1）表列舉
?、賗n the first (second) place
In the first place, you should correct your attitude. 首先你要端正態(tài)度。
?、趖o begin with
I have to begin with an apology,and then an advice.
我得首先表示歉意，然后再提出一個(gè)建議。
③last but not least (最后)
Last but not least, he could play the saxophone.
最后但同樣重要的是，他能演奏薩克斯管。
?、躨n addition
I committed an error in addition. 另外，我還犯了一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。
?、輋or one thing
For one thing,its an exercise; and for another,its an entertainment.
首先，它是一種運(yùn)動(dòng)；其次，它才是一種娛樂。
?、辠irst of all
First of all,you prepare a shopping list. 首先，你準(zhǔn)備一份購(gòu)物單。
類似表列舉的語言還有：at first,for another,first,second,next,moreover,also,in the beginning等。
2）表舉例
?、賔or example
That experiment,for example,was a total failure.例如，那次實(shí)驗(yàn)就完全失敗了。
?、趂or instance
For instance,a telegram often costs more than a telephone call.
舉例來說，發(fā)電報(bào)通常比打電話要花更多錢。
?、踤amely
There are three colours in the British flag,namely,red,white and blue.
英國(guó)國(guó)旗采用了三種顏色，即紅、白、藍(lán)。
?、躶uch as
Wild flowers such as orchids and primroses are becoming rare.
蘭花和報(bào)春之類的野花越來越少了。
?、輆 case in point
An average student can be a top student with hard work.Cathy is a case in point.
成績(jī)平平的學(xué)生通過努力用功也能名列前茅，凱西就是一個(gè)例子。
?、辴o illustrate
To illustrate my point I have done a comparative analysis.
為說明我的觀點(diǎn)，我作了對(duì)比分析。
3) 表增補(bǔ)
?、賗n addition
You need time,of course,in addition,you need diligence.
當(dāng)然你需要時(shí)間。另外，你還應(yīng)該勤奮刻苦。
②furthermore
The house is too small,and furthermore,its too far from the office.
這間房子太小了，另外，它離我們辦公室也太遠(yuǎn)了。
?、踡oreover
They expected,moreover,to remove their house.
另外，他們期望能遷移他們的房屋。
?、躡esides
I dont want to come out now,and besides,I must work.
我現(xiàn)在不想出去，而且我還得工作。
?、輙hen
There are the vegetables to peel and the soup to heat.Then theres the table to lay and the wine to cool.菜要摘洗，湯要加熱。還得擺上餐具，把酒水冰鎮(zhèn)一下。
⑥whats more
He is an artist and,whats more,a good sportsman.
他是一位藝術(shù)家，而且還是一名優(yōu)秀的運(yùn)動(dòng)員。
?、遲o put it another way
To put it another way,education is essential for progress.
換句話說，教育是進(jìn)步所必不可少的。
類似表增補(bǔ)的語言還有：again,once again,all the same(仍然)，by the way(另外)，also,equally important,in other words,likewise,to repeat,too等。
4）表強(qiáng)調(diào)
①certainly
Certainly the vacation was fun.當(dāng)然了，那個(gè)假期過得很有趣。
?、趇ndeed
Indeed,a dessert is always enjoyable.確實(shí)，甜食總是那么美味。
?、踑bove all
Above all,do not build an open fire in a forest.
最重要的是，不要在森林里點(diǎn)燃篝火。
④surely
Surely you agree that she won the debate.
無疑，你贊同是她贏得了那場(chǎng)辯論。
?、輒ost important (of all)
Most important,the form has to be mailed by June 1.
最重要的是，那張表格必須在6月1日前郵寄。
⑥but for (要不是)
But for my brothers help,I would not have finished.
要不是我兄弟的幫助，我是無法完成的。
?、遷ithout doubt
Without (any) doubt,appearance comes before price.
不容置疑，外觀比價(jià)格還重要。
類似表強(qiáng)調(diào)的語言還有：chiefly,especially,as a matter of fact(事實(shí)上)，actually,even worse,anyway,in fact,in particular,particularly,obviously,to be sure,truly,undoubtedly,no doubt,needless to say,even more(甚至)等。
5）表對(duì)照
?、賣nlike
Unlike his brother,he has a sense of humour.和他的兄弟不同，他很幽默。
②in contrast (with,to)
In contrast,the red fluid does not lose its colour.
對(duì)比而言，紅色的液體仍不失其震撼力。
?、踳hereas
The husband wanted a boy,whereas the wife wanted a girl.
丈夫想要個(gè)男孩，相反，妻子想要個(gè)女孩。
④on the other hand
Some students wanted to go on an excursion;others,on the other hand,wanted to go swimming.一些學(xué)生想去遠(yuǎn)足，另一些是想去游泳。
?、輎nstead (of)
Instead, the new law caused many problems.相反，新法案引起了許多問題。
?、辬onetheless
Seemingly contradictory but nonetheless possibly true.
看起來予盾，但卻可能是真實(shí)的。
類似表對(duì)照的語言還有：by contrast,conversely,by contrast with (to), on the contrary,otherwise,while,yet,the opposite (of),different from,nor,even though,rather,still,nevertheless,but rather 等。
6）表比較
?、賚ike
Like the owl,the fox hunts at night.同貓頭鷹一樣，狐貍也是夜晚捕獵。
?、趇n the same way
In the same way,we look for a good doctor.我們以相同的方式尋找一名好醫(yī)生。
?、踫imilarly
Similarly,the Wilsons enjoy spicy foods.
相同地，威爾遜一家人喜歡吃辛辣食物。
?、躤qually important
Equally important, the car drives thirty miles on a gallon of gas.
同等重要的是，一加侖汽油能讓一輛汽車跑30英里。
⑤in (a) like manner
The large capitalist is, in a like manner,maintained from funds provided in advance.
大資本家也以同樣的方式靠事先準(zhǔn)備好的資金為生。
類似表比較的還有：by comparison (比較起來)，in the same manner,likewise,as,at the same time,both,each,also,compared with等。
7） 表讓步
?、賏lthough
Although she ran after the train,it left without her.
盡管她追著火車跑，可她仍然沒能搭乘上那輛火車。
?、趎evertheless
I cant follow your advice.Nevertheless,thank you for giving it.
盡管我不能采納你的建議，但我還是要謝謝你。
③after all
After all,you have learned to cook Chinese food in this job.
畢竟，通過這份工作你已學(xué)會(huì)了烹制中國(guó)菜肴。
?、躶till
Still,a winter vacation can be pleasant.寒假仍然可以令人愉快。
?、輞et
She trained hard all year yet still failed to reach her best form.
她刻苦訓(xùn)練了一整年，可是仍沒有達(dá)到狀態(tài)。
類似表讓步的語言還有：in spite of,even if,despite the fact that (盡管)，for all that (盡管)，even so (即使如此)，even though (即使)等。
8)表結(jié)果
①therefore
I have never been to the museum and therefore,I do not know much about it.
我從沒去過這家博物館，因此我對(duì)它了解不多。
②as a result
As a result,the hospital hired three nurses.結(jié)果，那家醫(yī)院雇用了三名護(hù)士。
?、踓onsequently
Consequently,we opened an account at the bank.
結(jié)果我們?cè)谀羌毅y行開設(shè)了帳戶。
?、躠ccordingly
Accordingly,she telephoned three different companies.
于是，她給三家公司打了電話。
?、輘o
He wrote a very good composition,and so was much praised by our teacher.
他寫了一篇很好的作文，結(jié)果我們老師對(duì)他大加贊揚(yáng)。
?、辴hus
There has been no rain.Thus the crops are likely to suffer.
一直沒下雨，因此莊稼就要遭殃了。
⑦on that account
On that account (All on account of that),I got told off.
都是為了那事，我受到責(zé)備。
類似表結(jié)果的語言還有：for this reason,hence,in this way,then,as a consequence,it follows that等。
9） 表轉(zhuǎn)折
①but
But the clerk refused to answer.但辦事員拒不答復(fù)。
?、趆owever
The letter came two days later,however.然而，那封信兩天后寄到了。
?、踭hough
We hoped,though,she would change her mind.然而，我們還是希望她能改變主意。
?、躽et
Yet,there was still a chance that he would win.然而，他還是有機(jī)會(huì)贏的。
?、輊xcept
I understand everything except why she killed him.
我一切都明白，只是不理解她為什么把他殺死了。
類似表轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語還有：whereas,at the same time,still,only,nevertheless等。
10）表結(jié)論
?、賢o sum up
To sum up,Christmas is the most important holiday.
總的來說，圣誕節(jié)是一年中最重要的節(jié)日。
?、趂inally
Finally,the country agreed to issue more work permits.
最終，那個(gè)國(guó)家同意發(fā)布更多的工作許可。
③in conclusion
In conclusion,a consulate offers more services.
總而言之，領(lǐng)事館能提供更多的服務(wù)。
④at last
At last,a treaty was signed.最后，簽訂了一個(gè)條約。
?、輎n summary
In summary,recreation is a big business.總的來看，娛樂業(yè)是筆大生意。
?、辭n the whole
No bad on the whole.總的來說還不錯(cuò)。
⑦in the last analysis (歸根結(jié)底)
In the last analysis,hes not a competent manager.
歸根結(jié)底，他不是個(gè)稱職的經(jīng)理。
類似表結(jié)論的語言還有:as has been noted (mentioned,stated),in a word,all in brief,in short,in sum,to conclude,to summarize,to be brief,all in all (總的來說)，for short (簡(jiǎn)言之)，the long and the short of it (總而言之)，to make a long story short (簡(jiǎn)而言之)等。
11）表時(shí)間
?、賗n the meantime
The next programme starts in five minutes:in the meantime,heres some music.
下一個(gè)節(jié)目五分鐘后開始，現(xiàn)在先播放些音樂。
?、?by the time...(到……時(shí)候)
By the time we reached home,she had fallen asleep.
當(dāng)我們到家的時(shí)候，她已經(jīng)睡著了。
?、踗rom now on (今后)
From now on you can work on your own.你從現(xiàn)在起可以獨(dú)立工作了。
④presently
Its the best method presently known.這是目前所知的方法。
?、輋ormerly
He formerly worked in a university,but now hes a lawyer.
他以前曾在大學(xué)工作，但現(xiàn)在是個(gè)律師。
?、辪eanwhile (meantime)
Jane was writing a letter and meanwhile Pat was watching TV.
簡(jiǎn)在寫信而此時(shí)帕特在看電視。
⑦as
I watched her as she combed her hair.她梳頭的時(shí)候我一直看著她。
類似表時(shí)間順序的語言還有：after a while,at that time,before,earlier,at the same time,as soon as,so far,since,then,until,when,shortly,later,lately,by now (至此)，at last,at length (最后)等。
12）表空間
?、賑lose to
Stand close to me.站在我的旁邊。
?、赾lose at hand (近在身旁)
Where one is found,the other two are close at hand.
只要找到其中一個(gè)，另外兩個(gè)也近在咫尺。
?、踚n the center of
A table stood in the center of the room.一個(gè)餐桌擺在房間的中央。
?、躱n the opposite side (相對(duì)的)
On the opposite side of the shopping center,theres a post office.
購(gòu)物中心的對(duì)面是一家郵局。
?、輆gainst (對(duì)著)
He live over against the temple.他住在那座寺廟的正對(duì)面。
⑥across (from)
He lives across the street.他住在街對(duì)面。
?、遙eneath
They live beneath the same roof.他們住在同一屋檐下。
類似表空間的語言還有：on the left,right,farther,in the distance,in the middle of,between,beyond,far,down,next to,opposite to,above,around,at the bottom,before,behind,below等。
13）表原因
?、賝wing to
Owing to unfavorable weather we were unable to proceed.
由于天氣不好，我們不能繼續(xù)前進(jìn)。
②result from
The increase in debt result from the expansion programme.
由于擴(kuò)建計(jì)劃造成債務(wù)的增加。
?、踕ue to
The company developed due to condensation.
那家公司由于精簡(jiǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)而發(fā)展壯大。
?、躱n account of
He drives very slowly on account of fog.由于大霧，他駕駛得很慢。
?、輔n the ground of
I had to retire on the ground of ill health.我因健康的緣故不得已才退休了。
?、轪s
As you werent there I left a message.因?yàn)槟悴辉谀抢?，我留了個(gè)便條。
?、遱ince
Since weve no money we cant buy a new car.因?yàn)槲覀儧]錢，沒法買新汽車。
?、鄁or
Prepare to alight,for we are almost there.我們馬上就要到了，準(zhǔn)備下車吧。
類似表原因的語言還有：because (of),as a result of,by reason of (由于)，for this reason (由于這個(gè)原因)，for no other reason that...(只因?yàn)椤?等。
14）其他必背經(jīng)典表達(dá)
All the same 仍然
All things considered 所有事情都考慮在內(nèi)
All this means that... 所有這一切都意味著……
A more important fact is that... 更重要的事實(shí)是
A more interesting thing is that... 更為有趣的是
Another special consideration here is that... 對(duì)此事的另一種考慮是
As already discussed 正如已經(jīng)討論過的
As already noted 如上所述
As already stated 正如已經(jīng)說過的
As everybody knows 眾所周知
As far as... is concerned 就……而論
As far as we know 據(jù)我們所知
As has been noted 如上所述
Aside from... 除了
As mentioned above/below 如上/下所述
As might have been expected 不出所料
As often happens 正如常常發(fā)生的那樣
As seen from... that 由……可以看出
As stated in the previous paragraph如前段所述
As the proverb says 有句諺語說
As the saying goes 俗話說
As we can see from the above table 從上表可知
At all events 無論如何
At any rate 無論如何
At present 當(dāng)前
At the start 開始
At this point we agree that... 就此我們同意
At this point 在這一點(diǎn)上
But it is a pity that... 但可惜的是
But the problem is not so simple. Therefore...
然而問題并非如此簡(jiǎn)單，所以
By... we mean 所謂……我們指的是
Contrary to all expectations 出乎意料
Except that... 除……之外
Far from... 一點(diǎn)也不，遠(yuǎn)非
For all we know 據(jù)我們所知
For that matter 關(guān)于這點(diǎn)
For the same reason 同樣道理
For this purpose 為此目的
Frankly speaking 坦白地說
From this point of view 就此而論
Further, we hold opinion that... 而且我們認(rèn)為
Furthermore, I agree that... 此外，我同意
Generally speaking 一般來說
Hence, we conclude that... 因此，我們斷言
However, the difficulty lies in 然而，困難在于
However that may be 不論怎樣
If so 倘若如此
In a broad sense 從廣義上說
In accordance with... 根據(jù)
In a similar way 同樣
In the last analysis 歸根結(jié)底
In the last place 最后
It can be easily proved that... 很容易證明
It can be said with certainty that... 可以肯定地說
It cannot be denied that.. 無可否認(rèn)
It goes without saying that... 不用說
It has been found that... 已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)
It has been proved that ... 業(yè)已證明
It has been shown that.. 業(yè)已表明
It has to be noticed that... 必須注意到
It is calculated that... 據(jù)估計(jì)
It is common saying that... 俗話說
It is considered that... 有人（人們、大家）以為
It is declared that... 有人宣布
It is expected that... 人們盼望
It is generally agreed that... 人們通常認(rèn)為
It is generally recognized that... 人們普遍認(rèn)為
It is hardly too much to say that... 毫不夸張地說
It is hoped that... 人們希望
It is impossible that... 不可能
It is likely that... 很可能
It is ones belief that... 某人相信
It is ones opinion that... 某人認(rèn)為
It is possible that... 有可能
It is proposed that... 有人建議
It is reported that.. 據(jù)報(bào)道（告）
It is supposed that... 據(jù)推測(cè)
It is thought that... 人們以為，認(rèn)為
It is understood that... 不用說，大家都知道
It is wellknown that... 眾所周知
It may be confirmed that... 可以肯定
It may be safely said that... 可以有把握地說
It must be admitted that... 必須承認(rèn)
It must be emphasized that...必須強(qiáng)調(diào)
It must be pointed out that... 必須指出
It is believed that... 有人（人們、大家）相信
It stands to reason that... 看情形可以推斷
I want to begin by saying... 首先，我要說
I want to make one final point... 我要說的最后一點(diǎn)是
I will conclude by saying... 我的結(jié)論是
No one can deny that... 誰也不可否認(rèn)
That is all there is to it 而已
Therefore, we have the reason to believe that... 因此，我們有理由相信
Thus we are given to understand that... 所以我們懂得
With this end in view 為此，結(jié)束觀點(diǎn)