants.
水是植物不可缺少的。
n.
不可缺少的東西
clothing and food and other indispensables
衣服和食物以及其他不可缺少的東西
adj
絕對需要的；不可缺少的
She's become quite indispensable to the company.
她已成了公司里少不了的人。
Air and water are indispensable to life.
空氣和水是生命所必需的東西。
___________forebear, forbear,
A person from whom one is descended; an ancestor.
祖先從其開始繁衍子孫后代的一個人；先輩
See: ancestor
________Islam, ['izla:m] ---> Islamic, adj,
Well of course, this paragraph tells us the history of paper. A rather primitive form of paper called "papyrus", which is also the source of the word "paper" in English, began as early as the Egyptian and (Mespotainian) civilizations five thousand years ago. But paper as we think of it today did not really begin until about one thousand nine hundred years ago during the Han Dynasty. Then an official in the imperial court produced it, and that is really what we think of as the source of paper today. Paper spread out from China, eight hundred, oh seven hundred years later, six hundred years later from China, it entered the Islamic world, the Islamic culture, and then into Europe. Paper as we are using it today in books and news print and so on, was really developed in the eight, oh nineteen century in the eighteen hundreds in Europe.
/ This very person, or Chinese, that invented paper is called 蔡倫.
papyrus, 植草,
indispensable, + to,
to be indispensable to ..
/ Hard work is indispensable to success. And I know, because I am not sucessful.
/ :P ..at the height of,
/ At the height of Noporan's (拿破侖什么的) power, he controlled almost all of Europe.
Let's continue now with the first full paragraph on page one hundred eighty nine.
11:03
Paper can be made from any plant, but trees are the best source of cellulose for paper production. In fact, earlier forms of paper were made from processed cotton waste and rags, but trees contain a better proportion and types of cellulose than any other plant. In countries with a deficiency of forest land, other natural fibers such as sugar cane pulp, bamboo, cereal straws, flax, and hemp are used. Today's paper and paper product mills rely on a steady inflow of wood logs or chips. In the US alone, the paper and paper product industry is worth more than eighty billion US dollars, with world production well over one hundred million tons annually.
_______fiber, [ai]
n.
A slender, elongated, threadlike object or structure.
纖維一種細長的線狀物體或組織
Botany
【植物學】
One of the elongated, thick-walled cells that give strength and support to plant tissue.
纖維細胞能夠增加植物細胞組織的強度或起支持作用的長的厚壁細胞中的一種
Anatomy
【解剖學】
Any of the filaments constituting the extracellular matrix of connective tissue.
纖維組織構(gòu)成結(jié)締組織的細胞外基質(zhì)的絲狀體之一
Any of various elongated cells or threadlike structures, especially a muscle fiber or a nerve fiber.
神經(jīng)纖維尤指肌纖維或神經(jīng)纖維等各種長形細胞或線狀組織中的任一種
A natural or synthetic filament, as of cotton or nylon, capable of being spun into yarn.
天然纖維如棉纖維或尼龍纖維等能夠被紡成線的天然或人造長絲
Material made of such filaments.
纖維織物由這種長絲制成的織物
Something that provides substance or texture.
質(zhì)地決定物質(zhì)構(gòu)成和結(jié)構(gòu)的東西
man-made fiber
人造纖維
_______pulp, n, v,
n.
A soft, moist, shapeless mass of matter.
漿狀物一團柔軟、潮濕且無固定形狀的東西
The soft, moist part of fruit.
果肉水果柔軟而潮濕的部分
A mass of pressed vegetable matter:
一團壓緊的植物：
apple pulp.
蘋果泥
v.tr.
To reduce to pulp.
使成漿狀
See: crush
To remove the pulp from.
除去髓
pulp
v.intr.
To be reduced to a pulpy consistency.
使成為粘稠的漿狀
n.
動[植]物體[器官]中的肉質(zhì)[髓質(zhì)]部分
果肉, 牙髓
紙漿, 漿狀物;【冶】礦漿
軟綿綿的東西; 柔軟無力的東西
[美俚][常用復(fù)]庸俗雜志
a pulp cavity
牙髓腔
a pulp saver
紙漿回收機
a pulp mill
紙漿廠
pulp
[pQlp]
adj.
[美俚](雜志)低級趣味的
vt.
把...搗成漿狀, 把... 制成紙漿
取出...果肉
取出牙髓
vi.
成漿狀
n
動植物體內(nèi)的肉質(zhì)部分；果肉
"A banana is mainly pulp, except for its skin."
香蕉除皮以外主要是肉質(zhì)。
漿狀物
You've boiled these vegetables too long; you've boiled them to a pulp.
這些蔬菜你燒得太久了;已經(jīng)燒成菜糊了。
（紙紙用的）紙漿
書籍；雜志
pulp
vt, vi
使成漿狀；使化為紙漿
pulpy, adj, -----> fleshy,
_______cereal straws,
______flax, 亞麻，亞麻織品，adj,
______hemp, n, 大麻，纖維，
____inflow, n,
n.
The act or process of flowing in or into:
流入向內(nèi)流動的動作或過程：
an inflow of water; an inflow of information.
水的內(nèi)流；信息流入
Something that flows in or into:
流入物向內(nèi)流的東西：
a lake fed by a freshwater inflow.
一個流入淡水的湖
Here we find out the modern source of paper; it's not papyrus, or cotton waste or rags, but trees. Trees are the best source of the material we need to make good quality paper. As we read, though, many other plant sources can be used. Paper is big business. Eighty billion US dollars of paper and paper products are produced in the US alone; and over a hundred million tons of trees are processed annually to produce paper and paper products.
/ But reading this paragraph, I can't help starting to worry about our world, because paper production, the production may lead to, you know, deforestation.
/ Deforestation is already a serious problem in many countries, and the best solution to that is to plant trees. If you have a home where there is a little bit of land, plant a tree. No kidding; our future world will depend on it.
/ Deforestation, remember "de" usually has something to do with either "not" in a negative way or "away". As the forests are away, it means we cut them down. Deforestation is something we should avoid or try to compensate for.
/ to compensate for,
deficiency,
Perhaps you are not quite bright or, clever, keep on studying.
Diligence makes up for, or compensates for, one's deficiencies. 勤能補拙。
Let's finish this page now and go on to the next and last page.
Everyone knows what paper is since most people use at least one sheet of it a day, but few people stop to consider the different kinds of paper available to us today. Office workers are well aware of the many kinds of paper they use, such as regular typing or computer printing, or copier paper. They also come into contact with bond, a high-grade paper used for important documents, it is thicker and more durable than other forms of paper. Book paper comes in at least four different finishes. These may be seen in books, magazines, brochures and calendars. Newsprint is used for newspapers, and some magazines or books, while craft paper is used for shopping bags. Paperboard is seen daily as box lunch containers, cardboard boxes and even building materials. Finally, sanitary paper has been developed for use in tissue paper, paper poweling, and paper napkins. Carbon paper, postcards, and envelopes are also daily use items made of paper. Even a tea bag is made of paper.
In this paragraph, we don't often think about paper is such a simple maybe even lowly thing, but we couldn't live a modern life without paper, the many many different kinds of paper. When we hear the word "paper", we usually think of "a sheet of paper" that we write on, or a page in a book. Yes, those are paper, but in a business office we have typing or computer printing paper, copier paper, bond paper, newspaper, which is often called newsprint, and it's used not only in newspapers but in some magazines or books. We have craft paper for shopping bags. Paperboard, which is much stronger, used for box lunch containers, cardboard boxes and even some building materials. The opposite of this would be sanitary paper, which is very fine and soft paper; it is used in tissue paper, paper toweling and paper napkins. Then we have carbon paper, postcards, which I love to write when I am traveling, envelopes, which we put other kinds of paper into, and don't forget your tea bag, even that is a kind of paper.
/ ...you'll be surprised to find that paper actually is not a lowly thing. Bruce knew this earlier because about twenty years ago he wrote me an IOU on a piece of paper; even today I still keep that as evidence that he's going to pay me that the money.
/ I still haven't paid you back?
/ Oh, no. Not yet. IOU 就是借據(jù)什么的. It simply stands for "I owe you".
/ I should pay you some money, --> IOU.
Now let's read our concluding paragraph.
Paper and its products seem endless, but conservation of even the abundant resource of trees is in everyone's interest. Recycling of paper and better designed pulp and paper factories have helped decrease waste. Many offices encourage the use of both sides of a piece of paper. For example, and students or private organizations sometimes collect old newsprint to send to reprocessing centers. By conserving paper, the average paper user in his lifetime can save at least one tree from being felled. As valuable as trees are, and as valuable as paper is, everyone could cooperate to use this essential commodity wisely.
Here in the last paragraph we remind our readers who are looking at paper right now, that conservation of trees is everybody's business, even though trees may seem abundant to us today, the area of the world's land, which is forested, is decreasing rapidly; and one way to slow down this rapid decrease of forested land is to recycle paper, use both sides of every sheet of paper, and simply not waste this precious commodity. Trees are valuable to us for many more purposes than just paper. Let's all work together to keep as many trees alive as possible.
/ recycle,
Well, let's go back for our final reading of "Paper's long march".
That's it for our lesson today, please everyone, conserve paper and join us next week for a coffee or ...
________Pan. 2003. 8.
*************************************************************************
Paper's Long March
紙張的演進
Remember when the 1980s brought us the first wave of the modern computer and electronics revolution? At that time, heady young technocrats forsaw "the paperless office." It was claimed that paper would become a thing of the past as everyone would access all information needed from video screens.
The reality today is quite different. More paper than ever is being used in offices, schools, and residential homes. One's first possession in life is a birth certificate, made of paper. Childhood immunizations are recorded on paper and kept in the doctor's office and at home. What would school be like without paper? Paper follows most people throughout their education and into their working life. Wedding invitations and marriage certificates are printed on paper, as are virtually all major life passages and social occasions. Finally, a death certificate on paper will continue to be around long after the person named on it. Perhaps the one item which defines mofern civilization more than any other is paper.
The word paper derives from papyrus, the name of a riverside plant similar to grass, from which an ancient form of paper was used in Egypt and Mesopotamia. It could be argued that these empires were made possible by the use of official records on papyrus. However, paper as we know it today has its origins in the Han Dynasty of China. In about A.D. 105, an official in the imperial court produced the forebear of what has become today the world's most indispensable product. The art of paper making reached westwards to Baghdad, Iraq in the 8th century at the height of the Islamic culture. From there it entered Europe, where it was polished into its contemporary from during the 19th century.
Paper can be made from any plant, but trees are the best source of cellulose for paper production. In fact, earlier forms of paper were made from processed cotton waste and rags, but trees contain a better proportion and type of cellulose than any other plant. In countries with a deficiency of forest land, other natural fibers such as sugar cane pulp, bamboo, cereal straws, flax, and hemp are used. Today's paper and paper product mills rely on a steady inflow of wood logs or chips. In the US alone, the paper and paper products industry in worth more than US $ 80 billion, with world production well over 100,000,000 tons annually.
Everyone knows what paper is, since most people use at least one sheet of it a day, but few people stop to consider the different kinds of paper available to us today. Office workers are well aware of the many kinds of paper they use, such as regular typing or computer printing or copier paper. They also come into contact with bond, a high-grade paper used for important documents. It is thicker and more durable than other forms of paper. Book paper comes in at least four different finishes. These may be seen in books, magazines, brochures, and calendars. Newsprint is used for newspapers and some magazines or books, while craft paper is used for shopping bags. Paperboard is seen daily as box lunch containers, cardboard boxes, and even building materials. Finally, sanitary paper has been developed for use in tissue paper, paper toweling, and paper napkins. Carbon paper, postcards, and envelopes are also daily use items made of paper. Even a tea bag is made of paper!
Paper and its products seem endless, but conservation of even the abundant resource of trees is in everyone's interest. Recycling of paper and better designed pulp and paper factories have helped decrease waste. Many offices encourage the use of both sides of a piece of paper, for example, and students or private organizations sometimes collect old newsprint to send to reprocessing centers. By conserving paper, the average paper user in his lifetime can save at least one tree from being felled. As valuable as trees are, and as valuable as paper is, everyone should cooperate to use this essential commodity wisely.
Hello everybody, welcome again to Radio English on Sunday.
/ This is Bruce,
/ and this is Peter.
/ Today we have something unusual for you. We are not visiting a place; we are not looking at an animal or a person, rather in unit twenty three, we're taking a look at paper. Uhh...we're not taking a look at THE paper, the newspaper, or is not the newspaper only, but all kinds of paper. The history of paper, and the many many kinds of paper available to us today. That's why we call today's lesson: Paper's long march.
Remember when the nineteen eightieth brought us the first wave of the modern computer and electronic revolution? At that time, heady young technocrats foresaw "the paperless office." it was claimed that paper would become a thing of the past as everyone would access all information needed from video screens.
__________heady, 在課文中表示“不可一世的，魯莽的，
Intoxicating or stupefying:
易醉的醉人或使人失去感覺的：
heady liqueur.
醉人的烈酒
Tending to upset the mind or the balance of senses:
使人失控的傾向于使頭腦或感覺平衡失控的：
standing on a heady outcrop of rock.
站在一塊露出地表使人頭昏目眩的巖石上
Serving to exhilarate:
振奮的有助于使人振奮的：
the heady news of triumph.
振奮人心的獲勝消息
Impetuous and rash:
魯莽的猛烈和輕率的：
a heady outburst of anger.
猛一聲怒喝
Domineering; overbearing:
蠻橫的盛氣凌人的；專橫的：
too heady to reason with.
太專橫而無法與之理論
Swift and violent; headlong:
猛烈的迅速且猛烈的；匆促的：
a heady current.
一股湍流
Showing intelligence and good judgment; prudent:
慎重的，機智的表現(xiàn)出機智和良好判斷力的；慎重的戰(zhàn)術(shù)的：
heady tactics.
機敏的戰(zhàn)術(shù)
Suffering from a headache:
頭痛：
a heady, throbbing feeling.
頭痛、悸跳的感覺
_______technocrat, 技術(shù)論者，科技主義者，
Well, a lot of vocabulary in this paragraph. In the nineteen eighties in Europe and North America, and a little bit (less though) in Japan, the computer and electronics revolution began. And young technocrats, that is people working in the government who had technical training, thought that the future would bring a paperless office. That is, you wouldn't need paper any more; all information would be digitalized and sent from electronic machine to electronic machine. People wouldn't need paper any more.
/ digitalize,----> digitize,
access, v, 作名詞用的時候與to連用。
to have easy access to sth,
Students of this school have easy access to the library.
Let's continue now the second paragraph.
The reality today is quite different. More paper than ever is being used in offices, schools, and residential homes. One's first possession in life is a birth certificate, made of paper. Childhood immunizations are recorded on paper, and kept in the doctor's office and at home. What will school be like without paper? Paper follows most people throughout their education and into their working life. Wedding invitations and marriage certificates are printed on paper, as are virtually all major life passages and social occasions. Finally, a death certificate on paper will continue to be around long after the person named on it. Perhaps the one item which defines modern civilization more than any other is paper.
This paragraph helps us to realize the importance of paper in our lives, from birth through death; from the birth certificate and immunization record through the report card, and all the paper we need to (possess at) work. Wedding invitations, marriage certificates, even the death certificates, are all printed on paper. So, if you live in a modern civilization, it is impossible to get away from paper.
/ How I wish there were no paper.
/ :D
/ You just mentioned the report card. That, here that, you know made me actually shiver.
/ :D Me too, you were not alone.
/ immunization, immune, adj, 免疫的，與to連用，to be immune to some sort of diseases.
Word has it that some people are immune to AIDS.
/ Yeah, we are studying those people to find out that if we can other people immune to HIV.
/ .., as are virtually all major life passages and social occasions, 這個是倒裝的用法，
She is beautiful, as her sister is.
She is beautiful, as is her sister.
I study hard, as Bruce does.
I study hard, as does Bruce.
/ Right. Either way.
Let's continue now and finish the first page. This is page one hundred eighty eight in case you just joined our program.
The word "paper" derives from papyrus, the name of a riverside plant similar to grass, from which an ancient form of paper was used in Egypt and Mespotinia (地名). It could be argued that these empires were made possible by the use of official records on papyrus. However, paper as we know it today has its origins in the Han Dynasty of China. In about AD one hundred five an official in the imperial court produced the forebear of what has become today the world's most indispensable product. The art of paper making reaches westwards to Baghdad, Iraq, in the eight century at the height of the Islamic culture. From there it entered Europe, where was polished into its contemporary form during the nineteen century.
_______________derive,
v.tr.
To obtain or receive from a source.
得到從某一源泉得到（或取得）
To arrive at by reasoning; deduce or infer:
推理出通過推理或推導得出；推導：
derive a conclusion from facts.
從事實推出結(jié)論
To trace the origin or development of (a word).
追溯追溯（一個詞的）根源或發(fā)展
v.intr.
To issue from a source; originate.
起源于，來自從某一源泉產(chǎn)生；起源
vt.
獲得, 導出(from)
起源于, 出自
推論, 推究(from)
溯源
【化】衍生
derive itself from
由...而來, 源出
derive knowledge from books
從書中獲得知識
Many English words are derived from Latin.
許多英語詞匯源于拉丁文。
______papyrus,
A tall, aquatic, Mediterranean sedge (Cyperus papyrus) having numerous drooping rays grouped in umbels.
紙莎草一種高的地中海水生蘆葦 （紙莎草 莎草屬），有很多下垂的成傘狀花序排列的舌狀花
Also called: Egyptian paper rush paper plant
A material on which to write made from the pith or the stems of this sedge, used especially by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans.
紙莎草紙一種由這種蘆葦?shù)那o或髓制成的書寫材料，尤其為古代埃及人、希臘人和羅馬人使用
_________indispensable,
Not to be dispensed with; essential.
不可缺少的；絕對必要的
Obligatory; unavoidable:
責無旁貸的必須履行的；不可避開的：
the routine but indispensable ceremonies of state.
國家例行而不可避免的儀式
indispensable
n.
One that is indispensable.
絕對必要的人或事物
adj.
不可缺少的, 絕對必要的, 重要的(to, for)
避免不了的; 責無旁貸的
an indispensable obligation
不能避免的義務(wù)
Water is indispensable to plants.
水是植物不可缺少的。
n.
不可缺少的東西
clothing and food and other indispensables
衣服和食物以及其他不可缺少的東西
adj
絕對需要的；不可缺少的
She's become quite indispensable to the company.
她已成了公司里少不了的人。
Air and water are indispensable to life.
空氣和水是生命所必需的東西。
___________forebear, forbear,
A person from whom one is descended; an ancestor.
祖先從其開始繁衍子孫后代的一個人；先輩
See: ancestor
________Islam, ['izla:m] ---> Islamic, adj,
Well of course, this paragraph tells us the history of paper. A rather primitive form of paper called "papyrus", which is also the source of the word "paper" in English, began as early as the Egyptian and (Mespotainian) civilizations five thousand years ago. But paper as we think of it today did not really begin until about one thousand nine hundred years ago during the Han Dynasty. Then an official in the imperial court produced it, and that is really what we think of as the source of paper today. Paper spread out from China, eight hundred, oh seven hundred years later, six hundred years later from China, it entered the Islamic world, the Islamic culture, and then into Europe. Paper as we are using it today in books and news print and so on, was really developed in the eight, oh nineteen century in the eighteen hundreds in Europe.
/ This very person, or Chinese, that invented paper is called 蔡倫.
papyrus, 植草,
indispensable, + to,
to be indispensable to ..
/ Hard work is indispensable to success. And I know, because I am not sucessful.
/ :P ..at the height of,
/ At the height of Noporan's (拿破侖什么的) power, he controlled almost all of Europe.
Let's continue now with the first full paragraph on page one hundred eighty nine.
11:03
Paper can be made from any plant, but trees are the best source of cellulose for paper production. In fact, earlier forms of paper were made from processed cotton waste and rags, but trees contain a better proportion and types of cellulose than any other plant. In countries with a deficiency of forest land, other natural fibers such as sugar cane pulp, bamboo, cereal straws, flax, and hemp are used. Today's paper and paper product mills rely on a steady inflow of wood logs or chips. In the US alone, the paper and paper product industry is worth more than eighty billion US dollars, with world production well over one hundred million tons annually.
_______fiber, [ai]
n.
A slender, elongated, threadlike object or structure.
纖維一種細長的線狀物體或組織
Botany
【植物學】
One of the elongated, thick-walled cells that give strength and support to plant tissue.
纖維細胞能夠增加植物細胞組織的強度或起支持作用的長的厚壁細胞中的一種
Anatomy
【解剖學】
Any of the filaments constituting the extracellular matrix of connective tissue.
纖維組織構(gòu)成結(jié)締組織的細胞外基質(zhì)的絲狀體之一
Any of various elongated cells or threadlike structures, especially a muscle fiber or a nerve fiber.
神經(jīng)纖維尤指肌纖維或神經(jīng)纖維等各種長形細胞或線狀組織中的任一種
A natural or synthetic filament, as of cotton or nylon, capable of being spun into yarn.
天然纖維如棉纖維或尼龍纖維等能夠被紡成線的天然或人造長絲
Material made of such filaments.
纖維織物由這種長絲制成的織物
Something that provides substance or texture.
質(zhì)地決定物質(zhì)構(gòu)成和結(jié)構(gòu)的東西
man-made fiber
人造纖維
_______pulp, n, v,
n.
A soft, moist, shapeless mass of matter.
漿狀物一團柔軟、潮濕且無固定形狀的東西
The soft, moist part of fruit.
果肉水果柔軟而潮濕的部分
A mass of pressed vegetable matter:
一團壓緊的植物：
apple pulp.
蘋果泥
v.tr.
To reduce to pulp.
使成漿狀
See: crush
To remove the pulp from.
除去髓
pulp
v.intr.
To be reduced to a pulpy consistency.
使成為粘稠的漿狀
n.
動[植]物體[器官]中的肉質(zhì)[髓質(zhì)]部分
果肉, 牙髓
紙漿, 漿狀物;【冶】礦漿
軟綿綿的東西; 柔軟無力的東西
[美俚][常用復(fù)]庸俗雜志
a pulp cavity
牙髓腔
a pulp saver
紙漿回收機
a pulp mill
紙漿廠
pulp
[pQlp]
adj.
[美俚](雜志)低級趣味的
vt.
把...搗成漿狀, 把... 制成紙漿
取出...果肉
取出牙髓
vi.
成漿狀
n
動植物體內(nèi)的肉質(zhì)部分；果肉
"A banana is mainly pulp, except for its skin."
香蕉除皮以外主要是肉質(zhì)。
漿狀物
You've boiled these vegetables too long; you've boiled them to a pulp.
這些蔬菜你燒得太久了;已經(jīng)燒成菜糊了。
（紙紙用的）紙漿
書籍；雜志
pulp
vt, vi
使成漿狀；使化為紙漿
pulpy, adj, -----> fleshy,
_______cereal straws,
______flax, 亞麻，亞麻織品，adj,
______hemp, n, 大麻，纖維，
____inflow, n,
n.
The act or process of flowing in or into:
流入向內(nèi)流動的動作或過程：
an inflow of water; an inflow of information.
水的內(nèi)流；信息流入
Something that flows in or into:
流入物向內(nèi)流的東西：
a lake fed by a freshwater inflow.
一個流入淡水的湖
Here we find out the modern source of paper; it's not papyrus, or cotton waste or rags, but trees. Trees are the best source of the material we need to make good quality paper. As we read, though, many other plant sources can be used. Paper is big business. Eighty billion US dollars of paper and paper products are produced in the US alone; and over a hundred million tons of trees are processed annually to produce paper and paper products.
/ But reading this paragraph, I can't help starting to worry about our world, because paper production, the production may lead to, you know, deforestation.
/ Deforestation is already a serious problem in many countries, and the best solution to that is to plant trees. If you have a home where there is a little bit of land, plant a tree. No kidding; our future world will depend on it.
/ Deforestation, remember "de" usually has something to do with either "not" in a negative way or "away". As the forests are away, it means we cut them down. Deforestation is something we should avoid or try to compensate for.
/ to compensate for,
deficiency,
Perhaps you are not quite bright or, clever, keep on studying.
Diligence makes up for, or compensates for, one's deficiencies. 勤能補拙。
Let's finish this page now and go on to the next and last page.
Everyone knows what paper is since most people use at least one sheet of it a day, but few people stop to consider the different kinds of paper available to us today. Office workers are well aware of the many kinds of paper they use, such as regular typing or computer printing, or copier paper. They also come into contact with bond, a high-grade paper used for important documents, it is thicker and more durable than other forms of paper. Book paper comes in at least four different finishes. These may be seen in books, magazines, brochures and calendars. Newsprint is used for newspapers, and some magazines or books, while craft paper is used for shopping bags. Paperboard is seen daily as box lunch containers, cardboard boxes and even building materials. Finally, sanitary paper has been developed for use in tissue paper, paper poweling, and paper napkins. Carbon paper, postcards, and envelopes are also daily use items made of paper. Even a tea bag is made of paper.
In this paragraph, we don't often think about paper is such a simple maybe even lowly thing, but we couldn't live a modern life without paper, the many many different kinds of paper. When we hear the word "paper", we usually think of "a sheet of paper" that we write on, or a page in a book. Yes, those are paper, but in a business office we have typing or computer printing paper, copier paper, bond paper, newspaper, which is often called newsprint, and it's used not only in newspapers but in some magazines or books. We have craft paper for shopping bags. Paperboard, which is much stronger, used for box lunch containers, cardboard boxes and even some building materials. The opposite of this would be sanitary paper, which is very fine and soft paper; it is used in tissue paper, paper toweling and paper napkins. Then we have carbon paper, postcards, which I love to write when I am traveling, envelopes, which we put other kinds of paper into, and don't forget your tea bag, even that is a kind of paper.
/ ...you'll be surprised to find that paper actually is not a lowly thing. Bruce knew this earlier because about twenty years ago he wrote me an IOU on a piece of paper; even today I still keep that as evidence that he's going to pay me that the money.
/ I still haven't paid you back?
/ Oh, no. Not yet. IOU 就是借據(jù)什么的. It simply stands for "I owe you".
/ I should pay you some money, --> IOU.
Now let's read our concluding paragraph.
Paper and its products seem endless, but conservation of even the abundant resource of trees is in everyone's interest. Recycling of paper and better designed pulp and paper factories have helped decrease waste. Many offices encourage the use of both sides of a piece of paper. For example, and students or private organizations sometimes collect old newsprint to send to reprocessing centers. By conserving paper, the average paper user in his lifetime can save at least one tree from being felled. As valuable as trees are, and as valuable as paper is, everyone could cooperate to use this essential commodity wisely.
Here in the last paragraph we remind our readers who are looking at paper right now, that conservation of trees is everybody's business, even though trees may seem abundant to us today, the area of the world's land, which is forested, is decreasing rapidly; and one way to slow down this rapid decrease of forested land is to recycle paper, use both sides of every sheet of paper, and simply not waste this precious commodity. Trees are valuable to us for many more purposes than just paper. Let's all work together to keep as many trees alive as possible.
/ recycle,
Well, let's go back for our final reading of "Paper's long march".
That's it for our lesson today, please everyone, conserve paper and join us next week for a coffee or ...
________Pan. 2003. 8.
*************************************************************************
Paper's Long March
紙張的演進
Remember when the 1980s brought us the first wave of the modern computer and electronics revolution? At that time, heady young technocrats forsaw "the paperless office." It was claimed that paper would become a thing of the past as everyone would access all information needed from video screens.
The reality today is quite different. More paper than ever is being used in offices, schools, and residential homes. One's first possession in life is a birth certificate, made of paper. Childhood immunizations are recorded on paper and kept in the doctor's office and at home. What would school be like without paper? Paper follows most people throughout their education and into their working life. Wedding invitations and marriage certificates are printed on paper, as are virtually all major life passages and social occasions. Finally, a death certificate on paper will continue to be around long after the person named on it. Perhaps the one item which defines mofern civilization more than any other is paper.
The word paper derives from papyrus, the name of a riverside plant similar to grass, from which an ancient form of paper was used in Egypt and Mesopotamia. It could be argued that these empires were made possible by the use of official records on papyrus. However, paper as we know it today has its origins in the Han Dynasty of China. In about A.D. 105, an official in the imperial court produced the forebear of what has become today the world's most indispensable product. The art of paper making reached westwards to Baghdad, Iraq in the 8th century at the height of the Islamic culture. From there it entered Europe, where it was polished into its contemporary from during the 19th century.
Paper can be made from any plant, but trees are the best source of cellulose for paper production. In fact, earlier forms of paper were made from processed cotton waste and rags, but trees contain a better proportion and type of cellulose than any other plant. In countries with a deficiency of forest land, other natural fibers such as sugar cane pulp, bamboo, cereal straws, flax, and hemp are used. Today's paper and paper product mills rely on a steady inflow of wood logs or chips. In the US alone, the paper and paper products industry in worth more than US $ 80 billion, with world production well over 100,000,000 tons annually.
Everyone knows what paper is, since most people use at least one sheet of it a day, but few people stop to consider the different kinds of paper available to us today. Office workers are well aware of the many kinds of paper they use, such as regular typing or computer printing or copier paper. They also come into contact with bond, a high-grade paper used for important documents. It is thicker and more durable than other forms of paper. Book paper comes in at least four different finishes. These may be seen in books, magazines, brochures, and calendars. Newsprint is used for newspapers and some magazines or books, while craft paper is used for shopping bags. Paperboard is seen daily as box lunch containers, cardboard boxes, and even building materials. Finally, sanitary paper has been developed for use in tissue paper, paper toweling, and paper napkins. Carbon paper, postcards, and envelopes are also daily use items made of paper. Even a tea bag is made of paper!
Paper and its products seem endless, but conservation of even the abundant resource of trees is in everyone's interest. Recycling of paper and better designed pulp and paper factories have helped decrease waste. Many offices encourage the use of both sides of a piece of paper, for example, and students or private organizations sometimes collect old newsprint to send to reprocessing centers. By conserving paper, the average paper user in his lifetime can save at least one tree from being felled. As valuable as trees are, and as valuable as paper is, everyone should cooperate to use this essential commodity wisely.