2017年職稱英語考試綜合類語法解析(8)

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(二)第二句型:主語 + 不及物動詞 (+ 其他成分)
    在這個句型中主要注意及物動詞與不及物動詞的區(qū)分:
    不及物動詞 及物動詞
    rise /rose / risen(升起) raise /raised / raised (提高)
    arise / arose / arisen (from)(產(chǎn)生) arouse / aroused / aroused(喚起)
    lie / lay / lain(躺下) lay / laid / laid(放下)
    arrive at(到達(dá)) reach(到達(dá))
    wait for(等待) await(等待)
    remain(仍舊) maintain(保持,維修)
    *上面所注僅為典型詞義,要根據(jù)句子判別其他意思。
    此外,該句型常采用倒裝形式,注意辨別,主要是以下兩種情況:
    1) 用here 或 there引導(dǎo):Here comes the bus. (汽車來了。) / There rings the bell. (鈴響了。)
    2) 在動詞 + 介詞短語的結(jié)構(gòu)中,往往將介詞短語提前:On the top of the hill stands a pretty little house.(山頂上有一座漂亮的小房子。)
    (三)第三句型:主語 + 及物動詞 + 賓語
    我們知道,名詞可以做主語和賓語,非謂語動詞 -ing和 to do也可以做主語和賓語,
    作主語:
    Learning a foreign language is not easy.(學(xué)門外語并不容易。)
    To learn a foreign language is not easy. (= It is not easy to learn a foreign language.)
    從語法角度講,上述兩個表達(dá)方式都可以。
    但是,當(dāng)動詞處于賓語位置時(shí),就不能這樣"隨心所欲"了,因?yàn)橛⒄Z語法有以下幾個規(guī)定:
    1)acknowledge / admit / appreciate / avoid / consider / contemplate / defer / deny / dislike / enjoy / escape / evade / excuse / facilitate / fancy / favor / feel like / finish / give up / cannot help / cannot stand / imagine / include / keep (on) / do not mind / miss / permit / practice / regret / resent / risk / suggest 等詞后面的動詞賓語必須用-ing 形式,重點(diǎn)和首先要掌握黑體字部分。由于這些次的詞義與解題關(guān)系不大,沒有給出具體詞義解釋。若需要,請學(xué)生自己查字典解決。
    這是語法考試的一個重點(diǎn),要對以上詞特別敏感,例如:
    It is impossible to avoid ______ by the stormy weather.
    A. being much affected
    B. having much affected
    C. to be much affected
    D. to have been much affected
    解題思路:1)一看到avoid一詞,便可確定正確答案在A、B中; 2)affect意為"影響",及物動詞,故B不對。[如果做題時(shí)間來不及,此類題目若有"主動語態(tài)"和"被動語態(tài)"之分,一般選"被動語態(tài)"的正確率高些。]
    2) remember / forget:后面既可跟 -ing, 也可跟 to do,但意思不一樣:to do表示說話時(shí)還沒有發(fā)生的事,-ing表示對已經(jīng)發(fā)生過事的回憶,如:"我昨天出門時(shí)忘了關(guān)窗了。"顯然是指出門時(shí)還沒有做的事,因此用to do形式;"我不記得以前見過你。"顯然是指說話以前的事,因此用 -ing形式,即:
    I forgot to close the windows when I left home yesterday.
    I don't remember seeing you before.
    因此,除了知道這個規(guī)定外,分清"發(fā)生過"還是"沒有發(fā)生"是解題的關(guān)鍵。
    實(shí)例:
    Do you remember ______ to Professor Smith during your last visit?
    A. to have been introduced
    B. having introduced
    C. being introduced
    D. to be introduced
    解題思路:1)第一步要確定"發(fā)生過"還是"沒有發(fā)生",即A、D還是B、C,"你記得上次訪問時(shí)被介紹給Smith教授的情況嗎?"顯然是已發(fā)生的事,選B、C;2)"introduce"(介紹)后沒有賓語,說明是"被動語態(tài):,故選C [再看一下上一節(jié)中的 "解題思路"]
    3)need / want / require等解釋為"需要"時(shí),有兩種表達(dá)方式,如:
    "這間會客室需要打掃一下"
    A.This waiting room needs to be cleaned. (to 被動式)
    B.This waiting room needs cleaning.(-ing主動式)
    考試時(shí)若同時(shí)出現(xiàn)兩種選擇,選B
    4)look forward to / object to / subject to / be subjected to / be opposed to / oppose to中的 "to" 是介詞,后面應(yīng)跟名詞或動名詞-ing,
    (四)第四句型:主語 + 及物動詞 + 雙賓語
    有些動詞(主要是"授予動詞")后面需要或可以接雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu),如:give, write, buy, send, make等
    You may send him an E-mail or write him a letter.
    這個句子也可使用以下結(jié)構(gòu):
    You may send an E-mail (to him) or write a letter to him. 所以 "to" 和 "for" 是連接雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)的重要介詞。
    該句型的重點(diǎn)是要記住以下短語,特別是所用的介詞:
    to cure … of(治愈…)
    to accuse …of(譴責(zé)…)
    to convince… of(說服…)
    to inform… of(通知…)
    to notify… of (通知…)
    to clean… of (清除…)
    to warn…… of / against (警告…)
    to cheat… of(欺騙)
    to rob… of(搶劫…)
    例如:
    We have to inform the family of the patient's condition as soon as possible. / Have the family been informed of the patient's condition? (我們得盡快將病人的病情通知其家屬。/ 已經(jīng)將病人的病情通知其家人了嗎?)
    注意下面句子的結(jié)構(gòu)變化:
    May I ask you a question? → May I ask a question of you?
    直接和間接賓語的位置與上面短語有何不同?
    (五)第五句型:主語 + 及物動詞 + 賓語 + 賓語補(bǔ)足語
    先回顧一下本講第一節(jié)中有關(guān)賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語的概念。
    這個句型也是考試的重點(diǎn),主要有三個難點(diǎn):
    1) 要不要 "to"的問題:
    The director wants you to come right now. (主任要你馬上就來。)
    句中to come 是賓語you的補(bǔ)足語。也就是說,當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足語是動詞時(shí),一般要用 "to"連接。但是,以下情況例外:
    n make, let, have等使役動詞,如:
    Shall I have him come here?(要我叫他來嗎?)
    I won't have him cheat me. (否定式,表示"容許":我決不容許他欺騙我)
    上述句型變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時(shí),一般要加 "to",如:
    The nurse made the patient eat something. (護(hù)士讓病人吃了點(diǎn)東西。)
    →The patient was made to eat something.
    有時(shí),賓語補(bǔ)足語也可用 -ing形式,如:
    His joke made us laughing for a couple of minutes. (他的笑話使我們笑了幾分鐘。- 注意后面的時(shí)間狀語for a couple of minutes)
    記住下面重要表達(dá)方式:
    to have / get (something) done, 如:
    I am going to have (get) my watch repaired.(我去修一下表。)
    n see, hear, notice, observe, watch, look at, listen to 等感覺動詞:
    使用原則與上述大致相同。